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1# 467,0 "Fast Facts - Introduction",1,0,0,0 The Fast Facts section contains hundreds of tables with all sorts of information. Look up a country's past and present political leaders, find out which are the world's ten highest waterfalls, or read about the events of the French Revolution. There are also tables that can tell you the international dialing codes and how to convert feet to meters. If you are looking for facts and figures, this is the best place to start. # "1994 Significant Space Launches",2,0,0,0 [TABLE] 1994 Significant Space Launches \BMission Designation \BLaunch Date \BCountry \BMain Payload or Mission Soyuz TM-18 January 8 Russia Three-person Mir crew (15th Mir visit) Clementine January 25 United States Lunar mapping probe, returning the first images from the Moon since the Apollo days. Flyby of asteroid Geographos failed. STS-60 (Discovery) February 3 United States First Russian cosmonaut flying on a U.S. spacecraft H-2 February 4 Japan First successful launch of the heavy-lift H-2 launcher, designed and built entirely in Japan MILSTAR (DFS-1) February 7 United States First launch of USAF Titan IV/Centaur heavylifter, injecting heaviest payload ever into geosynchronous orbit (10,000 lbs.) Long March-3A (CZ) February 8 China (PRC) Successful maiden flight of China's heavy-lift CZ-3A to geosynchronous transfer, with large cryogenic 3rd stage STS-62 March 4 United States Crew performed ground-breaking work for planned Space Station Taurus March 13 United States First launch of new all-solid Taurus launcher developed by Orbital Sciences Corp., two satellites (masses 503 kg & 205 kg) STS-59 April 9 United States Six-person crew used advanced radar systems for environmental research as part of Mission to Planet Earth GOES-8 April 13 United States The first U.S. geosynchronous metsat in 7 years, launched by Atlas-Centaur 73; mass: 2105 kg. ASLV May 4 India First fully successful flight of India's ASLV launcher from Sriharikota, carried a 113 kg SROSS C2 science satellite to orbit Soyuz TM-19 July 1 Russia Two cosmonauts, including one Kazakh, for a 126-day stay in Mir STS-65 July 8 United States Crew of seven with first Japanese woman in space, conducted 82 microgravity experiments for more than 200 scientists worldwide Long March-3A (CZ) July 21 China (PRC) First commercial use of the Long March vehicle; launched comsat Apstar-1, owned by Chinese-controlled international consortium STS-64 September 9 United States Six-person crew used laser for atmosphere research, performed an untethered spacewalk for 6 hours, 51 minutes, the 28th of the Shuttle program STS-68 September 30 United States Second flight of international space radar laboratory for Mission to Planet Earth Soyuz TM-20 October 4 Russia Crew of three to Mir, including European astronaut Ulf Merbold on his 3rd space trip and the 3rd Russian woman in the program PSLV October 15 India First flight of new Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), launching India's RS-P2 remote sensing satellite STS-66 November 3 United States Six-member crew, with a European astronaut, did atmospheric research and deployed/retrieved free-flying German satellite # "1994 Space Launches",3,0,0,0 [TABLE] 1994 Space Launches \BCountry \BNumber of Launches Russia 49 United States (NASA/DOD/Commercial) 31 Europe (ESA/Arianespace) 6 People's Republic of China 3 Japan 2 India 2 TOTAL 93 # "1995 Significant Space Launches",4,0,0,0 [TABLE] 1995 Significant Space Launches \BMission Designation \BLaunch Date \BCountry \BMain Payload or Mission STS-63 (Discovery) February 3 United States First rendezvous with and close approach/fly-around of Russia's Mir station, with second Russian cosmonaut on a U.S. spacecraft; begin of Phase I of International Space Station (ISS) development. STS-67 (Endeavour) March 2 United States Second flight of astronomical payload ASTRO; longest shuttle flight to date (16d 15h); six-member crew Soyuz TM-21 March 14 Russia Mir-18 crew of three, with Dr. Norman Thagard, first U.S. astronaut on a Soyuz. H-2 March 17 Japan Third flight of the new heavy-lifter, carrying twin payloads (SFU, Himawari-5). Ofeq-3 April 5 Israel Observations technology research satellite in retrograde orbit. ERS-2 April 21 Europe ESA's second operational environment/remote sensing satellite; joined ERS-1. Spektr May 20 Russia Uncrewed Proton - launched scientific research module, docked to Mir on June 1. STS-71 (Atlantis) June 27 United States 100th U.S. human space flight; second flight to and first linkup with Mir; carried crew of seven up, eight down (including two cosmonauts each way). STS-70 (Discovery) July 30 United States Deployment of seventh Tracking & Data Relay Satellite (TDRS); crew of five. Mugunghwa (Hibiscus) August 5 South Korea South Korea's first communications satellite; Delta-2 launch partially successful. LLV-1 August 15 United States First launch of Lockheed Martin's new small, low-cost launcher. Failed. Soyuz TM-22 September 3 Russia Mir-20 crew of three, with German ESA-cosmonaut Thomas Reiter; did EVA. STS-69 (Endeavour) September 7 United States Crew of five; SPARTAN freeflyer and Wake Shield Facility. 30th shuttle EVA. STS-73 (Columbia) October 20 United States Seven-member crew with second U.S. Microgravity Laboratory. Radarsat November 4 Canada First Canadian remote sensing (active radar) satellite; launched on US Delta-2. STS-74 (Atlantis) November 12 United States Second Mir link-up of Int. Space Station Phase I; delivered docking module. ISO November 17 Europe Large French-developed infrared space observatory in highly elliptical orbit. Long March-2E (CZ) November 28 China (PRC) Fifth (fourth successful) launch of new heavy-lifter; deployed Asiasat 2 comsat. SOHO December 2 Europe/United States French-built, US-launched solar/heliospheric observatory; orbiting around Earth-Sun Lagrangian libration point L1 for sophisticated solar physics studies. XTE December 30 United States NASA's X-Ray Timing Explorer; largest X-ray telescope orbited so far. # "1995 Space Launches",5,0,0,0 [TABLE] 1995 Space Launches \BCountry \BNumber of Launches \BAttempts Russia 32 33 United States (NASA/DOD/Commercial) 27 30 Europe (ESA/Arianespace) 11 11 People's Republic of China 2 3 Japan 1 2 Israel 1 1 TOTAL 74 80 # "1996 Space Launches",6,0,0,0 [TABLE] 1996 Space Launches \BCountry \BNumber of Launches \BFailures \BTotal Attempts United States (NASA/DOD/Commercial) 32 1 33 Russia 23 4 27 Europe (ESA/Arianespace) 10 1 11 People's Republic of China 2 2 4 Japan 1 0 1 India 1 0 1 TOTAL 69 8 7 # "1996 Worldwide Space Launches",7,0,0,0 [TABLE] 1996 Worldwide Space Launches Date Mission Designation Launch Vehicle Country of Launch Payload Type Jan. 11 STS-72/ Endeavour Shuttle USA/NASA Crewed (6) Jan. 12 Panamsat 3R Measat 1(Malaysia)/Arianne 44L (V82) Europe Comsat Jan. 14 Koreasat 2 Delta 7925 USA/Com Comsat Jan 16 Kosmos-2327 Kosmos-3M Russia Navigation Jan. 25 Gorizont (No. 43) Proton-K Russia Comsat Feb. 1 Palapa C-1 (Indon.) Atlas IIAS USA/Com. Comsat Feb. 5 N-Star b (Japan) Ariane 44P (V83) Europe Comsat Feb. 12 Hyflex (suborbital) J-1 Japan Test Model Feb. 14 Intelsat 708 Long-March 3B China Comsat (Failed) Feb. 17 NEAR Delta 7925 USA/NASA Science Feb. 19 Gonets-D1/Gonets-D1/Gonets-D1 Kosmos-2328/Kosmos-2329/Kosmo s-2330/Tsiklon-3 Russia Comsat Feb. 19 Raduga Proton-K Russia Comsat (Failed) Feb.21 Soyuz TM-23 Soyuz-U2 Russia Crewed (2) Feb. 22 STS-74/Columbia Shuttle USA/NASA Crewed (7) Feb. 24 POLAR Delta 7925 USA/NASA Science Mar. 9 REX-II Pegasus XL USA/Com. Technology Mar. 14 Intelsat 707 Ariane 44LP (V84) Europe Comsat Mar. 14 Kosmos-2331 Soyuz-U Russia Reconnaissance Mar. 21 IRS-P3 PSLV India Remote Sensing Mar. 22 STS-76/Atlantis Shuttle USA/NASA Crewed (6u/5d) Mar. 28 GPS 33 Delta 7925 USA/Com. Navigation Apr. 3 Inmarsat III-F1 Atlas IIA USA/Com. Comsat Apr. 8 Astra F1(Europe) Proton-K Russia/Com. Comsat Apr. 20 M-Sat 1(Canada) Ariane 42P (V85) Europe Comsat Apr. 23 Priroda Proton-K Russia Mir Module Apr. 24 MSX Delta 7920 USA Military Technology Apr. 24 kosmos-2332 Kosmos-3M Russia Radar Calibration Apr. 24 USA-118 Titan 4 USA Military Intelligence Apr. 30 BeppoSAX (Italy) Atlas I USA/Com. Astronomy May 5 Progress M-31 Soyuz-U Russia Mir Cargo May 12 USA 119-124 Titan 4 USA Military Intelligence May 14 Kometa Soyuz-U Russia reconnaissance (Failed) May 16 Palapa C2 (Indon) AMOS (Israel)/Ariane 44L (V86) Europe Comsat May 17 MSTI-3 Pegasus XL USA Military Technology May 19 STS-77/Endeavour Shuttle USA/NASA Crewed (6) May 24 Galaxy 9 Delta 7925 USA/Com. Comsat May 25 Gorizont (No.44) Proton-K Russia Comsat Jun. 4 CLUSTER (4) Ariane 5 Europe Science (Failed) Jun. 15 Intelsat 709 Ariane 44P (V87) Europe Comsat Jun. 20 STS-78/Columbia Shuttle USA/NASA Crewed (7) Jun. 20 Kosmos Soyuz-U Russia Reconnaissance (Failed) Jul. 2 TOMS Pegasus XL USA/NASA Remote Sensing Jul. 3 USA-125 Titan 4 USA Military Communications Jul. 3 Apstar 1A Long-March 3 China Comsat Jul. 9 Arabsat 2A (Saudi Arabia) Turksat (Turkey)/Ariane 44L (V89) Europe Comsat Jul.16 Navstar GPS 40 Delta 7925 USA Navigation Jul. 25 UHF F7 Atlas II USA/Com. Comsat Jul. 31 Progress M-32 Soyuz-U Russia Mir Cargo Aug. 8 Italsat F2 Telecom 2D/Ariane 44L (V90) Europe Comsat Aug. 14 Molniya-1T Molniya-M Russia Comsat Aug. 14 Soyuz TM-24 Soyuz-U Russia Crewed (3) Aug. 17 ADEOS JAS-2 (Oscar 29) H-2 Japan Rem Sensing Comsat (Amat) Aug. 18 Zhongxing 7 Long-March 3 China Comsat (Failed) Aug. 21 FAST Pegasus XL USA/Com. Science Aug. 29 Interbol-2 Marion 5 (Czech)/Microsat (Argentina)/Molniya-M Russia Science/Science Technology Sep. 4 Kosmos-2333 Zenit-2 Russia Military Intelligence Sep. 5 Kosmos-2334 UNAMSat (Mexico)/Kosmos-3M Russia Navigation Technology Sep.6 Inmarsat III F2 Proton-K Russia/Com. Comsat Sep. 8 GE-1 Atlas IIA USA/Com. Comsat Sep. 11 Echostar II Ariane 42P (V91) Europe Comsat Sep.12 Navstar GPS 30 Delta 7925 USA/Com. Navigation Sep 16 STS-79/Atlantis Shuttle USA/NASA Crewed (6u/6d) Sep. 26 Ekspress (No.12) Proton-K Russia Comsat Oct. 20 FSW-2 Long-March 2D China Remote Sensing Oct 24 Molniya-3 Molniya-M Russia Comsat Nov. 4 SAC-B/HETE Pegasus XL USA/NASA Science (Failed) Nov. 7 Mars Global Surveyor delta 7925 USA/NASA Mars Probe Nov. 13 Arabsat 2B (Saudi Arabia) Measat 2 (Malaysia)/Ariane 44L (V92) Europe Comsat Nov. 16 Mars-96 Proton-K Russia Mars Probe (Failed) Nov. 19 STS-80/Columbia Shuttle USA/NASA Crewed (5) Nov. 19 Progress M-33 Soyuz-U Russia Mir Cargo Nov.21 Hot Bird 2 (Europe) Atlas IIA USA/Com. Comsat Dec. 4 Mars Pathfinder Delta 7925 USA/NASA Mars Probe Dec. 11 Kosmos-2335 Tsiklon-2 USA/NASA Mars Probe Dec. 11 Kosmos-2335 Tsiklon-2 Russia Military Recon. Dec. 17 Inmarsat III-F3 Atlas IIA USA/Com. Comsat Dec. 20 Kosmos-2336 Kosmos-3M Russia Military Navigation Dec. 20 USA-129 Titan 4 USA Military Recon Dec. 24 Bion No.11 Soyuz-U Russia Life Sciences # "1997 Space Launches",8,0,0,0 [TABLE] 1997 Space Launches \BDate \BMission Designation \BLaunch Vehicle \BCountry of Launch \BPayload Type Jan 12 STS-81/Atlantis Shuttle USA/NASA Crewed (6) Jan. 17 Navstar GPS B1 IIR Delta 7925 USA/Com. Navigation (Exploded at Liftoff) Jan. 30 GE-2 Ariane 44L (V93)/Nahuel 1A Europe/Argentina Comsat Feb. 10 Soyuz TM-25/Mir-23 Soyuz-U Russia Crewed (3) Feb.11 STS-82/Discovery Shuttle USA/NASA Crewed (7) Feb. 12 Haruka/HALCA (MUSES-B) MU-5 (M-V) Japan Astronomy Feb.14 Kosmos-2337, Kosmos-2338, Kosmos-2339, Gonets-D1/4, Gonets-D1/5, Gonets-D1/6 Tsiklon-3 Russia Comsats Feb. 16 JCSat-4 (Japan) Atlas 2AS USA/Commercial Comsat Feb. 23 DSP-18 Titan 4B USA/DoD Military Missile Warning Feb. 28 Intelsat-801 Ariane 44P (V94) Europe Comsat Mar. 4 Zeya Start-1 (SS-25) Russia Military Mar. 8 tempo 2 DBS Atlas 2A USA/Com. Comsat Apr. 4 DMSP 5D S-14 Titan 2 USA/DoD Weather Apr. 4 STS-83/Columbia Shuttle USA/NASA Crewed (7) Apr. 6 Progress M-34 Soyuz-U Russia Mir Cargo Apr. 9 Kosmos-2340 Molniya-M Russia Early Warning Apr. 16 Thaicom-3 (Thailand), BSAT-1a (Japan) Ariane 44LP (V95) Europe Comsat Apr. 17 Kosmos-2341 Kosmos-3M Russia Navigation Apr. 21 MINISAT-01 (U.S./Spain), Celestis 1 (U.S) Pegasus XL USA/Com Science Burial Apr. 25 GOES-10 Atlas I/Centaur USA/Com. Weather (Last launch of Atlas I) May 5 Iridium SV004, Iridium SV005, Iridium SV006, Iridium SV007, Iridium SV008 Delta 2 USA/Com. Comsat May 11 Dong Feng Hong-3 Long March-3A China Comsat May 14 Kosmos-2342 Molniya-M Russia Early Warning May 15 STS-84/Atlantis Shuttle USA/NASA Crewed (7u/7d) May 15 Kosmos-2343 Soyuz-U Russia Military/Recon. May 20 Zenit-2 Russia Military (Failed) May 20 Thor 2 (Norway) Delta-2 USA/Com. Comsat May 24 Telstar-5 Proton Russia/Com. Comsat June 3 INMARSAT 3F4, INSAT 2D (India) Ariane 4 (V96) Europe Comsat June 6 Kosmos-2344 Proton Russia Military June 10 Feng Yun 2 Long March-3 China Weather June 18 Iridium SV009, Iridium SV010, Iridium SV011, Iridium SV012, Iridium SV013, Iridium SV014, Iridium SV016 Proton Russia/Com. Comsat June 25 Intelsat 802 Ariane 4 (V97) Europe Comsat # "A Geological Time Scale",9,0,0,0 [TABLE] A Geological Time Scale \Bage or period \Bdates \Bnotes and main features Precambrian era comprising the Archaean and Proterozoic eons 4600 - 595 mya Origins of life, oxygen atmosphere forms. Archaean eon (Archean eon), also called Archaeozoic or Archeozoic 4600 - 2500 mya Early part of the Precambrian, stromatolites formed, the name means "ancient life" or "archaic life". Proterozoic eon 2500 - 595 mya Ediacaran fauna is from this time: the name means "first life". Phanerozoic time 595 mya - present All ages since the Precambrian, once thought to be the only period with fossils. Palaeozoic era (Paleozoic era) comprising 595 - 250 mya The name means "old life", the dates, using other criteria, can also be found as 570 - 245 mya (million years ago). Lower Palaeozoic era 595 - 408 mya "Lower" here in the sense of lower in the ground than later rocks. Cambrian period 595 - 505 mya Many invertebrate groups with "hard" parts that fossilise well, named for Cambria (Roman name for Wales), where these rocks were first noted. Ordovician period 505 - 438 mya Trilobites at their peak, all life marine, first fish appear (vertebrates), named after the Ordovices, a tribe who once lived in north Wales. Silurian period 435 - 408 mya True jawed fish, first land plants, scorpions the first air-breathing animals, named after the Silures, a tribe who inhabited the part of Wales where these rocks are found (among other places). Upper Palaeozoic era 408 - 250 mya "Upper" here reminding us that these are the top beds of this sequence. Devonian period 408 - 360 mya First amphibians, first forests, named for Devon (southern England) where rocks of this age occur. Carboniferous period (Divided in north America into the next two groups) 360 - 286 mya Coral reefs form limestone, swamps with conifers and ferns form most modern coal, reptiles emerge. Named for the carbon of the coal deposits. Mississippian period (in the USA) 360 - 330 (?) The lower part of the Carboniferous in north America: large primitive trees, flooding of N. America, limestone laid down: uplift and folding of the Appalachian mountains across the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian, named for the rocks of the Mississippi Valley in the USA. Pennsylvanian period (in the USA) 330 (?) - 286 mya The upper part of the Carboniferous in north America: abundant insects, first reptiles, modern USA had a tropical climate, widespread swamps, providing today's US coal sources, named for the rocks of Pennsylvania, USA. Permian period 286 - 250 mya Many invertebrate groups (including trilobites) go extinct, mammal-like reptiles appear, reptiles diversify, named after the Perm province of Russia. Mesozoic era comprising 250 - 65 mya "Middle life" period, may also be dated 245 - 66 mya by other authors. Triassic period 250 - 213 mya First dinosaurs, small mammals, named after a threefold division of rocks of this age in Germany. Jurassic period 213 - 144 mya Large reptiles, Archaeopteryx, first birds, primitive mammals, named for the Jura mountains of Switzerland. Cretaceous period 144 - 65 mya Dinosaurs dominate and then go extinct, flowering plants appear. Named for the chalk deposits of France and England. Cenozoic era comprising 65 mya - present Mammals and flowering plants become dominant. The name means "recent life". Tertiary period comprising 65 - 2 mya The third major period, when the world's major mountain ranges developed: the old terms "primary" and "secondary" are no longer used. Palaeocene epoch 65 - 55 mya The name means "ancient recent"(these next few names came from the similarities of fossil molluscs to modern species!). Eocene epoch 55 - 37 mya The name means "dawn recent". Oligocene epoch 37 - 25 mya The name means "few recent" (molluscs). Miocene epoch 25 - 5 mya Alps and the Himalayas formed, the name means "lesser recent". Pliocene epoch 5 - 2 mya The name means "more recent", and Australopithecines are found, right through it. Quaternary period comprising 2 mya - present Modern humans arise around this time, most probably with genus Homo at 2.5 mya and humans like us in about the last 100 000 years. Pleistocene epoch 2 mya - 10 kya The name means "most recent". Holocene epoch 10 kya - present The name means "whole recent" (that is, all fossil molluscs from this time are still known as modern species). # "Abbreviations: A-D",10,0,0,0 [TABLE] Abbreviations: A-D \BAbbreviation \BMeaning AA Alcoholics Anonymous AA Automobile Association AA(A) anti-aircraft (artillery) AAA Amateur Athletics Association AAA American Automobile Association AAU Amateur Athletic Union (USA) ABA Amateur Boxing Association ABA American Broadcasting Association ABC Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABM antiballistic missile ABTA Association of British Travel Agents AC alternating current ACAS Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service ACLU American Civil Liberties Union ACT Australian Capital Territory ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTU Australian Council of Trade Unions ACU Auto Cycle Union ACV air cushion vehicle AD anno Domini (in the year of Our Lord) A-D analog-to-digital (in computing) ADH antidiuretic hormone ADP adenosine diphosphate AEA Atomic Energy Authority (UK) AEC Atomic Energy Commission (USA) AFC American Football Conference AFL/CIO American Federation of Labor/Congress of Industrial Organizations AFP Agence France Presse AFV armoured fighting vehicle AGM annual general meeting AGR advanced gas-cooled reactor AH anno Hegirae (in the year of the Hegira) AHF antihaemophilic factor AI artificial intelligence AIBA International Amateur Boxing Federation AID artificial insemination by donor AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIF Australian Imperial Force AIH artificial insemination by husband ALCM air-launched cruise missile ALGOL algorithmic language ALP Australian Labor Party ALU arithmetic and logic unit AM amplitude modulation AMA American Medical Association amu atomic mass unit ANC African National Congress ANS autonomic nervous system ANSI American National Standards Institute ANZAC Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ANZUS Australia, New Zealand and the United States AOB any other business AONB Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty AP Associated Press APEX Association of Professional, Executive, Clerical and Computer Staff APL A Programming Language APR annual percentage rate APRA Alianza Popular Revolutionaria Americana (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance) AR aspect ratio ARCIC Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission A/S Advanced/Supplementary ASA Amateur Swimming Association ASA American Standards Association ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASDIC Admiralty Submarine Detection Investigation Committee ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations ASL American Sign Language ASLEF Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen ASLIB Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux ASM air-to-surface missile ASPCA American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ASTMS Association of Scientific, Technical and Managerial Staffs ATM automated teller machine ATP adenosine triphosphate ATS Auxiliary Territorial Service ATV Associated Television AU astronomical unit AV audio-visual AVMA American Veterinary Medical Association AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System AWU Australian Workers' Union B&W black and white BAF British Athletics Federation BAFTA British Academy of Film and Television Arts BALPA British Airline Pilots' Association BASIC Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code BASIC British American Scientific International Commercial (English) BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BC before Christ BCD binary coded decimal BCG bacille (bacillus) Calmette-GuΘrin BCS Bardeen, Cooper & Schrieffer (theory) BDO British Darts Organisation BEF British Expeditionary Force BEV Black English vernacular BHP Broken Hill Proprietary Company BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs BIS Bank for International Settlements BLAISE British Library Automated Information Service BMA British Medical Association BOSS Bureau of State Security (South Africa) BP blood pressure BSE bovine spongiform encephalopathy BSI British Standards Institution BST British Summer Time btu British thermal unit BUF British Union of Fascists BUPA British United Provident Association BVA British Veterinary Association CAB Citizen's Advice Bureau CACM Central American Common Market CAD computer-aided design CAI computer-aided instruction CAL computer-aided learning CAM computer-aided manufacture CAP Common Agricultural Policy CARICOM Caribbean Community CARIFTA Caribbean Free Trade Area CASE computer-aided software engineering CATV cable television CB citizen's band (radio) CBE Commander of the (Order of the) British Empire CBI Confederation of British Industry CBL computer-based learning CCD charge-coupled device CCK cholecystokinin-pancreozymin CCR camera cassette recorder CCTA Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency CCTV closed circuit television CD Civil Defence CD compact disc CDC Centers for Disease Control CDC Commonwealth Development Corporation CD-ROM compact disc read-only memory CDU Christian Democratic Union CENTO Central Treaty Organization CERN Organisation EuropΘene pour la recherche nuclΘaire (formerly, Conseil EuropΘen pour la recherche nuclΘaire) cgs centimetre-gram-second CGT capital gains tax CGT ConfΘdΘration gΘnΘrale du travail CH Companion of Honour CHAPS Clearing House Automated Clearing System CHIPS Clearing House Interbank Payments System CIA Central Intelligence Agency CID Criminal Investigation Department CIM computer-integrated manufacture CIO Congress of Industrial Organizations CM Congregation of the Mission CMG Companion of (the Order of) St Michael & St George CNAA Council for National Academic Awards CND Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament CNES Centre national d'Θspace CNR Canadian National Railway CNS central nervous system COBE Cosmic Background Explorer COBOL Common Business Oriented Language COMAL Common Algorithmic Language COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CORE Congress of Racial Equality CP Congregation of the Passion CPI Consumer Price Index CP/M control program monitor CPR Canadian Pacific Railway CPR cardio-pulmonary resuscitation CPU central processing unit CRO cathode-ray oscilloscope CRT cathode-ray tube CSCW computer-supported co-operative work CSE Certificate of Secondary Education CSF cerebrospinal fluid CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSO colour separation overlay CT computed tomography CTC city technology college CTT capital transfer tax CV cultivar CVO Commander of the Royal Victorian Order CVS chorionic villus sampling CWA County Women's Association CWS Co-operation Wholesale Society D-A digital-to-analog D&C dilatation and curettage DALR dry adiabatic lapse rate DAT digital audio tape DBE Dame Commander of the (Order of the) British Empire DBMS database management system DBS direct broadcasting from satellite dc direct current DCF discounted cash flow DCMG Dame Commander Grand Cross of (the Order of) St Michael and St George DCVO Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order DDT dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane DES Department of Education and Science DES diethylstilboestrol DFC Distinguished Flying Cross DHA District Health Authority DIA Defence Intelligence Agency DLP Democratic Labor Party (Australia) DMSO dimethyl sulphoxide DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DOS Disk Operating System DSC Distinguished Service Cross DSN Deep Space Network DSO Distinguished Service Order DST daylight saving time DTP desk-top publishing # "Abbreviations: E-K",11,0,0,0 [TABLE] Abbreviations: E-K \BAbbreviation \BMeaning EAC European Atomic Commission EAR entity-attribute-relationship model EARM electronically alterable read-only memory EBCDIC extended binary-coded decimal interchange code EBU European Boxing Union EBU European Broadcasting Union EC European Community ECA European Commission on Agriculture ECF extracellular fluid ECG electrocardiograph ECM European Common Market ECO European Coal Organization ECOSOC Economic and Social Council (of the United Nations) ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECSC European Coal and Steel Community ECT electroconvulsive therapy ECTG European Channel Tunnel Group ECU European currency unit ED extra-low dispersion EDC European Defence Community EDF European Development Fund EDI electronic data interchange EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer EEOC Equal Employment Opportunity Commission EFA European Fighter Aircraft EFC European Forestry Commission EFTA European Free Trade Association EFTPOS electronic funds transfer at point of sale EGF epidermal growth factor EI Exposure Index EKG electrocardiogram (in USA) ELDO European Launcher Development Organization ELF Eritrea Liberation Front emf electromotive force EMS European Monetary System emu electromagnetic units ENIAC Electronic Numeral Indicator and Calculator EOKA Ethniki Organosis Kipriakou Agonos (National Organization of Cypriot Struggle) EP European Parliament EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPR Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (paradox) EPR electron paramagnetic resonance EPROM electronically programmable read-only memory ERNIE Electronic Random Number Indicator Equipment ERW enhanced radiation weapon ESA Environmentally Sensitive Area ESA European Space Agency ESC electronic stills camera ESCU European Space Operations Centre ESO European Southern Observatory ESP extra-sensory perception ESPRIT European Strategic Programme for Research and Development in Information Technology ESRO European Space Research Organization ESTEC European Space Research and Technology Centre ETU Electricians Trade Union EUFA European Union Football Associations EURATOM European Atomic Energy Community FA Football Association FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FCA Farm Credit Administration FCC Federal Communications Commission FDA Food and Drug Administration FDDI fibre distributed data interface FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation FEI International Equestrian Federation FeLV feline leukaemia virus FIA International Automobile Association FIAC International Amateur Cycling Federation FIBA International Basketball Federation FIBT International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation FIC International Canoeing Federation FIDE International Chess Federation FIE feline infectious enteritis FIE International Fencing Federation FIV feline immunodeficiency virus FIFA FΘdΘration internationale de football association (International Association Football Federation) FIG International Gymnastic Federation FIH International Hockey Federation FILA International Amateur Wrestling Federation FIM International Motorcycling Federation FIMBRA Financial Intermediaries, Managers and Brokers Regulatory Association FINA International Amateur Swimming Federation FIQ International Bowling Federation FIRA International Amateur Rugby Federation FIS International Ski Federation FIT International Trampoline Federation FITA International Archery Federation FIVB International Volleyball Federation FLN Front de libΘration nationale fm frequency modulation FORTRAN formula translation fps foot-pound-second FRELIMO Frente de Libertaτπo de Moτambique FSH follicle-stimulating hormone FTC Federal Trade Commission GAA Gaelic Athletic Association GAR Grand Army of the Republic GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GBE Knight/Dame Grand Cross of (the Order of the) British Empire GC George Cross GCC Gulf Co-operation Council GCE General Certificate of Education GCHQ Government Communications Headquarters GCMG Knight/Dame Grand Cross of (the Order of) St Michael and St George GCSE General Certificate Secondary Education GCVO Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order GDI gross domestic income GDP gross domestic product GEO geosynchronous Earth orbit GESP generalized extra-sensory perception GH growth hormone GIFT gamete intrafallopian transfer GLC gas-liquid chromatography GLCM ground-launched cruise missile GM George Medal GMC General Medical Council GMT Greenwich Mean Time GNP gross national product GnRH gonadotrophin-releasing hormone GP General Practitioner GPSS General Purpose System Simulator GUI graphic user interface GUT grand unified theory HCG human chorionic gonadotrophin HE His/Her Excellency HEP hydro-electric power HF high frequency HGV heavy goods vehicle HIH His/Her Imperial Highness HIM His/Her Imperial Majesty HIV human immunodefiency virus HLA human leucocyte antigen HM His/Her Majesty HMG His/Her Majesty's Government HMI His/Her Majesty's Inspectorate HMO Health Maintenance Organization HMS His/Her Majesty's Ship/Service HMSO His/Her Majesty's Stationery Office HNC Higher National Certificate HND Higher National Diploma hp horsepower HR House of Representatives HRH His/Her Royal Highness IAAF International Amateur Athletic Federation IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBA International Baseball Association IBF International Badminton Federation IBF International Boxing Federation IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IBSF International Billiards and Snooker Federation ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICC International Cricket Council ICF International Curling Federation ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICI Imperial Chemical Industries IDA International Development Agency IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation IHF International Handball Federation IIHF International Ice Hockey Federation IJF International Judo Federation ILP Independent Labour Party ILO International Labour Organization IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization IMF International Monetary Fund INLA Irish National Liberation Army INRI Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudeorum (Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews) IOC International Olympic Committee IPA International Phonetic Alphabet IPSS international packet switching service IQ intelligence quotient IR infrared IRA Irish Republican Army IRB Irish Republican Brotherhood IRBM intermediate-range ballistic missile IRFB International Rugby Football Board ISBN international standard book number ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISO International Organization for Standardization ISRF International Squash Rackets Federation ISSN international standard serial number ISU International Skating Union ita initial teaching alphabet ITCZ intertropical convergence zone ITF International Tennis Federation ITN Independent Television News ITT International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation ITTF International Table Tennis Federation ITU International Telecommunication Union ITV Independent Television IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUD intra-uterine (contraceptive) device IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry IUPAP International Union of Pure and Applied Physics IVF in vitro fertilisation IVR International Vehicle Registration IWF International Weightlifting Federation IWSF International Water Ski Federation IWW Industrial Workers of the World IYRU International Yacht Racing Union JANET Joint Academic Network JET Joint European Torus JP Justice of the Peace JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory KADU Kenya African Democratic Union KANU Kenya African National Union KB Knight Bachelor; Knight of the (Order of the) Bath KBE Knight Commander of the (Order of the) British Empire KC King's Counsel KCB Knight Commander of the (Order of the) Bath KCMG Knight Commander Grand Cross of (the Order of) St Michael and St George KCVO Knight Commander of The Royal Victorian Order KG Knight of the (Order of the) Garter KGB Komitet Gosudarstvennoye Bezhopaznosti (Committee of State Security) KKK Ku Klux Klan KMT Kuomintang kpc kiloparsec KT Knight of the (Order of the) Thistle # "Abbreviations: L-Q",12,0,0,0 [TABLE] Abbreviations: L-Q \BAbbreviation \BMeaning LAFTA Latin American Free Trade Association LAN local area network LAUTRO Life Assurance and Unit Trust Regulatory Organization LCD liquid-crystal display LDC less-developed country LEA Local Education Authority LED light-emitting diode LEO low Earth orbit LFA less favoured area LH luteinizing hormone LHRH luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone LIFFE London International Financial Futures Exchange LISP list processing LMS London Missionary Society LPG liquefied petroleum gas LPGA Ladies Professional Golfers' Association LSD lysergic acid diethylamide LSI large-scale integration LTA Lawn Tennis Association LVO Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order MAC multiplexed analog component MAN Metropolitan Area Network MAO monoamine oxidase MATV Master Antenna Television MBE Member of the (Order of the) British Empire MC Military Cross MCA monetary compensation amount MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine ME myalgic encephalomyelitis MH Medal of Honor MHD magnetohydrodynamics MICR magnetic ink character recognition Mired micro reciprocal degrees MIRV multiple independently targeted re-entry vehicle mksa metre-kilogram-second-ampere MLR minimum lending rate mmf magnetomotive force MMI man-machine interaction MOH Medal of Honor Mpc megaparsec MPS marginal propensity to save MPTP methylphenyltetrahydropyridine MRA Moral Rearmament MRI magnetic resonance imaging MSC Manpower Services Commission MSG monosodium glutamate MSH melanocyte-stimulating hormone MVD Ministerstvo Vnutrennykh Del (Ministry for Internal Affairs) MVO Member of the Royal Victorian Order NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People NAFTA North American Free Trade Association NANC non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASDA National Space Development Agency NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NBA National Basketball Association (USA) NBC National Broadcasting Corporation NCAA National Collegiate Athletic Association (USA) NDE near-death experience NDP New Democratic Party NEDO National Economic Development Office NEP new economic policy NF National Front NFC National Football Conference NFL National Football League (USA) NGC new general catalogue NGF nerve growth factor NHL National Hockey League (USA) NHS National Health Service NIH National Institute of Health NKVD Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs) NLRB National Labor Relations Board NOW National Organization for Women NPT non-proliferation treaty NRA National Recovery Administration NRAO National Radio Astronomy Observatory NSF National Science Foundation NSPCC National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children NTSC National Television System Commission NUM National Union of Mineworkers NUT National Union of Teachers NVC non-verbal communication OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries OAS Organisation de l'armΘe secrΦte (Secret Army Organization) OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity OB Order of the Bath OB outside broadcast OBE Officer of the (Order of the) British Empire OCarm Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel OCart Order of Carthusians OCR optical character recognition/reader OCSO Order of the Reformed Cistercians of the Strict Observance OD ordnance datum ODA Overseas Development Administration ODC Order of Discalced Carmelites ODECA Organizacion de estados Centro Americanos (Organization of Central American States) OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OEEC Organization for European Economic Co-operation OEM original equipment manufacturer OFM Order of Friars Minor OFMCap Order of Friars Minor Capuchin OFMConv Order of Friars Minor Conventual OGPU Otdelenie Gosudarstvenni Politcheskoi Upravi (Special Government Political Administration) OM Order of Merit OMCap Order of Friars Minor of St Francis Capuccinorum OOBE out-of-body experience OP Order of Preachers OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OSA Order of the Hermit Friars of St Augustine OSB Order of St Benedict OSF Open Software Foundation OSFC Order of Friars Minor of St Francis Capuccinorum OSI open systems interconnection OTC over-the-counter (stocks and shares, drugs) OTEC ocean thermal energy conversion OU Open University OXFAM Oxford Committee for Famine Relief PAC Pan-African Congress PAC political action committee PAL phase alternation line PAYE pay as you earn pc parsec PC personal computer PC Poor Clares PC Progressive Conservative Party PCP phenylcyclohexylpiperidine PDGF platelet-derived growth factor PDR precision depth recorder PEN International Association of Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, and Novelists PEP Political and Economic Planning PF Patriotic Front PGA Professional Golfers' Association PH Purple Heart PIN personal identification number PK psychokinesis PKU phenylketonuria PLA People's Liberation Army plc public limited company PLO Palestine Liberation Organization PM of F Presidential Medal of Freedom PNLM Palestine National Liberation Movement POS point of sale POW prisoner of war PPI plan position indicator PQ Parti QuΘbecois PR proportional representation PRO Public Record Office PRO public relations officer PROM programmable read-only memory PSBR public sector borrowing requirement PSTN public switched telephone network PTA parent-teacher association PTFE polytetrafluorethylene PTT Posts, Telegraph and Telephones Authority PVA polyvinyl acetate PVC polyvinyl chloride PWA Public Works Administration PWR pressurized-water reactor PYO pick-your-own QALY quality adjusted life year QC Queen's Counsel QCD quantum chromodynamics QED quantum electrodynamics # "Abbreviations: R-Z",13,0,0,0 [TABLE] Abbreviations: R-Z \BAbbreviation \BMeaning RA Royal Academy R&A Royal & Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews RAAF Royal Australian Air Force RACE Research in Advanced Communications in Europe RADA Royal Academy of Dramatic Art RAF Royal Air Force RAM random access memory RAM Royal Academy of Music RAN Royal Australian Navy R&D research and development RDA recommended daily allowance REM rapid eye movement RFLP restriction fragment length polymers RFU Rugby Football Union RGB red, green and blue (colour television) RHA Regional Health Authority RISC reduced instruction set computer RKKA Rabochekrest'yanshi Krasny (Red Army of Workers and Peasants) RL Rugby League RM Royal Marines rms root-mean-square RN Royal Navy RNA ribonucleic acid RNLI Royal National Lifeboat Institution ROM read-only memory RP received pronunciation RPI retail price index RPM resale price maintenance rpm revolutions per minute RS Royal Society RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds RSPCA Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals RTG radio-isotope thermo-electric generator RVO Royal Victorian Order SA Sturm Abteilung (Storm Troopers) SAD seasonal affective disorder SALR saturated adiabatic lapse rate SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks SAS Special Air Service SAT Standard Assessment Task SBR styrene butadiene rubber SBS Special Boat Service SCID severe combined immuno-deficiency SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference SDI selective dissemination of information SDI Strategic Defense Initiative SDP Social Democratic Party SDR special drawing rights SDS Students for a Democratic Society SDU Social Democratic Union SEAQ Stock Exchange Automated Quotations SEATO South-East Asia Treaty Organization SEC Securities and Exchange Commission SECAM SΘquence Θlectronique couleur avec mΘmoire (Electronic colour sequence with memory) SERPS state earnings-related pension scheme SGML standard generalized mark-up language SHAEF Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force SHAPE Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers, Europe SHF super-high frequency SI systΦme internationale (International System) SIB Securities and Investments Board SIOP single integrated operation plan SJ Society of Jesus SLBM submarine-launched ballistic missile SLCM sea-launched cruise missile SLDP Social and Liberal Democratic Party SLE systemic lupus erythematosus SLR single-lens reflex SNCC Student Non-Violent Co-ordinating Committee SNOBOL string-oriented symbolic language SNP Scottish National Party SOCist Cistercians of Common Observance SOE Special Operations Executive SONAR sound navigation and ranging SPSS statistical package for the social sciences SQL structured query language SQUID superconducting quantum interference device SRO self-regulatory organization SRO single-room occupancy SS Schutzstaffel (Protective Squad) SSADM structured systems analysis and design methodology SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest START strategic arms reduction talks STD sexually-transmitted disease STOL short take-off and landing SWAPO South-West Africa People's Organization SWS slow wave sleep TAB Totalisator Agency Board TARDIS time and relative dimensions in space TASS Telegrafnoe Agentsvo Sovetskovo Soyuza (Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union) TAVRA Territorial and Voluntary Reserve Army TCCB Test and County Cricket Board TCDD tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin TCM traditional Chinese medicine TEFL teaching English as a foreign language TESL teaching English as a second language TGWU Transport and General Workers Union TM transcendental meditation TNT trinitrotoluene TT Tourist Trophy TTL through the lens TUC Trades Union Congress TV television TVA Tennessee Valley Authority UAE United Arab Emirates UAP United Australia Party UCAR Union of Central African Republics UCCA University Central Council on Admissions UDA Ulster Defence Association UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence UEFA Union of European Football Associations UFO unidentified flying object UHF ultra-high frequency UHT ultra-high temperature UIPMB International Union of Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon UIT International Shooting Union UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDC United Nations Disarmament Commission UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHRC United Nations Human Rights Commissioner UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund (formerly UN International Children's Emergency Fund) UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNO United Nations Organization UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNSC United Nations Security Council UNSG United Nations Secretary General UNTT United Nations Trust Territory UPU Universal Postal Union USA United States of America USAF United States Air Force USCG United States Coast Guard USGA United States Golf Association USIS United States Information Service USPGA United States Professional Golfers' Association USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics VA Veterans Administration VAN value-added network VAT value-added tax VC Victoria Cross VCR video cassette recorder VD venereal disease VDU visual display unit VHF very high frequency VHS video home system VIP vasoactive intestinal polypeptide VLF very low frequency VLSI very large scale interpretation VOA Voice of America VRC visible record computer VSEPR valence shell electron pair repulsion VSO Voluntary Service Overseas VTOL vertical take-off and landing VTR video tape recorder WAAC Women's Auxiliary Army Corps WAAF Women's Auxiliary Air Force WAC Women's Army Corps WASP White Anglo-Saxon Protestant WBA World Boxing Association WBC World Boxing Council WBO World Boxing Organisation WCC World Council of Churches WEA Workers' Educational Association WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions WHO World Health Organization WI (National Federation of) Women's Institutes WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WPA Work Projects Administration WPBSA World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association WRAC Women's Royal Army Corps WRAF Women's Royal Air Force WRNS Women's Royal Naval Service WRVS Women's Royal Voluntary Service WVA World Veterinary Association WVS Women's Voluntary Service WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature WWSU World Water Skiing Union YHA Youth Hostels Association YMCA Young Men's Christian Association YMHA Young Men's Hebrew Association YWCA Young Women's Christian Association YWHA Young Women's Hebrew Association # "Absorption Theorem",14,0,0,0 [TABLE] Absorption Theorem A + AB = A If either (A) OR (both A AND B) then A A(A + B) = A If both (A) AND (either A OR B) then A # "Aerobatics World Championship Winners",15,0,0,0 [TABLE] Aerobatics World Championship Winners \BDate \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) First held in 1960 and every two years since then except 1974 and 1992. 1976 Vikto Letsko (USSR) Lidia Leonova (USSR) 1978 Ivan Tucek (Czechoslovakia) Valentina Yaikova (USSR) 1980 Leo Loudenslager (USA) Betty Stewart (USA) 1982 Viktor Smolin (USSR) Betty Stewart (USA) 1984 Petr Jirmus (Czechoslovakia) Khalide Makagonova (USSR) 1986 Petr Jirmus (Czechoslovakia) Liubov Nemkova (USSR) 1988 Henry Haigh (USA) Catherine Maunoury (France) 1990 Claude BessiΦre (France) Natalya Sergeeva (USSR) 1994 Xavier de Lattarent (France) Christine Genin (France) 1996 Victor Chmal (Russia) Svetlana Kapanina (Russia) # "Afghanistan Political Rulers and Leaders",16,0,0,0 [TABLE] Afghanistan Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BAfghan Empire \BMonarch 1880-1901 Abdur Rahman Khan 1901-19 Habibullah Khan 1919-29 Amanullah Khan 1929 Habibullah Ghazi 1929-33 Mohammed Nadir Shah 1933-73 Mohammed Zahir Shah \BRepublic of Afghanistan \BPrime Minister 1973-8 Mohammad Daoud Khan \BDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan \BRevolutionary Council - President 1978-9 Nur Mohammad Taraki 1979 Hafizullah Amin \BSoviet Invasion 1979-86 Babrak Karmal 1986-7 Haji Mohammad Chamkani \IActing\i 1987 Mohammed Najibullah \BGeneral-Secretary 1978-86 \IAs President\i 1986-7 Mohammed Najibullah \BIslamic Republic of Afghanistan President 1987-92 Mohammad Najibullah 1992 Seghbatullah Mujjaddedi 1992- Burhanuddin Rabbani \BPrime Minister 1929-46 Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan 1946-53 Shah Mahmoud Khan Ghazi 1953-63 Mohammad Daoud 1963-5 Mohammad Yousef 1965-7 Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal 1967-71 Nour Ahmad Etemadi 1972-3 Mohammad Mousa Shafiq 1973-9 \IAs President\i 1979-81 Babrak Karmal 1981-8 Sultan Ali Keshtmand \BRepublic of Afghanistan from 1987 1988-9 Mohammad Hasan Sharq 1989-90 Sultan Ali Keshtmand 1990-2 Fazl Haq Khaleqiar 1992-3 Abdul Sabur Fareed 1993-4 Gulbardin Hekmatyar 1994-6 Arsala Rahmani \IActing\i 1996- Gulbardin Hekmatyar # "Aircraft Registration Codes",17,0,0,0 [TABLE] Aircraft Registration Codes \BCode \BCountry These codes are painted on all aircraft showing their country of registration. AN Nicaragua AP Pakistan AZ Bulgaria A2 Botswana A3 Tonga A40 Oman A5 Bhutan A6 United Arab Emirates A7 Qatar A9C Bahrain B China (People's Republic) B China/Taiwan (R o C) C, CF Canada CC Chile CCCP former USSR CN Morocco CP Bolivia CS Portugal CU Cuba CX Uruguay C2 Nauru C3 Andorra C5 The Gambia C6 The Bahamas C9 Mozambique D Germany DQ Fiji D2 Angola D4 Cape Verde D6 Comoros Islands EC Spain EI Eire EL Liberia EP Iran ER Moldova ES Estonia ET Ethiopia EW Belarus EY Tajikistan EZ Turkmenistan F France G Great Britain HA Hungary HB Switzerland & Liechtenstein HC Ecuador HH Haiti HI Dominican Republic HK Colombia HL Republic of Korea HP Panama HR Honduras HS Thailand HV The Vatican HZ Saudi Arabia H4 Solomon Islands I Italy JA Japan JY Jordan J2 Djibouti J3 Grenada J5 Guinea Bissau J6 St Lucia J7 Dominica J8 St Vincent and the Grenadines LN Norway LV Argentina LX Luxembourg LY Lithuania MT Mongolia N US OB Peru OD Lebanon OE Austria OH Finland OK Czech Republic OO Belgium OY Denmark P Korea (PDR) PH Netherlands PJ Netherland Antilles PK Indonesia PP, PT Brazil PZ Suriname P2 Papua New Guinea P4 Aruba RA Russia RDPL Laos, People's Democratic Republic RP Philippines SE Sweden SP Poland ST Sudan SU Egypt SX Greece S2 Bangladesh S5 Slovenia S7 Seychelles S9 Sπo TomΘ TC Turkey TF Iceland TG Guatemala TI Costa Rica TJ Cameroon TL Central African Republic TN Congo Brazzaville TR Gabon TS Tunisia TT Chad TU C⌠te d'Ivoire TY Benin TZ Mali T2 Tuvalu T3 Kiribati T7 San Marino UK Uzbekistan UR Ukraine VH Australia VN Vietnam VP-F Falkland Islands VP-LA Anguilla VP-LM Montserrat VP-LV British Virgin Islands VQ-T Turks and Caicos Islands VR-B Bermuda VR-C Cayman Islands VR-G Gibraltar VR-H Hong Kong VT India V2 Antigua and Barbuda V3 Belize V4 St Kitts and Nevis V5 Namibia V7 Marshall Islands V8 Brunei XA, XB, XC Mexico XT Burkina Faso XU Cambodia XV Vietnam XY Myanmar (Burma) YA Afghanistan YJ Vanuatu YK Syria YL Latvia YN Nicaragua YR Romania YS El Salvador YU Yugoslavia YV Venezuela Z Zimbabwe ZA Albania ZK New Zealand ZP Paraguay ZS South Africa 3A Monaco 3B Mauritius 3C Equatorial Guinea 3D Swaziland 3X Guinea 4K Azerbaijan 4R Sri Lanka 4U United Nations Organization 4X Israel 5A Libya 5B Cyprus 5H Tanzania 5N Nigeria 5R Madagascar 5T Mauritania 5U Niger 5V Togo 5W Western Samoa 5X Uganda 5Y Kenya 6O Somalia 6V SΘnΘgal 6Y Jamaica 7O Yemen 7P Lesotho 7Q Malawi 7T Algeria 8P Barbados 8Q Maldives 8R Guyana 9A Croatia 9G Ghana 9H Malta 9J Zambia 9K Kuwait 9L Sierra Leone 9M Malaysia 9N Nepal 9Q, 9T Za∩re 9U Burundi 9V Singapore 9XR Rwanda 9Y Trinidad and Tobago # "Airline Designators",18,0,0,0 [TABLE] Airline Designators \BCode \BAirline \BCountry AA American Airlines USA AC Air Canada Canada AF Air France France AH Air Algerie Algeria AI Air India India AJ Air Belgium Belgium AM AEROMEXICO Mexico AN Ansett Airlines Australia AO Aviaco Spain Spain AQ Aloha Airlines USA AR Aerolineas Argentinas Argentina AS Alaska Airlines USA AT Royal Air Maroc Morocco AY Finnair Finland AZ Al Italia Italy BA British Airways UK BB Sansa Costa Rica BD British Midland UK BG Biman Bangladesh Airlines Bangladesh BH Augusta Airways Australia BI Royal Brunei Airways Brunei BJ Safe Air New Zealand BL Pacific Airways Vietnam BM Belize Air International Belize BO Bouraq Indonesia Airlines Indonesia BP Air Botswana Botswana BU Braathens SAFE Norway BW BWIA International Trinidad and Tobago Airways Trinidad and Tobago BY Britannia Airways UK CA Air China China CB Suckling Airways UK CI China Airlines Taiwan CJ China Northern Airlines China CK Gambia Airways Gambia CM COPA (Compania Panamena de Aviaci≤n) Panama CO Continental Airlines USA CP Canadian Airlines International Canada CS Continental Micronesia Mariana Islands CU Cubana Cuba CX Cathay Pacific Airways Hong Kong CY Cyprus Airways Cyprus CZ China Southern Airways China DL Delta Airlines USA DO Dominicana de Aviaci≤n Dominican Republic DS Air Senegal Senegal DT TAAG Angola Airlines Angola DU Hemus Air Bulgaria DX Danair Denmark DY Alyemda-Democratic Yemen Airlines Yemen Republic EI Air Lingus Ireland EK Emirates United Arab Emirates ET Ethiopian Airlines Ethiopia EW Eastwest Airlines Australia FC Berliner Speziel Flug Germany FG Ariana Afghan Airlines Afghanistan FI Icelandair Iceland FJ Air Pacific Fiji FO Western New South Wales Airlines Australia FQ Air Aruba Aruba FR Ryanair (Dublin) Ireland GA Garuda Indonesia Indonesia GC Lina Congo Congo GF Gulf Air Company Bahrain GH Ghana Airlines Ghana GI Air Guinee Guinea GL Gronlandsfly Greenland GN Air Gabon Gabon GR Aurigny Air Services Channel Islands GT GB Airways UK GY Guyana Airways Corporation Guyana HA Hawaiian Airlines USA HM Air Seychelles Seychelles HP America West Airlines USA HV Transavia Airlines Netherlands HY Uzbekistan Airways Uzbekistan IB Iberia Spain IC Indian Airlines India IE Solomon Airlines Solomon Islands IF Great China Airlines China IL Istanbul Airways Turkey IP Airlines of Tasmania Australia IR Iranair Islamic Republic of Iran IV Air Gambia Gambia IY Yemenia-Yemen Airways Yemen JE Manx Airlines Isle of Man JG Swedair Sweden JL Japan Airlines Japan JM Air Jamaica Jamaica JQ Trans Jamaica Airlines Jamaica JU JAT Jugoslovenski Aerotransport Yugoslavia JY Jersey European Airways Channel Islands KE Korean Air Republic of Korea KL KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Netherlands KM Air Malta Malta KP Kiwi International Airlines USA KQ Kenya Airways Kenya KU Kuwait Airways Kuwait KV Transkei Airways South Africa KX Cayman Airways Grand Cayman KY Waterwings Airways New Zealand LA Lan-Chile Chile LC Loganair UK LF Linjeflyg Sweden LG Luxair Luxembourg LH Lufthansa Germany LN Jamahiriya Libyan Arab Airlines Libya LO LOT Polish Airlines Poland LU Theron Airways South Africa LY El Al Israel Airlines Israel LZ Balkan-Bulgarian Airlines Bulgaria MA Malev Hungarian Airlines Hungary MD Air Madagascar Madagascar MH Malaysia Airlines Malaysia MK Air Mauritius Mauritius MN Commercial Airways South Africa MR Air Mauritania Mauritania MS Egyptair Egypt MV Ansett WA Australia NF Air Vanuatu Vanuatu NG Lauda Air Austria NH All Nippon Airways Japan NM Mount Cook Airlines New Zealand NN Air Martinique Martinique NO Aus-Air Australia NQ Orbi Georgian Airways Georgia NR Norontair Canada NU Southwest Airlines Japan NV Northwest Territorial Airways Canada NW Northwest Airlines USA NZ Air New Zealand New Zealand OA Olympic Airways Greece OB Monarch Air Australia OG Air Guadeloupe Guadeloupe OK Czechoslovak Airlines Czech Republic OM Air Mongol Mongolian People's Republic ON Air Nauru Republic of Nauru OO Sky West Airlines USA OR Air Comores Comoros OS Austrian Airlines Austria OU Croatia Airlines Republic of Croatia OV Estonian Air Estonia PB Air Burundi Burundi PC Fiji Air Fiji PH Polynesian Airlines Samoa PK Pakistan International Airlines Pakistan PL Aeroperu Peru PR Philippine Airlines Philippines PS Ukraine International Airlines Ukraine PU PLUNA Primeras Lineas Uruguayas de Navigaci≤n Aerea Uruguay PV Latvian Airlines Latvia PX Air Niugini Papua New Guinea PY Surinam Airways Suriname PZ LAP Lineas Aereas Paraguayas Paraguay QC Air Za∩re QF Qantas Airways Australia QL Lesotho Airways Lesotho QM Air Malawi Malawi QU Uganda Airlines Uganda QV Lao Aviation Lao PDR QX Horizon Airlines USA QZ Zambia Airways Zambia RA Royal Nepal Airlines Nepal RB Syrian Arab Airlines Syria RG Varig Brazilian Airlines Brazil RJ Royal Jordanian Jordan RK Air Afrique C⌠te d'Ivoire RO Tarom Romania RY Air Rwanda Rwanda SA South African Airways South Africa SD Sudan Airways Sudan SH SAHSA Servicio Aero de Honduras Honduras SJ Southern Air New Zealand SK SAS Scandinavian Air Sweden SN Sabena Belgium SQ Singapore Airlines Singapore SR Swissair Switzerland SU Aeroflot Russia SV Saudia Saudi Arabia SW Air Namibia Namibia TC Air Tanzania Tanzania TE Lithuanian Airlines Lithuania TG Thai Airways International Thailand TK Turkish Airlines Turkey TM LAM Linhas Aereas de Moτambique Mozambique TN Australian Airlines Australia TP TAP Air Portugal Portugal TU Tunis Air Tunisia TW TWA Trans World Airlines USA UA United Airlines USA UB Myanma Airlines Myanmur Burma UI Norlandair Iceland UK Air UK UK UL Air Lanka Sri Lanka UM Air Zimbabwe Zimbabwe UP Bahamasair Bahamas USA USA Air USA UY Cameroon Airlines Cameroon VA VIASA Venezolana Internacional de Aviaci≤n Venezeula VE Avensa Australia VH Air Burkina Burkina Faso VJ Kampuchea Airlines Cambodia VN Vietnam Airlines Vietnam VO Tyrolean Airlines Austria VR Transportes Aereos de Cabo Verde Cape Verde VS Virgin Atlantic Airways UK VU Air Ivoire Cote d'Iv⌠ire VX ACES Aerlineas Centrales de Colombia Colombia WG Taiwan Airlines Taiwan WI Rottnest Airbus Australia WJ Labrador Airways Canada WN Southwest Airlines USA WR Royal Tonga Airlines Tonga WT Nigeria Airways Nigeria WY Oman Air Oman XX Aeronaves del Peru Peru YJ National Airlines South Africa YK Cyprus Turkish Airlines Cyprus YN Air Creebec Canada YU Dominair Dominican Republic YZ Transportes Aereos da GuinΘ Bissau GuinΘ Bissau ZB Monarch Airlines UK ZC Royal Swazi National Airways Swaziland ZP Virgin Air Virgin Islands ZQ Ansett New Zealand New Zealand ZX Air BC Canada 2J Azerbaijan Hava Yollari Azerbaijan 7E Nepal Airways Nepal 7Y Albanian Airlines Albania 8Y Ecuato Guineana de Aviaci≤n Equatorial Guinea 9U Air Moldova Republic of Moldova # "Albania Political Rulers and Leaders",19,0,0,0 [TABLE] Albania Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1928-39 Zog I (Ahmed Zogu) 1939-44 \IItalian rule\i \BPeople's Socialist Republic of Albania \BPresident 1944-85 Enver Hoxha 1985-92 Ramiz Alia 1992- 97 Sali Berisha 1997- Rexhep Mejdani \BPrime Minister 1914 Turhan Pashδ Permδti 1914 Esad Toptani 1914-18 Abdullah Rushdi 1918-20 Turhan Pashδ Permδti 1920 Sulejman Deluina 1920-1 Iljaz Bej Vrioni 1921 Pandeli Evangeli 1921 Xhafer Ypi 1921-2 Omer Vrioni 1922-4 Ahmed Zogu 1924 Iljaz Bej Vrioni 1924-5 Fan Noli 1925-8 Ahmed Zogu 1928-30 Koτo Kota 1930-5 Pandeli Evangeli 1935-6 Mehdi Frashδri 1936-9 Koτo Kota 1939-41 Shefqet Verlaci 1941-3 Mustafa Merlika-Kruja 1943 Eqrem Libohova 1943 Maliq Bushati 1943 Eqrem Libohova 1943 \IProvisional Executive Committee\i (Ibrahim Biτakτlu) 1943 \ICouncil of Regents\i (Mehdi Frashδri) 1943-4 Rexhep Mitrovica 1944 Fiori Dine 1944-54 Enver Hoxha 1954-81 Mehmed Shehu 1981-91 Adil Carcani \BRepublic of Albania 1991 Ylli Bufi 1991-2 Vilson Ahmeti 1992- 7 Aleksander Meksi 1997- Fatos Nano # "Algeria Political Rulers and Leaders",20,0,0,0 [TABLE] Algeria Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1962-5 Ahmed Ben Bella 1965-78 Houari BoumΘdienne 1978-92 Chadli Benjedid 1992 Mohamed Bondiaf 1992-4 Ali Kafi 1994- Lamine Zeroual \BPrime Minister 1977-84 Mohammed Ben Ahmed Abdelghani 1984-8 Abdelhamid Brahimi 1989-91 Mouloud Hamrouche 1991-2 Sid Ahmed Ghozali 1992 Belaid Abdessalam 1992-4 Redha Malek 1994-5 Mokdad Sifi 1995- Ahmed Ouyahia # "American Football Superbowl Champions",21,0,0,0 [TABLE] American Football Superbowl Champions \BYear \BWinner First held in 1967 between champions of the National Football league (NFL) and the American Football League (AFL); takes place each January; since 1971 an end of season meeting between the champions of the AFC and the NFC. 1985 San Francisco 49ers (NFC) 1986 Chicago Bears (NFC) 1987 New York Giants (NFC) 1988 Washington Redskins (NFC) 1989 San Francisco 49ers (NFC) 1990 San Francisco 49ers (NFC) 1991 New York Giants (NFC) 1992 Washington Redskins (NFC) 1993 Dallas Cowboys (NFC) 1994 San Francisco 49ers (NFC) 1995 Dallas Cowboys (NFC) 1996 Green Bay Packers Most wins: (5), San Francisco 49ers 1982, 1985, 1989-90, 1994. # "American Morse Code",22,0,0,0 [TABLE] American Morse Code A . __ J . . S . . . 1 . __ __ . B __ . . . K __ . __ T __ 2 . . __ . . C . . . L ___ U . . __ 3 . . . __ . D __ . . M __ __ V . . . __ 4 . . . . __ E . N __ . W . __ __ 5 __ __ __ F . __ . O . . X . __ . . 6 . . . . . . G __ __ . P . . . . . Y . . . . 7 __ __ . . H . . . . Q . . __ . Z . . . . 8 __ . . . . I . . R . . . 0 ____ 9 __ . . __ # "American States: General Data",23,0,0,0 [TABLE] American States: General Data \BState \BArea (km▓) \BArea (sq mi) \BCapital \BTime Zone * \BPopulation (1995) Alabama (AL) 133 911 51 705 Montgomery 7/8 4 283 000 Alaska (AK) 1 518 748 586 412 Juneau 3/4 647 000 Arizona (AZ) 295 249 114 000 Phoenix 5 4 097 000 Arkansas (AR) 137 403 53 187 Little Rock 6/7 2 473 000 California (CA) 411 033 158 706 Sacramento 4/5 32 601 000 Colorado (CO) 269 585 104 091 Denver 5/6 3 753 000 Connecticut (CT) 12 996 5 018 Hartford 7/8 3 272 000 Delaware (DE) 5 296 2 045 Dover 7/8 725 000 District of Columbia (DC) 173.5 67 Washington 7/8 563 000 Florida (FL) 151 934 58 664 Tallahassee 6/7, 7/8 14 355 000 Georgia (GA) 152 571 58 910 Atlanta 7/8 7 184 000 Hawaii (HI) 16 759 6 471 Honolulu 2 1 243 000 Idaho (ID) 216 422 83 564 Boise 4/5, 5/6 1 164 000 Illinois (IL) 145 928 56 345 Springfield 6/7 11 937 000 Indiana (IN) 93 715.5 36 185 Indianapolis 6/7, 7/8 5 841 000 Iowa (IA) 145 747 56 275 Des Moines 6/7 2 865 000 Kansas (KS) 213 089 82 277 Topeka 5/6, 6/7 2 591 000 Kentucky (KY) 104 658 40 410 Frankfort 6/7, 7/8 3 864 000 Louisiana (LA) 123 673 47 752 Baton Rouge 6/7 4 389 000 Maine (ME) 86 153 33 265 Augusta 7/8 1 245 000 Maryland (MD) 27 090 10 460 Annapolis 7/8 5 015 000 Massachusetts (MA) 21 455 8 284 Boston 7/8 6 062 000 Michigan (MI) 151 579 58 527 Lansing 6/7, 7/8 9 654 000 Minnesota (MN) 218 593 84 402 St Paul 6/7 4 642 000 Mississippi (MS) 123 510 47 689 Jackson 6/7 2 676 000 Missouri (MO) 180 508 69 697 Jefferson City 6/7 5 309 000 Montana (MT) 380 834 147 046 Helena 5/6 863 000 Nebraska (NE) 200 342 77 355 Lincoln 5/6, 6/7 1 649 000 Nevada (NV) 286 341 110 561 Carson City 4/5 1 539 000 New Hampshire (NH) 24 032 9 279 Concord 7/8 1 114 000 New Jersey (NJ) 20 167 7 787 Trenton 7/8 7 878 000 New Mexico (NM) 314 914 121 593 Santa Fe 5/6 1 685 000 New York (NY) 127 185 49 108 Albany 7/8 18 317 000 North Carolina (NC) 136 407 52 699 Raleigh 7/8 1 176 000 North Dakota (ND) 180 180 69 567 Bismarck 5/6, 6/7 631 000 Ohio (OH) 107 040 41 330 Columbus 7/8 1 119 300 Oklahoma (OK) 181 083 69 919 Oklahoma City 6/7 3 313 000 Oregon (OR) 251 409 97 073 Salem 4/5 3 192 000 Pennsylvania (PA) 117 343 45 308 Harrisburg 7/8 12 200 000 Rhode Island (RI) 3 139 1 212 Providence 7/8 1 008 000 South Carolina (SC) 80 579 31 113 Columbia 7/8 3 784 000 South Dakota (SD) 199 723 77 116 Pierre 5/6, 6/7 732 000 Tennessee (TN) 109 149 42 144 Nashville 6/7, 7/8 5 254 000 Texas (TX) 691 003 266 807 Austin 5/6, 6/7 18 709 000 Utah (UT) 219 880 84 899 Salt Lake City 5/6 1 957 000 Vermont (VT) 24 899 9 614 Montpelier 7/8 580 000 Virginia (VA) 105 582 40 767 Richmond 7/8 6 672 000 Washington (WA) 176 473 68 139 Olympia 4/5 5 568 000 West Virginia (WV) 62 758 24 232 Charleston 7/8 1 842 000 Wisconsin (WI) 145 431 56 153 Madison 6/7 5 185 000 Wyoming (WY) 253 315 97 809 Cheyenne 5/6 484 000 * Two sets of figures indicate that different zones operate in a state. The second figure refers to Summer Time (Apr-Oct, approximately). 2:Aleutian/Hawaii Standard Time, 3: Alaska Standard Time, 4: Pacific Standard Time, 5: Mountain Standard Time, 6: Central Standard Time, 7: Eastern Standard Time # "Angling Champions",24,0,0,0 [TABLE] Angling Champions \BYear \BIndividual Winner \BTeam Winner \BWorld Freshwater Championship First held in 1957; takes place annually. 1985 David Roper (England) England 1986 Lud Wever (Netherlands) Italy 1987 Clive Branson (Wales) England 1988 Jean-Pierre Fouquet (France) England 1989 Tom Pickering (England) Wales 1990 Bob Nudd (England) France 1991 Bob Nudd (England) England 1992 David Wesson (Australia) Italy 1993 Mario Barras (Portugal Italy 1994 Bob Hudd (England) England 1995 Pierre Jean (France) France 1996 Alan Scothorne (England) Italy Most wins: Individual (3), Robert Tesse (France) 1959-60, 1965. Team (13), France, 1959, 1963-4, 1966, 1968, 1972, 1974-5, 1978-9, 1981, 1990, 1995. \BWorld Fly-fishing Championship First held in 1981; takes place annually. 1985 Leslaw Frasik (Poland) Poland 1986 Slivoj Svoboda (Czechoslovakia) Italy 1987 Brian Leadbetter (England) England 1988 John Pawson (England) England 1989 Wladyslaw Trzebuinia (Poland) Poland 1990 Franciszek Szajnik (Poland) Czechoslovakia 1991 Brian Leadbetter (England) New Zealand 1992 Pierluigi Cocito (Italy) Italy 1993 Russell Owen (Wales) England 1994 Pascal Cognard (France) Czech Republic 1995 Jeremy Herrmann (England) England 1996 Czech Republic Most wins: Individual (2) Brian Leadbetter (England), as above. Team (5), Italy, 1982-4, 1986, 1992. # "Angola Political Rulers and Leaders",25,0,0,0 [TABLE] Angola Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1975-9 Antonio Agostinho Neto 1979- JosΘ Eduardo Dos Santos \BPrime Minister 1992-6 Marcolino JosΘ Carlas Moco 1996- Fernando JosΘ Franτa D·nem # "Antigua and Barbuda Political Rulers and Leaders",26,0,0,0 [TABLE] Antigua and Barbuda Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPrime Minister 1981-94 Vere Cornwall Bird 1994- Lester Bird # "Apollo-Soyuz Missions",27,0,0,0 [TABLE] Apollo-Soyuz Missions Mission Astronauts/Cosmonauts Launch/Landing Orbits Duration Apollo 18 Thomas P. Stafford, Vance D. Brand, Donald K. "Deke" Slayton July 15, 1975/July 24, 1975 136 217 hours, 30 minutes Soyuz 19 Alexei Leonov, Valeri Kubasov July 15, 1975/July 21, 1975 96 143 hours, 31 minutes # "Archery World Championship Winners",28,0,0,0 [TABLE] Archery World Championship Winners \BYear \BIndividual Winner (Men) \BTeam Winner (Men) \BIndividual Winner (Women) \BTeam Winner (Women) First held in 1931; took place annually until 1959; since then, every two years. 1975 Darrell Pace (USA) USA Zebiniso Rustamova (USSR) USSR 1977 Richard McKinney (USA) USA Luann Ryon (USA) USA 1979 Darrell Pace (USA) USA Jin-Ho-Kim (South Korea) South Korea 1981 Kysti Laasonen (Finland) USA Natalia Butuzova (USSR) USSR 1983 Richard McKinney (USA) USA Jin-Ho-Kim (South Korea) South Korea 1985 Richard McKinney (USA) South Korea Irina Soldatova (USSR) USSR 1987 Vladimir Yesheyev (USSR) South Korea Ma Xiagjun (China) USSR 1989 Stanislav Zabrodsky (USSR) USSR Kim Soo-nyung (South Korea) South Korea 1991 Simon Fairweather (Australia) South Korea Kim Soo-nyung (South Korea) South Korea 1993 Kyung-Mo Park (Korea) France Kim Soo-nyung (South Korea) Korea 1995 Gary Broadhead (USA) USA Angela Moscarelly (USA) USA Most wins: Individual Men (4), Hans Deutgen (Sweden) 1947-50. Team Men (15), USA 1957-83, 1995. Individual Women (7)Janina Kurkowska (Poland) 1931-4, 1936, 1939, 1947. Team Women (9) USA 1952, 1957-9, 1961 1963, 1965, 1977, 1995. # "Argentina Political Rulers and Leaders",29,0,0,0 [TABLE] Argentina Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1898-1904 Julio Argentino Roca 1904-6 Manuel Quintana 1906-10 JosΘ Figueroa Alcorta 1910-14 Roque Sßenz Pe±a 1914-16 Victorino de la Plaza 1916-22 Hip≤lito Yrigoyen 1922-8 Marcelo T de Alvear 1928-30 Hip≤lito Yrigoyen 1930-2 JosΘ FΘlix Uriburu 1932-8 Augustin Pedro Justo 1938-40 Roberto M Ortiz 1940-3 Ram≤n S Castillo 1943-4 Pedro P Ramφrez 1944-6 Edelmiro J Farrell 1946-55 Juan Per≤n 1955-8 Eduardo Lonardi 1958-62 Arturo Frondizi 1962-3 JosΘ Marφa Guido 1963-6 Arturo Illia 1966-70 Juan Carlos Onganφa 1970-1 Roberto Marcelo Levingston 1971-3 Alejandro Agustin Lanusse 1973 HΘctor J Cßmpora 1973-4 Juan Per≤n 1974-6 Martφnez de Per≤n 1976-81 \IMilitary junta\i (Jorge RafaΘl Videla) 1981 \IMilitary junta\i (Roberto Eduardo Viola) 1981-2 \IMilitary junta\i (Leopoldo Galtieri) 1982-3 Reynaldo Bignone 1983-8 Ra·l Alfonsφn Foulkes 1988- Carlos Sa·l Menem # "Armenia Political Rulers and Leaders",30,0,0,0 [TABLE] Armenia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991- Levon Ter-Petrosian \BPrime Minister 1991-2 Gagik Arutynyan 1992-3 Khasrov Haroutunian 1993- Hrand Bagratian 1996- Armen Sarkissian # "Association Football Champions",31,0,0,0 [TABLE] Association Football Champions \BYear \BWinner \BFIFA World Cup Association Football's premier event; first contested for the Jules Rimet Trophy in 1930; Brazil won it outright after winning for the third time in 1970; since then teams have competed for the FIFA (FΘdΘration Internationale de Football Association) World Cup; held every four years. 1954 W Germany 1958 Brazil 1962 Brazil 1966 England 1970 Brazil 1974 W Germany 1978 Argentina 1982 Italy 1986 Argentina 1990 W Germany 1994 Brazil Most wins: (4), Brazil, as above. \BEuropean Champions Cup The leading club competition in Europe; open to the League champions of countries affiliated to UEFA (Union of European Football Associations); commonly known as the 'European Cup'; inaugurated in the 1955-6 season; played annually. 1985 Juventus (Italy) 1986 Steaua Bucharest (Romania) 1987 FC Porto (Portugal) 1988 PSV Eindhoven (Holland) 1989 AC Milan (Italy) 1990 AC Milan (Italy) 1991 Red Star Belgrade (Yugoslavia) 1992 Barcelona (Spain) 1993 Olympique Marseilles (France) 1994 AC Milan (Italy) 1995 Ajax (Netherlands) 1996 Juventus (Italy) 1997 Borussia Dortmund Most wins: (6), Real Madrid (Spain), 1956-60, 1966. \BSouth American championship First held in 1916, for South American national sides; discontinued in 1967, but revived eight years later; now played every two years. 1957 Argentina 1959* Argentina 1959* Uruguay 1963 Bolivia 1967 Uruguay 1975 Peru 1979 Paraguay 1983 Uruguay 1987 Uruguay 1989 Brazil 1991 Argentina 1993 Argentina 1995 Uruguay 1997 Brazil * There were two tournaments in 1959. Most wins: (14), Uruguay, 1916-17, 1920, 1923-4, 1926, 1935, 1942, 1956, 1959, 1967, 1983, 1987, 1995. \BFootball Association Challenge Cup The world's oldest club knockout competition (the 'FA cup'), held annually; first contested in the 1871-2 season; first final at the Kennington Oval on 16 March 1872; first winners were The Wanderers. 1985 Manchester United 1986 Liverpool 1987 Coventry City 1988 Wimbledon 1989 Liverpool 1980 Manchester United 1991 Tottenham Hotspur 1992 Liverpool 1993 Arsenal 1994 Manchester United 1995 Everton 1996 Manchester United 1997 Chelsea Most wins: (9) Manchester United, 1909, 1948, 1963, 1977, 1983, 1985, 1990, 1994, 1996 \BFootball League The oldest league in the world, founded in 1888; consists of four divisions, since 1992 the Premier League and League divisions 1, 2, and 3; the current complement of 92 teams achieved in 1950. 1985-6 Liverpool 1986-7 Everton 1987-8 Liverpool 1988-9 Arsenal 1989-90 Liverpool 1990-1 Arsenal 1991-2 Leeds United 1992-4 Manchester United 1994-1995 Blackburn Rovers 1995-1996 Manchester United 1997 Manchester United Most wins: (18), Liverpool, 1901, 1906, 1922-3, 1947, 1964, 1966, 1973, 1976-7, 1979-80, 1982-4, 1986, 1988, 1990. # "Associative Laws of Boolean Algebra",32,0,0,0 [TABLE] Associative Laws of Boolean Algebra (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (A OR B) OR C is the same as A OR (B OR C) (AB)C = A(BC) (A AND B) AND C is the same as A AND (B AND C) # "Asteroid Fact Table",33,0,0,0 [TABLE] Asteroid Fact Table \BAsteroid Number and Name \BDiameter (km) \BMass ((10 to the power of 15) kg) \BRotation Period \BOrbital Period \BSpectral Class \BSemi major Axis Table includes only selected asteroids. All values for mass and many of diameter values are only rough estimates. 1 Ceres 974 1,000,000 9.078 hrs 4.60 yrs C 2.76 2 Pallas 538 250,000 7.811 hrs 4.61 yrs U 2.77 3 Juno 268 20,000 7.21 hrs 4.36 yrs S 2.67 4 Vesta 526 300,000 5.342 hrs 3.63 yrs U 2.36 243 Ida 58 x 23 100 4.633 hrs 4.84 yrs S 2.86 253 Mathilde 61 200 418 hrs 4.31 yrs C 2.64 433 Eros 41 x 15 x 14 5 5.270 hrs 1.76 yrs S 1.45 951 Gaspra 19 x 12 x 11 10 7.042 hrs 3.29 yrs S 2.21 1566 Icarus 1.4 0.001 2.273 hrs 1.12 yrs U 1.07 1620 Geographos 2.0 0.004 5.222 hrs 1.39 yrs S 1.24 1862 Apollo 1.6 0.002 3.063 hrs 1.81 yrs S 1.48 2060 Chiron 180 4000 5.9 hrs 50.7 yrs B 13.29 2530 Shipka 5.25 yrs 3.02 3840 Mimistrobell 3.83 yrs 2.25 4179 Toutatis 4.6 x 2.4 x 1.9 0.05 irregular 1.10 yrs S 0.92 4769 Castalia 1.8 x 0.8 0.0005 0.41 yrs 0.55 # "Astrological Star Signs",34,0,0,0 [TABLE] Astrological Star Signs \BAstrology Sign \BDates Aries 21 Mar -20 Apr Taurus 21 Apr -21 May Gemini 22 May -21 Jun Cancer 22 Jun -23 Jul Leo 24 Jul -23 Aug Virgo 24 Aug -23 Sep Libra 24 Sep -23 Oct Scorpio 24 Oct -22 Nov Sagittarius 23 Nov -22 Dec Capricorn 23 Dec -20 Jan Aquarius 21 Jan -19 Feb Pisces 20 Feb -20 Mar # "Athletics World Championship Winners",35,0,0,0 [TABLE] Athletics World Championship Winners \BEvent \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) First held in Helsinki, Finland in 1983; take place every two years from 1993 \B1993 100 m Linford Christie (UK) Gail Devers (USA) 200 m Frankie Fredericks (Namibia) Marlene Ottley (Jamaica) 400 m Michael Johnson (USA) Jearl Miles (USA) 800 m Paul Ruto (Kenya) Maria Mutola (Mozambique) 1500 m Noureddine Morceli (Algeria) Liu Dong (China) 5000 m Ismael Kurui (Kenya) Qu Yunxia (China) 10000 m Haile Gebresilasie (Ethopia) Wang Junxia (China) Marathon Mark Plaatjes (USA) Junko Asari (Japan) 3000 m steeplechase Moses Kiptanui (Kenya) - 110 m hurdles Colin Jackson (UK) Gail Devers (USA) 400 m hurdles Kevin Young (USA) Sally Gunnell (UK) High jump Javier Sotomayor (Cuba) Ioamnet Quintero (Cuba) Pole vault Sergei Bubka (Ukraine) - Long jump Mike Powell (USA) Heike Drechsler (Germany) Triple jump Mike Conley (USA) - Shot Werner Gⁿnth÷r (Switzerland) Huang Zhihong (USA) Discus Lars Reidel (Germany) Olga Burova (Russia) Hammer Andrei Abuvaliyev (Tajikstan) - Javelin Jan Zelezny (Czech Republic) Trini Hattestad (Norway) Decathlon/Heptathalon Dan O'Brien (USA) Jackie Joyner -Kersee (USA) 10 km walk - Sari Essaya (Finland) 20 km walk Valentin Massana (Spain) - 50 km walk Jesus Garcia (Spain) - 4 x 100m relay Canada Russia 4 x 400m relay USA USA \B1995 100 m Donovan Bailey (Canada) Gwen Torrence (USA) 200 m Michael Johnson (USA) Marlene Ottey (Jamaica) 400 m Michael Johnson (USA) Marie - JosΘ PΘrec (France) 800 m Wilson Kipketer (Denmark) Ana Fidelia Quirot (Cuba) 1500 m Noureddine Morceli (Algeria) Hassiba Boulmerka (Algeria) 5000 m Ismael Kurui (Kenya) Sonia O'Sullivan (Ireland) 10000 m Haile Gebresilassie (Ethiopia) Fernanda Ribeiro (Portugal Marathon Martin Fizz (Spain) Manuela Machado (Portugal) 3000 m steeplechase Moses Kiptanui (Kenya) - 110 m hurdles Allen Johnson (USA) Gail Devers (USA) 400 m hurdles Derrick Atkins (USA) Kim Batten (USA) High jump Troy Kemp (Bahamas) Stefka Kostadinova (Bulgaria) Pole vault Sergey Bubka (Ukraine) - Long jump Ivan Pedroso (Cuba) Fiona May (Italy) Triple jump Jonathan Edwards (UK) - Shot John Godina (USA) Astrid Kumbernuss (Germany) Discus Lars Reidel (Germany) Ellina Svereva (Belarus) Hammer Andrei Abduvaliyer (Tajikistan) - Javelin Jan Zelezny (Czech Republic) Natalya Shikolenka (Belarus) Decathlon/Heptathalon Dan O'Brien (USA) Ghada Shouaa (Syria) 10 km walk - Irina Stankina (Russia) 20 km walk Michele Didoni (Italy) - 50 km walk Valentin Kononen (Finland) - 4 x 100m relay Canada USA 4 x 400m relay USA USA # "Australia Political Rulers and Leaders",36,0,0,0 [TABLE] Australia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader Chief of State: British monarch, represented by Governor-General \BPrime Minister 1901-3 Edmund Barton \IProt\i 1903-4 Alfred Deakin \IProt\i 1904 John Christian Watson \ILab\i 1904-5 George Houston Reid \IFree\i 1905-8 Alfred Deakin \IProt\i 1908-9 Andrew Fisher \ILab\i 1909-10 Alfred Deakin \IFusion\i 1910-13 Andrew Fisher \ILab\i 1913-14 Joseph Cook \ILib\i 1914-15 Andrew Fisher \ILab\i 1915-16 William Morris Hughes \ILab\i 1916-17 William Morris Hughes Nat \ILab\i 1917-23 William Morris Hughes \INat\i 1923-9 Stanley Melbourne Bruce \INat/Co*\i 1929-32 James Henry Scullin \ILab\i 1932-8 Joseph Aloysius Lyons \IUAP\i 1938-9 Joseph Aloysius Lyons \IUAP/Co*\i 1939 Earle Christmas Page \ICo/UAP*\i 1939-40 Robert Gordon Menzies \IUAP\i 1940-1 Robert Gordon Menzies \IUAP/Co*\i 1941 Arthur William Fadden \ICo/UAP\i 1941-5 John Joseph Curtin \ILab 1945 Francis Michael Forde \ILab 1945-9 Joseph Benedict Chifley \ILab 1949-66 Robert Gordon Menzies \ILib/Co*\i 1966-7 Harold Edward Holt \ILib/Co*\i 1967-8 John McEwen \ILib/Co*\i 1968-71 John Grey Gorton \ILib/Co*\i 1971-2 William McMahon \ILib/Co*\i 1972-5 Edward Gough Whitlam \ILab\i 1975-83 John Malcolm Fraser \ILib/Co*\i 1983-91 Robert James Lee Hawke \ILab\i 1991-6 Paul Keating \ILab\i 1996- John Howard \ILib\i \ICo \ICountry \IFree \IFree Trade \ILab \ILabor \ILib \ILiberal \INat \INationalist \INat Lab \INational Labor \IProt \IProtectionist \IUAP \IUnited Australia Party\i *coalition # "Australian Rules Football League Champions",37,0,0,0 [TABLE] Australian Rules Football League Champions \BYear \BWinner The top prize is the annual VFL Premiership Trophy; first contested in 1897 and won by Essendon. Known as the Victoria Football League until 1987. 1985 Essendon 1986 Hawthorn 1987 Carlton 1988 Hawthorn 1989 Hawthorn 1990 Collingwood 1991 Hawthorn 1992 West Coast Eagles 1993 Essendon 1994 West Coast Eagles 1995 Carlton 1996 North Melbourne Most wins: (16), Carlton, 1906-8, 1914-15, 1938, 1945, 1947, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1979, 1981-2, 1987, 1995. # "Australian States",38,0,0,0 [TABLE] Australian States \BState \BArea (km\U2\u) \BArea (sq mi) \BState Capital Australian Capital Territory 2 400 930 Canberra New South Wales 801 400 309 400 Sydney Northern Territory 1 346 200 519 800 Darwin Queensland 1 727 200 666 900 Brisbane South Australia 984 000 379 900 Adelaide Tasmania 67 800 26 200 Hobart Victoria 227 600 87 900 Melbourne Western Australia 2 525 500 975 000 Perth # "Austria Political Rulers and Leaders",39,0,0,0 [TABLE] Austrian Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1918-20 Karl SΣtz 1920-8 Michael Hainisch 1928-38 Wilhelm Miklas 1938-45 \IGerman rule\i 1945-50 Karl Renner 1950-7 Theodor K÷rner 1957-65 Adolf SchΣrf 1965-74 Franz Jonas 1974-86 Rudolf KirchslΣger 1986-92 Kurt Waldheim 1992- Thomas Klestil \BChancellor 1918-20 Karl Renner 1920-1 Michael Mayr 1921-2 Johann Schober 1922 Walter Breisky 1922 Johann Schober 1922-4 Ignaz Seipel 1924-6 Rudolph Ramek 1926-9 Ignaz Seipel 1929-30 Ernst Streeruwitz 1930 Johann Schober 1930 Carl Vaugoin 1930-1 Otto Ender 1931-2 Karl Buresch 1932-4 Engelbert Dollfus 1934-8 Kurt von Schuschnigg 1938-45 German rule 1945 Karl Renner 1945-53 Leopold Figl 1953-61 Julius Raab 1961-4 Alfons Gorbach 1964-70 Josef Klaus 1970-83 Bruno Kreisky 1983-6 Fred Sinowatz 1986-97 Franz Vranitzky 1997- Viktor Klima # "Azerbaijan Political Rulers and Leaders",40,0,0,0 [TABLE] Azerbaijan Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991-2 Ayaz Mutalibov 1992-3 Abulfaz Elchibey 1993- Geidar Aliyev \BPrime Minister 1991-3 Hassan Hasanov 1994- Panakh Guseinov # "Badminton Champions",41,0,0,0 [TABLE] Badminton Champions \BYear \BIndividual/Team Winner (Men) \BIndividual/Team Winner (Women) \BWorld championships First held in 1977; initially took place every three years; since 1983 every two years. 1985 Han Jian (China) Han Aiping (China) 1987 Yang Yang (China) Han Aiping (China) 1989 Yang Yang (China) Li Lingwei (China) 1991 Zhao Jianhua (China) Tang Jiuhong (China) 1993 Joko Suprianto (Indonesia) Susi Susanti (Indonesia) 1995 Heryanto Arbi (Indonesia) Ye Zhaoying (China) 1997 Peter Rasmusson (Denmark) Ye Zhaoying (China) Most titles: (4), Park Joo Bong (South Korea), men's doubles 1985, 1991, mixed doubles 1989, 1991. \BThomas Cup An international team event for men's teams; inaugurated 1949, now held every two years. 1976 Indonesia - 1979 Indonesia - 1982 China - 1984 Indonesia - 1986 China - 1988 China - 1990 China - 1992 Malaysia - 1994 Indonesia - 1996 Indonesia - Most wins: (10), Indonesia, 1958-61, 1964, 1970-9, 1984, 1994, 1996. \BUber Cup An international event for women's teams; first held in 1957; now held every two years. 1975 - Indonesia 1978 - Japan 1981 - Japan 1984 - China 1986 - China 1988 - China 1990 - China 1992 - China 1994 - Indonesia 1996 - Indonesia Most wins: (5), Japan (1966, 1969, 1972, and as above), and China, (as above). \BAll-England championship Badminton's premier event prior to the inauguration of the World Championships; first held in 1899. 1985 Zhao Jianhua (China) Han Aiping (China) 1986 Morten Frost (Denmark) Yun-Ja Kim (Korea) 1987 Morten Frost (Denmark) Kirsten Larsen (Denmark) 1988 Ib Frederikson (Denmark) Gu Jiaming (China) 1989 Yang Yang (China) - 1990 Zhao Jianhua (China) Susi Susanti (Indonesia) 1991 Ardi Wiranata (Indonesia) Susi Susanti (Indonesia) 1992 Liu Jun (China) Tang Jiuhong (China) 1993 Heryanto Arbi (Indonesia) Susi Susanti (Indonesia) 1994 Heryanto Arbi (Indonesia) Susi Susanti (Indonesia) 1995 Paul-Erik Hoyer Larsen (Denmark) Lin Xiao Qing (Sweden) 1996 Paul-Erik Hoyer Larsen (Denmark) Bang Soo-Lyun (South Korea) 1997 Meu Dongjiong (China) Ye Zhaoying (China) Most titles: (21: 4 singles, 9 men's doubles, 8 mixed doubles), George Thomas (England) 1903-28. # "Bahrain Political Rulers and Leaders",42,0,0,0 [TABLE] Bahrain Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BEmir 1869-1935 Isa I 1923-42 Hamad 1942-61 Salman II 1961- Isa II Bin Sulman al-Khalifa \BPrime Minister 1971- Khalifa Bin Sulman al-Khalifa # "Bangladesh Political Rulers and Leaders",43,0,0,0 [TABLE] Bangladesh Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1971-2 Sayed Nazrul Islam \IActing\i 1972 Mujibur Rahman 1972-3 Abu Saeed Chowdhury 1974-5 Mohammadullah 1975 Mujibur Rahman 1975 Khondaker Mushtaq Ahmad 1975-7 Abu Saadat Mohammad Sayem 1977-81 Zia Ur-Rahman 1981-2 Abdus Sattar 1982-3 Abdul Fazal Mohammad Ahsanuddin Chowdhury 1983-90 Hossain Mohammad Ershad 1990-1 Shehabuddin Ahmed 1991-6 Abdur Rahman Biswas 1996- Shehabuddin Ahmed \BPrime Minister 1971-2 Tajuddin Ahmed 1972-5 Mujibur Rahman 1975 Mohammad Monsur Ali 1975-9 \IMartial Law\i 1979-82 Mohammad Azizur Rahman 1982-4 \IMartial Law\i 1984-5 Ataur Rahman Khan 1986-8 Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury 1988-9 Moudud Ahmed 1989-91 Kazi Zafar Ahmed 1991-6 Khaleda Zia 1996- Shaikh Hasina Wajed # "Barbados Political Rulers and Leaders",44,0,0,0 [TABLE] Barbados Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPrime Minister 1966-76 Errol Walton Barrow 1976-85 J M G (Tom) Adams 1985-6 H Bernard St John 1986-7 Errol Walton Barrow 1987-94 L Erskine Sandiford 1994- Owen Arthur # "Baseball Champions",45,0,0,0 [TABLE] Baseball Champions \BYear \BWinner \BWorld Series First held in 1903; takes place each October, the best of seven matches; professional Baseball's leading event, the end-of-season meeting between the winners of the two major baseball leagues in the USA, the National League (NL) and American League (AL). 1985 Kansas City Royals (AL) 1986 New York Mets (NL) 1987 Minnesota Twins (AL) 1988 Los Angeles Dodgers (NL) 1989 Oakland Athletics (AL) 1990 Cincinnati (NL) 1991 Minnesota Twins (AL) 1992 Toronto Blue Jays (AL) 1993 Toronto Blue Jays (AL) 1994 Not Held 1995 Atlanta Braves (NL) 1996 New York Yankees (AL) Most wins: (22), New York Yankees (AL), 1923, 1927-8, 1932, 1936-9, 1941, 1943, 1947, 1949-53, 1956, 1958, 1961-2, 1977-8, 1996. \BWorld Amateur Championship Instituted in 1938; since 1974 held every two years. 1974 USA 1976 Cuba 1978 Cuba 1980 Cuba 1982 South Korea 1984 Cuba 1986 Cuba 1988 Cuba 1990 Cuba 1992 Cuba 1994 Cuba 1996 Cuba Most wins: (23), Cuba, 1939-40, 1942-3, 1950, 1952-3, 1961, 1969-73, 1976-80, 1984-6, 1988, 1990-6. # "Basketball Champions",46,0,0,0 [TABLE] Basketball Champions \BYear \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) \BWorld Championship First held 1950 for men, 1953 for women; takes place every four years. 1959 Brazil USSR 1963 Brazil - 1964 - USSR 1967 USSR USSR 1970 Yugoslavia - 1971 - USSR 1974 USSR - 1975 - USSR 1978 Yugoslavia - 1979 - USA 1982 USSR - 1983 - USSR 1986 USA - 1987 - USA 1990 Yugoslavia - 1991 - USA 1994 USA Brazil Most wins: Men (3),USA, 1954 and as above; USSR and Yugoslavia, as above; Women (6), USSR, as above. \BNational Basketball Association Championship First held in 1947; the major competition in professional basketball in the USA, end-of-season NBA Play-off involving the champion teams from the Eastern Conference (EC) and Western Conference (WC). 1984 Boston Celtics (EC) - 1985 Los Angeles Lakers (WC) - 1986 Boston Celtics (EC) - 1987 Los Angeles Lakers (WC) - 1988 Los Angeles Lakers (WC) - 1989 Detroit Pistons (EC) - 1990 Detroit Pistons (EC) - 1991 Chicago Bulls (EC) - 1992 Chicago Bulls (EC) - 1993 Chicago Bulls (EC) - 1994 Houston Rockets (WC) - 1995 Houston Rockets (WC - 1996 Chicago Bulls (EC) - 1997 Chicago Bulls (EC) - Most wins: (16), Boston Celtics, 1957, 1959-66, 1968-9, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986. # "Beaufort Number and the Wind",47,0,0,0 [TABLE] Beaufort Number and the Wind \BSpeed (mph) \BSpeed (km/h) \BBeaufort number and effects of the wind \BOfficial description <1 <1.5 0 calm: smoke rises vertically light 1 - 3 1.5 - 5 1 wind direction shown by smoke, not by weather vanes light 4 - 7 6 - 10 2 wind felt on face, leaves rustle, wind vanes move light 8 - 12 11 - 19 3 leaves and small twigs move on trees, a light flag is extended gentle 13 - 18 20 - 29 4 wind raises dust and loose paper, small branches move on trees moderate 19 - 24 30 - 39 5 small trees in leaf sway, crested wavelets on enclosed waters fresh 25 - 31 40 - 50 6 large branches move, power lines whistle, umbrellas hard to hold strong 32 - 38 51 - 62 7 whole trees sway, walking against wind is difficult strong 39 - 46 63 - 74 8 twigs break off trees, cars hard to handle on road gale 47 - 54 75 - 87 9 slight damage to buildings (chimney pots, slates blown away) gale 55 - 63 88 - 101 19 trees uprooted, heavier structural damage whole gale 64 - 72 102 - 116 11 widespread damage whole gale >73 >117 12 widespread damage hurricane # "Belarus Political Rulers and Leaders",48,0,0,0 [TABLE] Belarus Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991-4 Stanislav Shushkevich 1994-6 Mechislav Grib 1996- Syamyon Sharetski \BPresident 1994- Alexander Lukashenko \BPrime Minister 1991-4 Vyacheslav Kebich 1994-6 Mikhail Chigir 1996- Syargey Ling # "Belgium Political Rulers and Leaders",49,0,0,0 [TABLE] Belgium Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1865-1909 Leopold II 1909-34 Albert I 1934-50 Leopold III 1950-93 Baudoin I 1993- Albert II \BPrime Minister 1899-1907 Paul de Smet de Nayer 1907-8 Jules de Trooz 1908-11 Frans Schollaert 1911-18 Charles de Broqueville 1918 Gerhard Cooreman 1918-20 LΘon Delacroix 1920-1 Henri Carton de Wiart 1921-5 Georges Theunis 1925 Alois van de Vyvere 1925-6 Prosper Poullet 1926-31 Henri Jaspar 1931-2 Jules Renkin 1932-4 Charles de Broqueville 1934-5 Georges Theunis 1935-7 Paul van Zeeland 1937-8 Paul ╔mile Janson 1938-9 Paul Spaak 1939-45 Hubert Pierlot 1945-6 Achille van Acker 1946 Paul Spaak 1946 Achille van Acker 1946-7 Camille Huysmans 1947-9 Paul Spaak 1949-50 Gaston Eyskens 1950 Jean Pierre Duvieusart 1950-2 Joseph Pholien 1952-4 Jean van Houtte 1954-8 Achille van Acker 1958-61 Gaston Eyskens 1961-5 ThΘodore LefΦvre 1965-6 Pierre Harmel 1966-8 Paul Vanden Boeynants 1968-72 Gaston Eyskens 1973-4 Edmond Leburton 1974-8 LΘo Tindemans 1978 Paul Vanden Boeynants 1979-81 Wilfried Martens 1981 Marc Eyskens 1981-92 Wilfried Martens 1992- Jean-Luc Dehaene # "Belize Political Rulers and Leaders",50,0,0,0 [TABLE] Belize Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader Chief of State: British monarch, represented by Governor-General \BPrime Minister 1981-4 George Cadle Price 1985-9 Manuel Esquivel 1989-93 George Cadle Price 1993- Manuel Esquivel # "Benin Political Rulers and Leaders",51,0,0,0 [TABLE] Benin Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident \BDahomey 1960-3 Hubert Coutoucou Maga 1963-4 Christophe Soglo 1964-5 Sourou Migan Apithy 1965 Justin TomΘtin AhomadegbΘ 1965 Tairou Congacou 1965-7 Christophe Soglo 1967-8 Alphonse Amadou Alley 1968-9 ╔mile Derlin Zinsou 1969-70 \IPresidential Committee\i (Maurice Kouandete) 1970-2 (Hubert Coutoucou Maga) 1972-5 Mathieu Kerekou \BPeople's Republic of Benin 1975-90 Mathieu (\Ifrom 1980\i Ahmed) Kerekou \BRepublic of Benin 1990-1 Ahmed Kerekou 1991-6 NicΘphore Soglo 1996- Ahmed Kerekou \BPrime Minister\b 1958-9 Sourou Migan Apithy 1959-60 Hubert Coutoucou Maga 1960-4 \IAs President\i 1964-5 Justin TomΘtin AhomadegbΘ 1965-7 \IAs President\i 1967-8 Maurice Kouandete 1968-96 \IAs President\i 1996- Adrien Houngbedji # "Bhutan Political Rulers and Leaders",52,0,0,0 [TABLE] Bhutan Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch (Druk Gyalpo) 1907-26 Uggyen Wangchuk 1926-52 Jigme Wangchuk 1952-72 Jigme Dorji Wangchuk 1972- Jigme Singye Wangchuk # "Biathlon World Championship Winners",53,0,0,0 [TABLE] Biathlon World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) First held in 1958; take place annually; the Olympic champion is the automatic world champion in Olympic years; women's championship first held in 1984. \B5 km (7.5 km since 1988) 1985 - Sanna Gronlid (Norway) 1986 - Kaya Parva (USSR) 1987 - Yelena Golovina (USSR) 1988 - Petra Schaaf (West Germany) 1989 - Anne-Elinor Elvebakk (Norway) 1990 - Anne-Elinor Elvebakk (Norway) 1991 - Grete Ineborg Nykkelmo (Norway) 1992 - Anfissa Restzova (CIS) 1993 - Petra Schaaf (Germany) 1994 - Myriam Bedard (Canada) 1995 - Anne Briand (France) 1996 - Olga Romasko \B10 km (15 km since 1988) 1984 Eirik Kvalfoss (Norway) Venera Chernyshova (USSR) 1985 Frank-Peter R÷tsch (East Germany) Kaya Parva (USSR) 1986 Valeriy Medvetsev (USSR) Eva Korpela (Sweden) 1987 Frank-Peter R÷tsch (East Germany) Sanna Gronlid (Norway) 1988 Frank-Peter R÷tsch (East Germany) Anne-Elinor Elvebakk (Norway) 1989 Frank Luck (East Germany) Petra Schaaf (West Germany) 1990 Valeriy Medvetsev (USSR) Svetlana Davydova (USSR) 1991 Mark Kirchner (Germany) Petra Schaaf (Germany) 1992 Mark Kirchner (Germany) Antje Misersky (Germany) 1993 Mark Kirchner (Germany) Petra Schaaf (Germany) 1994 Serguei Tchepikov (Russia) Myriam Bedard (Canada) 1995 Patrice Bailly-Salins (France) Corrine Miogret (France) 1996 Vladimir Dratshev Emmanuelle Claret (France) Most individual wins: Women (3) Anne-Elinor Evebakk (Norway), and Petra Schaff (West Germany) as above. \B20 km 1984 Peter Angerer (West Germany) - 1985 Yuriy Kashkarov (USSR) - 1986 Valeriy Medvetsev (USSR) - 1987 Frank-Peter R÷tsch (East Germany) - 1988 Frank-Peter R÷tsch (East Germany) - 1989 Eric Kvalfoss (Norway) - 1990 Valeriy Medvetsev (USSR) - 1991 Mark Kirchner (Germany) - 1992 Yevgeriy Redkine (CIS) - 1993 Franz Zingerle (Austria) - 1994 Serguei Tarasov (Russia) - 1995 Tomaz Sikora (Poland) - 1996 Sergei Tarasov (Russia) - Most individual titles:Men (6), Frank Ullrich (East Germany), 1978-81 10 km, 1982-3 20 km. \B3 x 5 km relay (3x 7.5 km since 1989) 1986 - USSR 1987 - USSR 1988 - USSR 1989 - USSR 1990 - USSR 1991 - USSR 1992 - France 1993 - Russia 1994 - Germany 1995 - Germany # "Billiards World Professional Championship Winners",54,0,0,0 [TABLE] Billiards World Professional Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner First held in 1870, organized on a challenge basis; became a knockout event in 1909; discontinued in 1934; revived in 1951 as a challenge system; reverted to a knockout event in 1980. 1985 Ray Edmonds (England) 1986 Robbie Foldvari (Australia) 1987 Norman Dagley (England) 1988 Norman Dagley (England) 1989 Mike Russell (England) 1990 not held 1991 Mike Russell (England) 1992 Geet Sethi (India) 1993 Geet Sethi (India) 1994 Peter Gilchrist (England) 1995 Geet Sethi (India) 1996 Mike Russell (England) Most wins: (knockout) (6), Tom Newman (England), 1921-2,1924-7, (challenge) (8), John Roberts, Jr (England), 1870-85. # "Bismuth Composition",55,0,0,0 [TABLE] Bismuth Composition \BAlloy name \BMP (░F) \BMP (░C) \Bbismuth (%) \Blead (%) \Btin (%) \Bcadmium (%) \Bantimony (%) Wood's metal 149 65 50 25 12.5 12.5 - Lippowitz's alloy 154 68 50 27 12.5 10.5 - Cerrobend 160 71 50 26.7 13.3 10 - Cerrosafe 180 82 40 40 11.5 8.5 - D'Arcet's Alloy 200 93 50 25 25 - - Newton's alloy 201 94 50 30 20 - - Cerro-matrix 248 120 48 28.5 14.5 - 9 Cerro Base 255 124 52 48 - - - Tinsmith's solder 340 171 - 33.3 66.7 - - Plumber's solder 440 227 - 66.7 33.3 - - # "Bobsledding and Tobogganing Championship Winners",56,0,0,0 [TABLE] Bobsledding and Tobogganing Championship Winners \BYear \BTwo-Man \BFour-Man \BMen's Single-seater \BWomen's Single-seater \BWorld Championships First held in 1930 (four-man) and in 1931 (two-man); Olympic champions automatically become world champions. 1984 Wolfgang Hoppe/Dietmar Schauerhammer (East Germany) East Germany - 1985 Wolfgang Hoppe/Dietmar Schauerhammer (East Germany) East Germany - - 1986 Wolfgang Hoppe/Dietmar Schauerhammer (East Germany) Switzerland - - 1987 Ralf Pichler/Celest Poltera (Switzerland) Switzerland - - 1988 Janis Kipurs/Vladimir Kozlov (USSR) Switzerland - - 1989 Wolfgang Hoppe/Bogdan Musiol (East Germany) Switzerland - - 1990 Gustav Weder/Bruno Gerber (Switzerland) Switzerland - - 1991 Rudi Lochrer/Marcus Zimmermann (Germany) Germany - - 1992 Gustav Weder/Donat Acklin (Switzerland) Austria - - 1993 Christoph Langan/Peer Joechel (Germany) Switzerland - - 1994 Gustav Weder/Donat Acklin (Switzerland) Switzerland - - 1995 Christoph Langen/Olaf Hampel (Germany) Germany - - 1996 Christoph Langen/Marcus Zimmermann (Germany) Germany - - 1997 Reto Goetschi/Guido Acklin (Switzerland) Most wins: Two-man (8), Eugenio Monti (Italy) 1957-61, 1963, 1966, 1968. Four-man (16), Switzerland, 1939, 1947, 1954-5, 1957, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1982-3, 1986-90, 1993-1994. \BLuge world championships First held in 1955; annually until 1981, then every two years; Olympic champions automatically become world champions. 1984 - - Paul Hildgartner (Italy) Steffi Martin (East Germany) 1985 - - Michael Walter (East Germany) Steffi Martin (East Germany) 1987 - - Markus Prock (Austria) Cerstin Schmidt (East Germany) 1988 - - Jens Mⁿller (East Germany) Steffi Walter (nΘe Martin) (East Germany) 1989 - - Georg Hackl (West Germany) Susi Erdmann (East Germany) 1990 - - Georg Hackl (West Germany) Gabriele Kohlisch (East Germany) 1991 - - Arnold Huber (Italy) Susi Erdmann (Germany) 1992 - - Georg Hackl (Germany) Doris Neuner (Austria) 1993 - - Wendel Suckow (USA) Gerda Weissensteiner (Italy) 1994 - - Georg Hackl (Germany) Gerda Weissensteiner (Italy) 1995 - - Armin Zoggeler (Italy) Gabriele Kohlisch (Germany) Most wins: Men (4), Georg Hackl (West Germany and Germany), as above, Women: (5), Margrit Schumann (East Germany), 1973-7. # "Bolivia Political Rulers and Leaders",57,0,0,0 [TABLE] Bolivia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1899-1904 JosΘ Manuel Pando 1904-9 Ismael Montes 1909-13 Heliodoro Villaz≤n 1913-17 Ismael Montes 1917-20 JosΘ N GutiΘrrez Guerra 1920-5 Bautista Saavedra 1925-6 JosΘ Cabina Villanueva 1926-30 Hernando Siles 1930 Roberto Hinojusa \IPresident of Revolutionaries\i 1930-1 Carlos Blanco Galindo 1931-4 Daniel Salamanca 1934-6 JosΘ Luis Tejado Sorzano 1936-7 David Toro 1937-9 Germßn Busch 1939 Carlos Quintanilla 1940-3 Enrique Pe±aranda y del Castillo 1943-6 Gualberto Villaroel 1946 Nestor Guillen 1946-7 Tomas Monje GutiΘrrez 1947-9 Enrique Hertzog 1949 Mamerto Urriolagoitφa 1951-2 Hugo Ballivißn 1952 Hernßn Siles Suazo 1952-6 Victor Paz Estenssoro 1956-60 Hernßn Siles Suazo 1960-4 Victor Paz Estenssoro 1964-5 RenΘ Barrientos Ortu±o 1965-6 RenΘ Barrientos Ortu±o and Alfredo Ovando Candφa 1966 Alfredo Ovando Candφa 1966-9 RenΘ Barrientos Ortu±o 1969 Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas 1969-70 Alfredo Ovando Candφa 1970 Rogelio Mirando 1970-1 Juan JosΘ Torres Gonzales 1971-8 Hugo Banzer Sußrez 1978 Juan Pereda Asb·n 1978-9 \IMilitary junta\i (David Padilla Arericiba) 1979 Walter Guevara Arze 1979-80 Lydia Gueiler Tejada 1980-1 \IMilitary junta\i (Luis Garcφa Meza) 1981-2 \IMilitary junta\i (Celso Torrelio Villa) 1982 Guido Vildoso Calder≤n 1982-5 Hernßn Siles Suazo 1985-9 Victor Paz Estenssoro 1989-93 Jaime Paz Zamora 1993- Gonzalo Sßnchez de Lozada # "Bosnia-Herzegovina Political Rulers and Leaders",58,0,0,0 [TABLE] Bosnia-Herzegovina Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1992- Aliya Izetbegovic \BPrime Minister 1992 Jure Pelivan 1992-3 Mile Akmadzic 1993-6 Haris Silajdzic \BRepublic of Bosnia-Herzegovina 1996 Hasan Muratovic 1996- Gojko Klickovic \BFederation of Bosnia-Herzegovina 1996- Izudin Kapetanovic # "Botswana Political Rulers and Leaders",59,0,0,0 [TABLE] Botswana Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1966-80 Seretse Khama 1980- Quett K J Masire # "Bowls Champions",60,0,0,0 [TABLE] Bowls Champions \BYear \BWinner \BWorld Championships Instituted for men in 1966 and for women in 1969; held every four years. \BMen's singles 1972 Malwyn Evans (Wales) 1976 Doug Watson (South Africa) 1980 David Bryant (England) 1984 Peter Bellis (New Zealand) 1988 David Bryant (England) 1992 Tony Allcock (England) 1996 Tony Allcock (England) \BMen's pairs 1972 Hong Kong 1976 South Africa 1980 Australia 1984 USA 1988 New Zealand 1992 Scotland 1996 Ireland \BMen's triples 1972 USA 1976 South Africa 1980 England 1984 Ireland 1988 New Zealand 1992 Israel 1996 Scotland \BMen's fours 1972 England 1976 South Africa 1980 Hong Kong 1984 England 1988 Ireland 1992 Scotland 1996 England \BLeonard Trophy Team award, given to the nation with the best overall performances in the men's World Championship. 1972 Scotland 1976 South Africa 1980 England 1984 Scotland 1988 England 1992 Scotland 1996 Scotland Most wins: (6), David Bryant (Singles 1966 and as above, plus Triples and Team 1980, 1988). \BWomen's singles 1973 Elsie Wilke (New Zealand) 1977 Elsie Wilke (New Zealand) 1981 Norma Shaw (England) 1985 Merle Richardson (Australia) 1988* Janet Ackland (Wales) 1992 Margaret Johnston (Ireland) \BWomen's pairs 1973 Australia 1977 Hong Kong 1981 Ireland 1985 Australia 1988* Ireland 1992 Ireland 1996 Ireland \BWomen's triples 1973 New Zealand 1977 Wales 1981 Hong Kong 1985 Australia 1988* Australia 1992 Scotland 1996 South Africa \BWomen's fours 1973 New Zealand 1977 Australia 1981 England 1985 Australia 1988* England 1992 Scotland 1996 Australia \BWomen's team 1973 New Zealand 1977 Australia 1981 England 1985 Australia 1988* England 1992 Scotland Most wins: (3), Merle Richardson (Fours 1977; Singles and Pairs 1985). * The women's event was advanced to Dec 1988 (Australia). \BWorld indoor championships Men's competition first held in 1979; Women's in 1988; both held annually. \BMen's singles 1986 Tony Allcock (England) 1987 Tony Allcock (England) 1988 Hugh Duff (Scotland) 1989 Richard Corsie (Scotland) 1990 John Price (Wales) 1991 Richard Corsie (Scotland) 1992 Ian Shuback (Australia) 1993 Richard Corsie (Scotland) 1994 Richard Corsie (Scotland) 1995 Andrew Thompson (England) 1996 David Gourlay Jr (Scotland) 1997 Hugh Duff (Scotland) Most wins: (4), Richard Corsie, as above. \BWomen's singles 1989 Margaret Johnston (Ireland) 1990 Fleur Bougourd (England) 1991 Mary Price (England) 1992 Sarah Gourlay (Scotland) 1993 Kate Adams (Scotland) 1994 Jan Woodley (Scotland) 1995 Joyce Lindoores (Scotland) 1996 Sandy Hazel (England) \BWaterloo Handicap First held in 1907 and annually at Blackpool's Waterloo Hotel; the premier event of Crown Green Bowling. Women's event inaugurated in 1988. \BMen's singles 1985 Tommy Johnstone 1986 Brian Duncan 1987 Brian Duncan 1988 Ingham Gregory 1989 Brian Duncan 1990 John Bancroft 1991 John Eccles 1992 Brian Duncan 1993 Alan Broadhurst 1994 Bill Hilton 1995 Ken Strutt 1996 Lee Heaton Most wins: (5), Brian Duncan, 1979 and as above. \BWomen's singles 1990 Jane Jones 1991 Joyce Foxcroft 1992 Karen Johnstone 1993 Sheila Smith 1994 Veronica Lyons 1995 Joyce Foxcroft 1996 Lynn Pritchett # "Boxing World Heavyweight Champions",61,0,0,0 [TABLE] Boxing World Heavyweight Champions \BYear \BChampion \BRecognizing Body* The first world heavyweight champion under Queensbury rules with gloves was James J Corbett in 1892. 1983 Gerry Coetzee (South Africa) WBA 1984 Larry Holmes (USA) IBF 1984 Tim Witherspoon (USA) WBC 1984 Pinklon Thomas (USA) WBC 1984 Greg Page (USA) WBA 1985 Michael Spinks (USA) IBF 1985 Tony Tubbs (USA) WBA 1986 Tim Witherspoon (USA) WBA 1986 Trevor Berbick (Canada) WBC 1986 Mike Tyson (USA) WBC 1986 James Smith (USA) WBA 1987 Tony Tucker (USA) IBF 1987 Mike Tyson (USA) WBA/WBC 1987 Mike Tyson (USA) UND 1989 Francesco Damiani (Italy) WBO 1990 James (Buster) Douglas (USA) WBA/WBC/IBF 1990 Evander Holyfield (USA) WBA/WBC/IBF 1991 Ray Mercer (USA) WBO 1992 Riddick Bowe (USA) WBA/WBC/IBF 1992 Michael Mourer (USA) WBO 1992 Lennox Lewis (Great Britain) WBC 1994 Oliver McCall (UK) WBC 1994 Herbie Hide (UK) WBO 1994 George Foreman (USA) IBF 1995 Frank Bruno (UK) WBC 1996 Mike Tyson (USA) WBC 1996 Henry Akinwanda (UK) WBO 1996 Evander Holyfield (USA) WBA 1996 Michael Moorer (USA) IBF 1997 Lennox Lewis (UK) WBC 1997 Herbie Hide (UK) WBO * IBF = International Boxing Federation, WBA = World Boxing Association, WBC = World Boxing Council, WBO = World Boxing Organization, UND = Undisputed champion # "Brazil Political Rulers and Leaders",62,0,0,0 [TABLE] Brazil Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1898-1902 Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales 1902-6 Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves 1906-9 Alfonso Pena 1909-10 Nilo Peτanha 1910-14 Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca 1914-18 Venceslau Brßs Pereira Gomes 1918-19 Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves 1919-22 Epitßcio Pessoa 1922-6 Artur da Silva Bernardes 1926-30 Washington Luφs Pereira de Sousa 1930-45 Get·lio Dorneles Vargas 1945-51 Eurico Gaspar Dutra 1951-4 Get·lio Dorneles Vargas 1954-5 Joπo CafΘ Filho 1955 Carlos Coimbra da Luz 1955-6 Nereu de Oliveira Ramos 1956-61 Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira 1961 JΓnio da Silva Quadros 1961-3 Joπo Belchior Marques Goulart 1963 Pascoal Ranieri Mazilli 1963-4 Joπo Belchior Marques Goulart 1964 Pascoal Ranieri Mazilli 1964-7 Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco 1967-9 Artur da Costa e Silva 1969-74 Emφlio Garrastazu MΘdici 1974-9 Ernesto Geisel 1979-85 Joπo Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo 1985-90 JosΘ Sarney 1990-2 Fernando Collor de Mello 1992-5 Itamar Franco 1995- Fernando Henrique Cardoso # "British Car Index Marks",63,0,0,0 [TABLE] British Car Index Marks \BIndex Mark \BLocation AA Bournemouth AB Worcester AC Coventry AD Gloucester AE Bristol AF Truro AG Hull AH Norwich AJ Middlesbrough AK Sheffield AL Nottingham AM Swindon AN Reading AO Carlisle AP Brighton AR Chelmsford AS Inverness AT Hull AU Nottingham AV Peterborough AW Shrewsbury AX Cardiff AY Leicester BA Manchester BB Newcastle upon Tyne BC Leicester BD Northampton BE Lincoln BF Stoke-on-Trent BG Liverpool BH Luton BJ Ipswich BK Portsmouth BL Reading BM Luton BN Manchester BO Cardiff BP Portsmouth BR Newcastle upon Tyne BS Aberdeen BT Leeds BU Manchester BV Preston BW Oxford BX Haverfordwest BY London NW CA Chester CB Manchester CC Bangor CD Brighton CE Peterborough CF Reading CG Bournemouth CH Nottingham CJ Gloucester CK Preston CL Norwich CM Liverpool CN Newcastle upon Tyne CO Exeter CP Huddersfield CR Portsmouth CS Glasgow CT Lincoln CU Newcastle upon Tyne CV Truro CW Preston CX Huddersfield CY Swansea DA Birmingham DB Manchester DC Middlesbrough DD Gloucester DE Haverfordwest DF Gloucester DG Gloucester DH Dudley DJ Liverpool DK Manchester DL Portsmouth DM Chester DN Leeds DO Lincoln DP Reading DR Exeter DS Glasgow DT Sheffield DU Coventry DV Exeter DW Cardiff DX Ipswich DY Brighton EA Dudley EB Peterborough EC Preston ED Liverpool EE Lincoln EF Middlesbrough EG Peterborough EH Stoke-on-Trent EJ Haverfordwest EK Liverpool EL Bournemouth EM Liverpool EN Manchester EO Preston EP Swansea ER Peterborough ES Dundee ET Sheffield EU Bristol EV Chelmsford EW Peterborough EX Norwich EY Bangor FA Stoke-on-Trent FB Bristol FC Oxford FD Dudley FE Lincoln FF Bangor FG Brighton FH Gloucester FJ Exeter FK Dudley FL Peterborough FM Chester FN Maidstone FO Gloucester FP Leicester FR Preston FS Edinburgh FT Newcastle upon Tyne FU Lincoln FV Preston FW Lincoln FX Bournemouth FY Liverpool GA Glasgow GB Glasgow GC London SW GD Glasgow GE Glasgow GF London SW GG Glasgow GH London SW GJ London SW GK London SW GL Truro GM Reading GN London SW GO London SW GP London SW GR Newcastle upon Tyne GS Luton GT London SW GU London SE GV Ipswich GW London SE GX London SE GY London SE HA Dudley HB Cardiff HC Brighton HD Huddersfield HE Sheffield HF Liverpool HG Preston HH Carlisle HJ Chelmsford HK Chelmsford HL Sheffield HM London Central HN Middlesbrough HO Bournemouth HP Coventry HR Swindon HS Glasgow HT Bristol HU Bristol HV London Central HW Bristol HX London Central HY Bristol JA Manchester JB Reading JC Bangor JD London Central JE Peterborough JF Leicester JG Maidstone JH Reading JJ Maidstone JK Brighton JL Lincoln JM Reading JN Chelmsford JO Oxford JP Liverpool JR Newcastle upon Tyne JS Inverness JT Bournemouth JU Leicester JV Lincoln JW Birmingham JX Huddersfield JY Exeter KA Liverpool KB Liverpool KC Liverpool KD Liverpool KE Maidstone KF Liverpool KG Cardiff KH Hull KJ Maidstone KK Maidstone KL Maidstone KM Maidstone KN Maidstone KO Maidstone KP Maidstone KR Maidstone KS Edinburgh KT Maidstone KU Sheffield KV Coventry KW Sheffield KX Luton KY Sheffield LA London NW LB London NW LC London NW LD London NW LE London NW LF London NW LG Chester LH London NW LJ Bournemouth LK London NW LL London NW LM London NW LN London NW LO London NW LP London NW LR London NW LS Edinburgh LT London NW LU London NW LV Liverpool LW London NW LX London NW LY London NW MA Chester MB Chester MC London NE MD London NE ME London NE MF London NE MG London NE MH London NE MJ Luton MK London NE ML London NE MM London NE MN not used MO Reading MP London NE MR Swindon MS Edinburgh MT London NE MU London NE MV London SE MW Swindon MX London SE MY London SE NA Manchester NB Manchester NC Manchester ND Manchester NE Manchester NF Manchester NG Norwich NH Northampton NJ Brighton NK Luton NL Newcastle upon Tyne NM Luton NN Nottingham NO Chelmsford NP Worcester NR Leicester NS Glasgow NT Shrewsbury NU Nottingham NV Northampton NW Leeds NX Dudley NY Cardiff OA Birmingham OB Birmingham OC Birmingham OD Exeter OE Birmingham OF Birmingham OG Birmingham OH Birmingham OJ Birmingham OK Birmingham OL Birmingham OM Birmingham ON Birmingham OO Chelmsford OP Birmingham OR Portsmouth OS Glasgow OT Portsmouth OU Bristol OV Birmingham OW Portsmouth OX Birmingham OY London NW PA Guildford PB Guildford PC Guildford PD Guildford PE Guildford PF Guildford PG Guildford PH Guildford PJ Guildford PK Guildford PL Guildford PM Guildford PN Brighton PO Portsmouth PP Luton PR Bournemouth PS Aberdeen PT Newcastle upon Tyne PU Chelmsford PV Ipswich PW Norwich PX Portsmouth PY Middlesbrough RA Nottingham RB Nottingham RC Nottingham RD Reading RE Stoke-on-Trent RF Stoke-on-Trent RG Newcastle upon Tyne RH Hull RJ Manchester RK London NW RL Truro RM Carlisle RN Preston RO Luton RP Northampton RR Nottingham RS Aberdeen RT Ipswich RU Bournemouth RV Portsmouth RW Coventry RX Reading RY Leicester SA Aberdeen SB Glasgow SC Edinburgh SD Glasgow SE Aberdeen SF Edinburgh SG Edinburgh SH Edinburgh SJ Glasgow SK Inverness SL Dundee SM Carlisle SN Dundee SO Aberdeen SP Dundee SR Dundee SS Aberdeen ST Inverness SU Glasgow SV spare SW Carlisle SX Edinburgh SY spare TA Exeter TB Liverpool TC Bristol TD Manchester TE Manchester TF Reading TG Cardiff TH Swansea TJ Liverpool TK Exeter TL Lincoln TM Luton TN Newcastle upon Tyne TO Nottingham TP Portsmouth TR Portsmouth TS Dundee TT Exeter TU Chester TV Nottingham TW Chelmsford TX Cardiff TY Newcastle upon Tyne UA Leeds UB Leeds UC London Central UD Oxford UE Dudley UF Brighton UG Leeds UH Cardiff UJ Shrewsbury UK Birmingham UL London Central UM Leeds UN Exeter UO Exeter UP Newcastle upon Tyne UR Luton US Glasgow UT Leicester UU London Central UV London Central UW London Central UX Shrewsbury UY Worcester VA Peterborough VB Maidstone VC Coventry VD series withdrawn VE Peterborough VF Norwich VG Norwich VH Huddersfield VJ Gloucester VK Newcastle upon Tyne VL Lincoln VM Manchester VN Middlesbrough VO Nottingham VP Birmingham VR Manchester VS Luton VT Stoke-on-Trent VU Manchester VV Northampton VW Chelmsford VX Chelmsford VY Leeds WA Sheffield WB Sheffield WC Chelmsford WD Dudley WE Sheffield WF Sheffield WG Sheffield WH Manchester WJ Sheffield WK Coventry WL Oxford WM Liverpool WN Swansea WO Cardiff WP Worcester WR Leeds WS Bristol WT Leeds WU Leeds WV Brighton WW Leeds WX Leeds WY Leeds XA- XY spare index marks YA Taunton YB Taunton YC Taunton YD Taunton YE London Central YF London Central YG Leeds YH London Central YJ Brighton YK London Central YL London Central YM London Central YN London Central YO London Central YP London Central YR London Central YS Glasgow YT London Central YU London Central YV London Central YW London Central YX London Central YY London Central # "British Counties (to 1 April 1996)",64,0,0,0 [TABLE] British Counties (to 1 April 1996) \BCounty \BArea (km▓) \BArea (sq mi) \BPopulation (1995e) \BAdmin. Centre Avon 1 346 520 980 000 Bristol Bedfordshire 1 235 477 550 000 Bedford Berkshire 1 259 486 774 000 Reading Buckinghamshire 1 883 727 665 000 Aylesbury Cambridgeshire 3 409 1 316 704 000 Cambridge Cheshire 2 328 899 970 000 Chester Cleveland 583 225 562 000 Middlesbrough Cornwall 3 564 1 376 480 000 Truro Cumbria 6 810 2 629 493 000 Carlisle Derbyshire 2 631 1 016 959 000 Matlock Devon 6 711 2 591 1 064 000 Exeter Dorset 2 654 1 025 676 000 Dorchester Durham 2 436 941 611 000 Durham Essex 3 672 1 418 1 584 000 Chelmsford Gloucestershire 2 643 1 020 548 000 Gloucester Greater London 1 579 610 6 946 000 - Greater Manchester 1 287 497 2 591 000 - Hampshire 3 777 1 458 1 607 000 Winchester Hereford and Worcester 3 926 1 516 705 000 Worcester Hertfordshire 1 634 631 1 012 000 Hertford Humberside 3 512 1 356 895 000 Beverley Isle of Wight 381 147 123 000 Newport Kent 3 730 1 440 1 543 000 Maidstone Lancashire 3 063 1 183 1 426 000 Preston Leicestershire 2 553 986 927 000 Leicester Lincolnshire 5 915 2 284 615 000 Lincoln Merseyside* 652 252 1 433 000 Liverpool Norfolk 5 368 2 073 774 000 Norwich Northamptonshire 2 367 914 601 000 Northampton Northumberland 5 032 1 943 309 000 Morpeth Nottinghamshire 2 164 836 607 000 Nottingham Oxfordshire 2 608 1 007 607 000 Oxford Shropshire 3 490 1 347 417 000 Shrewsbury Somerset 3 451 1 332 485 000 Taunton Staffordshire 2 716 1 049 1 058 000 Stafford Suffolk 3 797 1 466 631 000 Ipswich Surrey 1 679 648 1 046 000 Kingston upon Thames Sussex, East 1 795 693 736 000 Lewes Sussex, West 1 989 768 713 000 Chichester Tyne and Wear* 540 208 1 148 000 Newcastle upon Tyne Warwickshire 1 981 765 501 000 Warwick West Midlands* 899 347 2 631 000 Birmingham Wiltshire 3 481 1 344 602 000 Trowbridge Yorkshire, North 8 309 3 208 736 000 Northallerton Yorkshire, South 1 560 602 1 312 000 Barnsley Yorkshire, West* 2 039 787 2 119 000 Wakefield * County status abolished in 1986 # "British Islands",65,0,0,0 [TABLE] British Islands \BName \BArea (km▓) \BArea (sq mi) \BPopulation (1995 est.) \BAdmin. centre Channel Islands Alderney 8 3 2 280 St Anne's Guernsey 63 24 59 400 St Peter Port Jersey 116 45 87 200 St Helier Sark 4 2 632* Isle of Man 572 221 73 800 Douglas * Unofficial estimate. Sark no longer takes part in any official estimate. # "British New Local Government Authorities (from April 1996)",66,0,0,0 [TABLE] British New Local Government Authorities (from April 1996) \BOld County \BNew Unitary Authorities \BPopulations of New Authorities (Position as of January 1996) Avon Bath and NE Somerset 163 000 Bristol 397 000 South Gloucestershire 23 000 NW Somerset 182 000 Bedfordshire\Uab\u Luton 176 200 Berkshire under review Buckinghamshire\Uab\u Milton Keynes 181 000 Cambridgeshire under review Cheshire under review Cleveland Hartlepool 92 000 Redcar and Cleveland 143 000 Middlesbrough 145 000 Stockton-on-Tees 178 000 Derbyshire\Uab\u Derby 227 100 Devon\Uab\u Plymouth 258 000 Torbay 122 000 Dorset\Uab\u Bournemouth 159 000 Poole 136 000 Durham\Uab\u Darlington 100 000 Essex\Ua\u Southend 165 100 under review Hampshire\Uab\u Porstmouth 189 500 Southampton 208 100 Hereford and Worcester\Ua\u Herefordshire 162 100 Humberside East Riding of Yorkshire 273 000 Hull 268 000 North Lincolnshire 152 000 North East Lincolnshire 162 000 Isle of Wight Isle of Wight 125 600 Kent under review Lancashire under review Leicestershire\Ua\u Leicester 285 400 Rutland 33 400 Nottinghamshire Nottingham 282 500 Shropshire under review Staffordshire\Uab\u Stoke-on-Trent 252 900 Sussex, East\Uab\u Brighton and Hove 244 900 Wiltshire\Uab\u Thamesdown 174 000 Yorkshire, North\Ua\u York 175 000 \Ua\u Rest of county remains two-tier \Ub\u Vesting day is 1 April 1997 Other counties no change # "British Poets Laureate",67,0,0,0 [TABLE] British Poets Laureate \BDate \BPoet Laureate 1617 Ben Jonson* 1638 Sir William Davenant* 1668 John Dryden 1689 Thomas Shadwell 1692 Nathum Tate 1715 Nicholas Rowe 1718 Laurence Eusden 1730 Colley Cibber 1757 William Whitehead 1785 Thomas Warton 1790 Henry Pye 1813 Robert Southey 1843 William Wordsworth 1850 Alfred, Lord Tennyson 1896 Alfred Austin 1913 Robert Bridges 1930 John Masefield 1968 Cecil Day Lewis 1972 Sir John Betjeman 1984 Ted Hughes * The post was not officially established until 1668. # "Brunei Political Rulers and Leaders",68,0,0,0 [TABLE] Brunei Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch (Sultan) 1885-1906 Hashim Jalil al 'Alam Akam-ud-Din 1906-24 Muhammad Jamal al 'Alam II 1924-50 Ahmad Taj-ud-Din 1950-67 'Umar 'Ali Sa'if-ud-Din III 1967- Muda Hassan al Bolkiah Mu'izz-Din-Waddaulah # "Bulgaria Political Rulers and Leaders",69,0,0,0 [TABLE] Bulgaria Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1887-1908 Ferdinand Prince 1908-18 Ferdinand I 1918-43 Boris III 1943-6 Simeon II \BChairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly 1946-7 Vasil Kolarov 1947-50 Mincho Naichev 1950-8 Georgi Damianov 1958-64 Dimitar Ganev 1964-71 Georgi Traikov \BChairman of the State Council 1971-89 Todor Zhivkov 1989-90 Petar Mladenov \BPresident 1991-6 Zhelyu Zhelev 1996- Petar Stoyanov \BPremier 1946-9 Georgi Dimitrov 1949-50 Vasil Kolarov 1950-6 Vulko Chervenkov 1956-62 Anton Yugov 1962-71 Todor Zhivkov 1971-81 Stanko Todorov 1981-6 Grisha Filipov 1986-90 Georgy Atanasov 1990 Andrei Lukanov 1990-1 Dimitar Popov 1991-2 Filip Dimitrov 1992-4 Lyuben Berov 1994-5 Reneta Indzhova 1995-6 Zhan Videnov 1997 Stefan Sofianki \I(Interim)\i 1997- Ivan Kostov \BFirst Secretary 1946-53 Vulko Chervenkov 1953-89 Todor Zhivkov 1989-90 Petar Mladenov 1990-1 Alexander Lilov 1991-6 Zhan Videnov 1996- Georgi Parvanov # "Burkina Faso Political Rulers and Leaders",70,0,0,0 [TABLE] Burkina Faso Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident \BUpper Volta 1960-6 Maurice YamΘogo 1966-80 SangoulΘ Lamizana 1980 Saye Zerbo \BPeople's Salvation Council 1982-3 Jean-Baptiste Ouedraugo \IChairman\i \BNational Revolutionary Council 1983-4 Thomas Sankara \IChairman\i \BBurkina Faso 1984-7 Thomas Sankara \IChairman\i 1987- Blaise CompaorΘ \BPrime Minister 1992-4 Youssouf Ouedraogo 1994-6 Roch Christian Kabore 1996- Kadre Desire Ouedraogo # "Burundi Political Rulers and Leaders",71,0,0,0 [TABLE] Burundi Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1962-6 Mwambutsa II 1966 Ntare V \BPresident 1966-77 Michel Micombero 1977-87 Jean-Baptiste Bagaza 1987-93 \IMilitary Coup\i (Pierre Buyoya) 1993-4 Melchoir Ndadaye 1994 Cyprien Ntaryamina 1994-6 Sylvestre Ntibantunganya 1996- \IMilitary Coup\i (Pierre Buyoya) \BHead of Government 1993-4 Sylvie Kinigi 1994-5 Anatole Kanyenkiko Acting 1995-1996 Antoine Nduwayo 1996- Pascal-Firmin Ndimira # "Callisto Quick-Look Statistics",72,0,0,0 [TABLE] Callisto Quick-Look Statistics Discovery Jan 7, 1610 by Galileo Galilei Diameter (km) 4,806 Mass (kg) 1.077e23 Mass (Earth = 1) 1.807e-02 Surface Gravity (Earth = 1) 0.127 Mean Distance from Jupiter (km) 1,883,000 Mean Distance From Jupiter (Rj) 26.6 Mean Distance from Sun (AU) 5.203 Orbital period (days) 16.68902 Rotational period (days) 16.68902 Density (gm/cm\U3\u) 1.86 Orbit Eccentricity 0.007 Orbit Inclination (degrees) 0.281 Orbit Speed (km/sec) 8.21 Escape velocity (km/sec) 2.45 Visual Albedo 0.19 Subsolar Temperature (K) 168 Equatorial Subsurface Temperature (K) 126 Surface Composition Dirty Ice # "Calorie Levels",73,0,0,0 [TABLE] Calorie Levels For Different Kinds Of Foods Food Calories per 100 grams Calories per ounce cauliflower (boiled) 28 8 apple (flesh only) 42 12 milk (whole) 66 18 potatoes (old, boiled) 72 20 cod (poached with butter) 96 27 cheese (cottage) 98 27 rice (boiled) 138 39 roast beef (lean sirloin) 192 54 avocado 190 53 eggs (fried) 179 50 bread (white) 235 66 cornflakes 360 101 sugar 394 111 cheese (cheddar) 412 115 chocolate (plain) 525 147 butter 737 206 margarine 739 207 # "Calories used in activities",74,0,0,0 [TABLE] Calories used in everyday activities \BActivity \BCalories used per hour Sleeping 65 Standing still 110 Fast typewriting 140 Walking slowly 200 Carpentry and painting 250 Swimming 500 Walking upstairs 1100 # "Cambodia (Kampuchea) Political Rulers and Leaders",75,0,0,0 [TABLE] Cambodia (Kampuchea) Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1941-55 Norodom Sihanouk I 1955-60 Norodom Suramarit \BChief of State 1960-70 Prince Norodom Sihanouk \BKhmer Republic 1970-2 Cheng Heng \IActing\i 1972-5 Lon Nol 1975-6 Prince Norodom Sihanouk 1976-81 Khieu Samphan 1981-91 Heng Samrin \BGovernment in Exile \BPresident 1970-5 Prince Norodom Sihanouk 1982-91 Prince Norodom Sihanouk \BInterim Government \BChairman of the Supreme National Council 1991-3 Prince Norodom Sihanouk \BKingdom of Cambodia \BMonarch 1993- Norodom Sihanouk II \IRestored\i \BPrime Minister \BKingdom of Cambodia 1945-6 Son Ngoc Thanh 1946-8 Prince Monireth 1948-9 Son Ngoc Thanh 1949-51 Prince Monipong 1951 Son Ngoc Thanh 1951-2 Huy Kanthoul 1952-3 Norodom Sihanouk II 1953 Samdech Penn Nouth 1953-4 Chan Nak 1954-5 Leng Ngeth 1955-6 Prince Norodom Sihanouk 1956 Oum Chheang Sun 1956 Prince Norodom Sihanouk 1956 Khim Tit 1956 Prince Norodom Sihanouk 1956 Sam Yun 1956-7 Prince Norodom Sihanouk 1957-8 Sim Var 1958 Ek Yi Oun 1958 Samdech Penn Nouth \IActing\i 1958 Sim Var 1958-60 Prince Norodom Sihanouk 1960-1 Pho Proung 1961 Samdech Penn Nouth 1961-3 Prince Norodom Sihanouk 1963-6 Prince Norodom Kantol 1966-7 Lon Nol 1967-8 Prince Norodom Sihanouk 1968-9 Samdech Penn Nouth 1969-72 Lon Nol \BKhmer Republic (1970) 1972 Sisovath Sivik Matak 1972 Son Ngoc Thanh 1972-3 Hang Thun Hak 1973 In Tam 1973-5 Long Boret 1975-6 Samdech Penn Nouth 1976-9 Pol Pot 1979-81 Khieu Samphan 1981-5 Chan Si 1985-91 Hun Sen \BGovernment in Exile 1970-3 Samdech Penn Nouth 1982-91 Son Sann \BInterim Government 1991-3 No Prime Minister \BKingdom of Cambodia 1993-7 Norodom Ranariddh 1997- Hun Sen # "Cambridge University Colleges",76,0,0,0 [TABLE] Cambridge University College Founded Peterhouse 1284 Clare 1326 Pembroke 1347 Gonville (refounded as Gonville and Caius 1558) 1348 Trinity Hall 1350 Corpus Christi 1352 King's 1441 Queen's 1448 St Catharine's 1473 Jesus 1496 Christ's 1505 St John's 1511 Magdalene 1542 Trinity 1546 Emmanuel 1584 Sidney Sussex 1596 Homerton* 1768 Downing 1800 Girton 1869 Newnham\U1\u 1871 Selwyn 1882 Hughes Hall\U3\u 1885 St Edmund's\U3\u 1896 New Hall\U1\u 1954 Churchill 1960 Lucy Cavendish\U1\u 1964 Darwin\U2\u 1964 Wolfson 1965 Clare Hall\U2\u 1966 Fitzwilliam 1966 Robinson 1967 \U1\u Women's colleges \U2\u Graduate colleges \U3\u Graduate and affiliated graduate colleges *Only offers education courses leading to BEd or PGCE # "Cameroon Political Rulers and Leaders",77,0,0,0 [TABLE] Cameroon Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-82 Ahmadou Ahidjo 1982- Paul Biya \BPrime Minister 1991-2 Sadou Hayatou 1992-6 Simon Achidi Achu 1996- Peter Mafany Musonge # "Canada Political Rulers and Leaders",78,0,0,0 [TABLE] Canada Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader Chief of State: British monarch, represented by Governor-General \BPrime Minister 1896-1911 Wilfrid Laurier \ILib\i 1911-20 Robert Borden \ICon\i 1920-1 Arthur Meighen \ICon\i 1921-6 William Lyon Mackenzie King \ILib\i 1926 Arthur Meighen \ICon\i 1926-30 William Lyon Mackenzie King \ILib\i 1930-5 Richard Bedford Bennett \ICon\i 1935-48 William Lyon Mackenzie King \ILib\i 1948-57 Louis St Laurent \ILib\i 1957-63 John George Diefenbaker \ICon\i 1963-8 Lester Bowles Pearson \ILib\i 1968-79 Pierre Elliott Trudeau \ILib\i 1979-80 Joseph Clark \ICon\i 1980-4 Pierre Elliott Trudeau \ILib\i 1984 John Napier Turner \ILib\i 1984-93 Brian Mulroney \ICon\i 1993 Kim Campbell \ICon\i 1993- Jean ChrΘtien \ILib\i \ICon \IConservative \ILib \ILiberal # "Canadian Provinces and Territories",79,0,0,0 [TABLE] Canadian Provinces and Territories \BName \BArea (km\U2\u) \BArea (sq mi) \BCapital Alberta 661 190 255 285 Edmonton British Columbia 947 800 365 945 Victoria Manitoba 649 950 250 945 Winnipeg New Brunswick 73 440 28 355 Fredericton Newfoundland 405 720 156 648 St John's Northwest Territories 3 426 320 1 322 902 Yellowknife Nova Scotia 55 490 21 424 Halifax Ontario 1 068 580 412 578 Toronto Prince Edward Is 5 660 2 185 Charlottetown Quebec 1 540 680 594 856 Quebec City Saskatchewan 652 380 251 883 Regina Yukon Territory 483 450 186 660 Whitehorse # "Canoeing Olympic Games Champions",80,0,0,0 [TABLE] Canoeing Olympic Games Champions \BYear \BSingle Kayak (Men) \BSingle Kayak (Women) The most prestigious competition in the canoeing calendar, included at every Olympic celebration since 1936; the Blue Riband event in the men's competition is the Kayak Singles over 1000 m, and in the women's the Kayak Singles over 500 m. 1948 Gert Fredriksson (Sweden) Keren Hoff (Denmark) 1952 Gert Fredriksson (Sweden) Sylvi Saimo (Finland) 1956 Gert Fredriksson (Sweden) Elisaveta Dementyeva (USSR) 1960 Erik Hansen (Denmark) Antonina Seredina (USSR) 1964 Rolf Peterson (Sweden) Lyudmila Khvedosyuk (USSR) 1968 Mihaly Hesz (Hungary) Lyudmila Khvedosyuk (USSR) 1972 Aleksandr Shaparenko (USSR) Yulia Ryabchinskaya (USSR) 1976 Rⁿdiger Helm (East Germany) Carola Zirzow (East Germany) 1980 Rⁿdiger Helm (East Germany) Birgit Fischer (East Germany) 1984 Alan Thompson (New Zealand) Agneta Andersson (Sweden) 1988 Greg Barton (USA) Vania Guecheva (USSR) 1992 Clint Robinson (Australia) Birgit Schmidt (Germany) 1996 Oliver Fix (Germany) Stepanka Hilgertova (Czech Republic) Most wins: Men (3), Gert Fredriksson, as above. Women (2), Birgit Schmidt, as above. # "Cape Verde Political Rulers and Leaders",81,0,0,0 [TABLE] Cape Verde Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1975-91 Arφstides Pereira 1991- Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro \BPrime Minister 1975-91 Pedro Pires 1991- Carlos Veiga # "Caves (Deepest)",82,0,0,0 [TABLE] Caves (Deepest) \BName\Location \BDepth (m) \BDepth (ft) Jean Bernard, France 1494 4 900 Snezhnaya, Russia 1340 4 397 Puertas de Illamina, Spain 1338 4 390 Pierre-Saint-Martin, France 1321 4 334 Sistema Huautla, Mexico 1240 4 067 Berger, France 1198 3 930 Vqerdi, Spain 1195 3 921 Dachstein-Mammuth÷hle, Austria 1174 3 852 Zitu, Spain 1139 3 737 Badalona, Spain 1130 3 707 Batmanh÷hle, Austria 1105 3 626 Schneeloch, Austria 1101 3 612 GES Malaga, Spain 1070 3 510 Lamprechtsofen, Austria 1024 3 360 # "Central African Republic Political Rulers and Leaders",83,0,0,0 [TABLE] Central African Republic Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-6 David Dacko 1966-79 Jean BΘdel Bokassa (\Ifrom 1977\i, Emperor Bokassa I) 1979-81 David Dacko 1981-93 AndrΘ Kolingba 1993- Ange-FΘlix Patasse \BPrime Minister 1991-2 Edouard Frank 1992-3 ThimothΘe Malendoma 1993 Enoch Derant Lakoue 1993-5 Jean-Luc Mandaba 1995-6 Gabriel Koyambounou 1996-7 Jean-Paul NgoupandΘ 1997- Michel Gbezera-Bria # "Chad Political Rulers and Leaders",84,0,0,0 [TABLE] Chad Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-75 Franτois Tombalbaye 1975-9 \ISupreme Military Council\i (FΘlix Malloum) 1979 Goukouni Oueddi 1979 Mohammed Shawwa 1979-82 Goukouni Oueddi 1982-90 HissΦne HabrΘ 1990- Idriss DΘby \IInterim\i \BPrime Minister 1991-2 Jean Alingue Bawoyeu 1992-3 Joseph Yodemane 1993 FidΦle Moungar 1994-5 Delwa Kassire Koumakoye 1995- Koibla Djimasta # "Chargaff's Data on DNA Structure",85,0,0,0 [TABLE] Chargaff's Data on DNA Structure concentration in moles per mole of phosphorus present \Bsource of DNA \Badenine \Bguanine \Bcytosine \Bthymine Serratia marcescens 0.180 0.237 0.278 0.175 Bacillus schatz 0.173 0.253 0.281 0.162 Hemophilus influenzae type C 0.296 0.169 0.182 0.280 ox thymus gland I 0.26 0.21 0.16 0.25 ox thymus gland II 0.28 0.28 0.18 0.24 ox thymus gland III 0.30 0.22 0.17 0.25 ox spleen I 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.24 ox spleen II 0.26 0.21 0.17 0.24 human sperm I 0.29 0.18 0.18 0.31 human sperm II 0.27 0.17 0.18 0.30 human thymus gland 0.28 0.19 0.16 0.28 yeast I 0.24 0.14 0.13 0.25 yeast II 0.30 0.18 0.15 0.29 avian tubercle bacilli 0.12 0.28 0.26 0.11 # "Chess World Champions",86,0,0,0 [TABLE] Chess World Champions \BPeriod \BChampion World champions have been recognized since 1888; first women's champion recognized in 1927. \BMen 1948-57 Mikhail Botvinnik (USSR) 1957-8 Vasiliy Smyslov (USSR) 1958-60 Mikhail Botvinnik (USSR) 1960-1 Mikhail Tal (USSR) 1961-3 Mikhail Botvinnik (USSR) 1963-9 Tigran Petrosian (USSR) 1969-72 Boris Spassky (USSR) 1972-5 Bobby Fischer (USA) 1975-85 Anatoliy Karpov (USSR) 1985- Gary Kasparov (USSR/Azerbaijan) Longest reigning champion: 27 years, Emanuel Lasker (Germany) 1894-1921. \BWomen 1927-44 Vera Menchik-Stevenson (UK) 1950-3 Lyudmila Rudenko (USSR) 1953-6 Elizaveta Bykova (USSR) 1956-8 Olga Rubtsova (USSR) 1958-62 Elizaveta Bykova (USSR) 1962-78 Nona Gaprindashvili (USSR) 1978-92 Maya Chiburdanidze (USSR) 1992-5 Xie Jun (China) 1996- Zsusza Polgar (Hungary) Longest reigning champion: 17 years, Vera Menchik-Stevenson (UK), as above. # "Chile Political Rulers and Leaders",87,0,0,0 [TABLE] Chile Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1900-1 Federico Errßzuriz Echaurren 1901 Anφbal Za±artu \IVice President\i 1901-3 Germßn Riesco 1903 Ram≤n Barros Luco \IVice President\i 1903-6 Germßn Riesco 1906-10 Pedro Montt 1910 Ismael Tocornal \IVice President\i 1910 Elφas Fernßndez Albano \IVice President\i 1910 Emiliano Figueroa Larraφn \IVice President\i 1910-15 Ram≤n Barros Luco 1915-20 Juan Luis Sanfuentes 1920-4 Arturo Alessandri 1924-5 \IMilitary Juntas\i 1925 Arturo Alessandri 1925 Luis Barros Borgo±o \IVice President\i 1925-27 Emiliano Figueroa 1927-31 Carlos Ibß±ez 1931 Pedro Opaso Letelier \IVice President\i 1931 Juan Esteban Montero \IVice President\i 1931 Manuel Trucco Franzani \IVice President\i 1931-2 Juan Estaban Montero 1932 \IMilitary Juntas\i 1932 Carlos G Dßvila \IProvisional President\i 1932 BartolomΘ Blanche \IProvisional President\i 1932 Abraham Oyanedel \IVice President\i 1932-8 Arturo Alessandri Palma 1938-41 Pedro Aguirre Cerda 1941-2 Jer≤nimo MΘndez Arancibia \IVice President\i 1942-6 Juan Antonio Rφos Morales 1946-52 Gabriel Gonzßlez Videla 1952-8 Carlos Ibß±ez del Campo 1958-64 Jorge Alessandri Rodrφguez 1964-70 Eduardo Frei Montalva 1970-3 Salvador Allende Gossens 1973-90 Augusto Pinochet Ugarte 1990-4 Patricio Aylwin Az≤car 1994- Eduardo Frei Ruφz-Tagle # "China Political Rulers and Leaders",88,0,0,0 [TABLE] China Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BQing Dynasty \BEmperor 1875-1908 Guangxu (Kuang-hsⁿ) 1908-12 Xuantong (Hsⁿan-t'ung) \BPrime Minister 1901-3 Ronglu (Jung-lu) 1903-11 Yikuang (I-k'uang), Prince Qing (Ch'ing) 1912 Lu Zhengxiang (Lu Cheng-hsiang) 1912 Yuan Shikai (Yⁿan Shih-k'ai) \BRepublic of China \BPresident 1912 Sun Yat-sen (Sun Wen, Sun Yixian) \IProvisional\i 1912-16 Yuan Shikai (Yⁿan Shih-k'ai) 1916-17 Li Yuanhong (Li Yⁿan-hung) 1917-18 Feng Guozhang (Feng Kuo-chang) 1918-22 Xu Shichang (Hsⁿ Shih-ch'ang) 1921-5 Sun Yat-sen \IGuangzhou (Canton) Administration\i 1922-3 Li Yuanhong 1923-4 Cao Kun (Ts'ao K'un) 1924-6 Duan Qirui (Tuan Ch'i-jui) 1926-7 \ICivil Disorder\i 1927-8 Zhang Zuolin (Chang Tso-lin) 1928-31 Chiang K'ai-shek (Jiang Jieshi, Chiang Chieh-shih) 1931-2 Cheng Mingxu (Ch'eng Ming-hsⁿ) \IActing\i 1932-43 Lin Sen (Lin Sen) 1940-4 Wang Jingwei (Wang Ching-wei) \IIn Japanese-occupied territory\i 1943-9 Chiang Kai-shek 1945-9 \ICivil war\i 1949 Li Zongren (Li Tsung-jen) \BPremier 1912 Tang Shaoyi (T'ang Shao-i) 1912-13 Zhao Bingjun (Chao Ping-chⁿn) 1912-13 Xiong Xiling (Hsiung Hsi-ling) 1914 Sun Baoyi (Sun Pao-i, Pao-chi) 1914-15 Xu Shichang (Hsⁿ Shih-ch'ang) 1915-16 \Ino Premier\i 1916-17 Duan Qirui (Tuan Ch'i-jui) 1917-18 Wang Shizhen (Wang Shih-chen) 1918 Duan Qirui (Tuan Ch'i-jui) 1918-19 Qian Nengxun (Ch'ien Neng-hsⁿn) 1919 Gong Xinzhan (Kung Hsin-chan) 1919-20 Jin Yunpeng (Chin Yⁿn-p'eng) 1920 Sa Zhenbing (Sa Chen-ping) 1920-1 Jin Yunpeng 1921-2 Liang Shiyi (Liang Shih-i) 1922 Zhou Ziqi (Chou Tzu-ch'i) \IActing\i 1922 Yan Huiqing (Yen Hui-ch'ing, W W Yen) 1922 Wang Chonghui (Wang Ch'ung-hui) 1922-3 Wang Daxie (Wang Ta-hsieh) 1923 Zhang Shaozeng (Chang Shao-tseng) 1923-4 Gao Lingwei (Kao Ling-wei) 1924 Sun Baoyi (Sun Pao-i, Pao-ch'i) 1924 Gu Weijun (Ku Wei-chⁿn, W W Wellington Ku) \IActing\i 1924 Yan Huiqing 1924 Huang Fu (Huang Fu) \IActing\i 1924-5 Duan Qirui 1925-6 Xu Shiying (Hsⁿ Shih-ying) 1926 Jia Deyao (Chia Te-yao) 1926 Hu Weide (Hu Wei-te) 1926 Yan Huiqing 1926 Du Xigui (Tu Hsi-kuei) \IActing\i 1926-7 Gu Weijun 1927 Civil disorder \BPresident of the Executive Council 1928-30 Tan Yankai (T'an Yen-k'ai) 1930 T V Soong (Song Ziwen, Sung Tzu-wen) \IActing\i 1930 Wang Jingwei (Wang Ching-wei) 1930-1 Chiang K'ai-shek 1931-2 Sun Fo (Sun Fo) 1932-5 Wang Jingwei 1935-7 Chiang K'ai-shek 1937-8 Wang Chonghui (Wang Ch'ung-hui) \IActing\i 1938-9 Kong Xiangxi (K'ung Hsiang-hsi) 1939-44 Chiang K'ai-shek 1944-7 T V Soong 1945-9 \ICivil war\i 1948 Wang Wenhao (Wong Wen-hao) 1948-9 Sun Fo 1949 He Yingqin (Ho Ying-ch'in) 1949 Yan Xishan (Yen Hsi-shan) \BPeople's Republic of China \BPresident 1949-59 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) 1959-66/67 Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i) 1969-75 Dong Biwu (Tung Pi-wu) and Song Qingling (Sung Ch'ing-ling, Soong Ch'ing-ling) 1975-82 Position abolished 1983-7 Li Xiannian (Li Hsien-nien) 1987-91 Yang Shangkun (Yang Shang-k'un) 1992- Jiang Zemin \BPrime Minister 1949-76 Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai) 1976-79 Hua Guofeng (Huo Kuo-feng) 1980-7 Zhao Ziyang (Chao Tzu-yang) 1987- Li Peng (Li P'eng) \BCommunist Party \B Chairman 1935-76 Mao Zedong 1976-81 Hua Guofeng Position abolished \B General Secretary 1982-7 Hu Yaobang 1987-9 Zhao Ziyang 1989- Jiang Zemin (Chiang Tse-min) # "Chinese Agricultural Calendar",89,0,0,0 [TABLE] Chinese Agricultural Calendar \BFortnight \BEnglish Translation (Basis: Sun and Moon) Lichun 'Spring Begins' Yushui 'Rain Water' Jingzhe 'Excited Insects' Chunfen 'Vernal Equinox' Qingming 'Clear and Bright' Guyu 'Grain Rains' Lixia 'Summer Begins' Xiaoman 'Grain Fills' Mangzhong 'Grain in Ear' Xiazhi 'Summer Solstice' Xiaoshu 'Slight Heat' Dashu 'Great Heat' Liqiu 'Autumn Begins' Chushu 'Limit of Heat' Bailu 'White Dew' Qiufen 'Autumn Equinox' Hanlu 'Cold Dew' Shuangjiang 'Frost Descends' Lidong 'Winter Begins' Xiaoxue 'Little Snow' Daxue 'Heavy Snow' Dongzhi 'Winter Solstice' Xiaohan 'Little Cold' Dahan 'Severe Cold' # "Chinese Animal Years and Times 1948-2007",90,0,0,0 [TABLE] Chinese Animal Years and Times 1948-2007 \BChinese \BEnglish \BYears \BTime of day (hours) Shu Rat 1948,1960,1972,1984,1996 2300-0100 Niu Ox 1949,1961,1973,1985,1997 0100-0300 Hu Tiger 1950,1962,1974,1986,1998 0300-0500 T'u Hare 1951,1963,1975,1987,1999 0500-0700 Lung Dragon 1952,1964,1976,1988,2000 0700-0900 She Serpent 1953,1965,1977,1989,2001 0900-1100 Ma Horse 1954,1966,1978,1990,2002 1100-1300 Yang Sheep 1955,1967,1979,1991,2003 1300-1500 Hou Monkey 1956,1968,1980,1992,2004 1500-1700 Chi Cock 1957,1969,1981,1993,2005 1700-1900 Kou Dog 1958,1970,1982,1994,2006 1900-2100 Chu Boar 1959,1971,1983,1995,2007 2100-2300 # "Christian Feasts (Immovable)",91,0,0,0 [TABLE] Christian Feasts (Immovable) \BDate \BFeast 1 Jan Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God 6 Jan Epiphany 7 Jan Christmas Day \I(Eastern Orthodox)*\i 11 Jan Baptism of Jesus 25 Jan Conversion of Apostle Paul 2 Feb Presentation of Jesus \I(Candlemas Day)\i 22 Feb The Chair of Peter, Apostle 25 Mar Annunciation to the Virgin Mary \I(Lady Day)\i 24 Jun Birth of John the Baptist 6 Aug Transfiguration 15 Aug Assumption of the Virgin Mary 22 Aug Queenship of Mary 8 Sep Birthday of the Virgin Mary 14 Sep Exaltation of the Holy Cross 2 Oct Guardian Angels 1 Nov All Saints 2 Nov All Souls 9 Nov Dedication of the Lateran Basilica 21 Nov Presentation of the Virgin Mary 8 Dec Immaculate Conception 25 Dec Christmas Day 28 Dec Holy Innocents * Fixed feasts in the Julian calendar fall 13 days later than the Gregorian calendar date. # "Christian Feasts (Movable) 1996-2004",92,0,0,0 [TABLE] Christian Feasts (Movable) 1996-2004 \BYear \BAsh Wednesday \BEaster \BAscension \BWhit Sunday \BSundays after Trinity \BFirst Sunday in Advent \BTrinity Sunday \BCorpus Christi 1996 21 Feb 7 Apr 16 May 26 May 25 1 Dec 2 Jun 6 Jun 1997 12 Feb 30 Mar 8 May 18 May 26 30 Nov 25 May 29 May 1998 25 Feb 12 Apr 21 May 31 May 24 29 Nov 7 Jun 11 Jun 1999 17 Feb 4 Apr 13 May 23 May 25 28 Nov 30 May 3 Jun 2000 8 Mar 23 Apr 1 Jun 11 Jun 23 3 Dec 18 Jun 22 Jun 2001 28 Feb 15 Apr 24 May 3 Jun 24 2 Dec 10 Jun 14 Jun 2002 13 Feb 31 Mar 9 May 19 May 26 1 Dec 26 May 30 May 2003 5 Mar 20 Apr 29 May 8 Jun 23 30 Nov 15 Jun 19 Jun 2004 25 Feb 11 Apr 20 May 30 May 24 28 Nov 6 Jun 10 Jun Ash Wednesday, the first day of Lent, can fall at the earliest on 4 Feb and at the latest on 10 Mar. Palm (Passion) Sunday is the Sunday before Easter; Good Friday is the Friday before Easter; Holy Saturday (often referred to as Easter Saturday) is the Saturday before Easter; Easter Saturday, in traditional usage, is the Saturday following Easter. Easter Day can fall at the earliest on 22 Mar and at the latest on 25 Apr. Ascension Day can fall at the earliest on 30 Apr and at the latest on 3 Jun. Whit Sunday can fall at the earliest on 10 May and at the latest on 13 Jun, it commemorates the day of Pentecost. There are not fewer than 22 and not more than 27 Sundays after Trinity. The first Sunday in Advent is the Sunday nearest to 30 Nov. # "Coin Toss Probability Results",93,0,0,0 [TABLE] Coin Toss Probability Results \BToss result \BNaive conclusion head, head always heads head, tail half and half tail, head half and half tail, tail always tails # "Colombia Political Rulers and Leaders",94,0,0,0 [TABLE] Colombia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1900-4 JosΘ Manuel Marroquφn \IVice President\i 1904-9 Rafael Reyes 1909-10 Ram≤n Gonzßlez Valencia 1910-14 Carlos E Restrepo 1914-18 JosΘ Vicente Concha 1918-21 Marco Fidel Sußrez 1921-2 Jorge Holguφn \IPresident Designate\i 1922-6 Pedro Nel Ospina 1926-30 Miguel Abadφa MΘndez 1930-4 Enrique Olaya Herrera 1934-8 Alfonso L≤pez 1938-42 Eduardo Santos 1942-5 Alfonso L≤pez 1945-6 Alberto Lleras Camargo \IPresident Designate\i 1946-50 Mariano Ospina PΘrez 1950-3 Laureano G≤mez 1953-7 Gustavo Rojas Pinilla 1957 Military Junta 1958-62 Alberto Lleras Camargo 1962-6 Guillermo Le≤n Valencia 1966-70 Carlos Lleras Restrepo 1970-4 Misael Pastrana Borrero 1974-8 Alfonso L≤pez Michelsen 1978-82 Julio CΘsar Turbay Ayala 1982-6 Belisario Betancur 1986-90 Virgilio Barco Vargas 1990-4 CΘsar Gaviria Trujillo 1994- Ernesto Samper Pizano # "Comet Fact Table",95,0,0,0 [TABLE] Comet Fact Table \BName \BOrbital Period \BPerihelion Date \BPerihelion Distance \BSemi-Major Axis \BOrbital Eccentrici Table includes only selected comets. Halley 76.1 yrs 1986-02-09 0.587 AU 17.94 AU 0.967 Grugg-Skjellerup 5.09 yrs 1992-07-22 0.989 AU 2.96 AU 0.664 Giacobini-Zinner 6.52 yrs 1998-11-09 0.996 AU 3.52 AU 0.706 Crommelin 27.89 yrs 1984-09-01 0.743 AU 9.20 AU 0.919 Chiron 50.7 yrs 1996-02-14 8.46 AU 13.7 AU 0.38 Temple-Tuttle 32.92 yrs 1998-02-27 0.982 AU 10.33 AU 0.906 Honda-Mrkos-Pajd 5.28 yrs 1996-01-17 0.581 AU 3.02 AU 0.825 Encke 3.30 yrs 1997-06-11 0.340 AU 2.21 AU 0.847 Kohoutek 6.24 yrs 1973-12-28 1.571 AU 3.4 AU 0.537 Wirtanen 5.46 yrs 1997-03-14 1.063 AU 3.12 AU 0.652 Wild 2 6.17 yrs 1997-05-06 1.491 AU 3.44 AU 0.540 Hale-Bopp 4000 yrs 1997-03-31 0.914 AU 250 AU 0.995 Hyakutake >65000 yrs 1996-05-01 0.230 AU >1600 AU 0.9999 # "Commonwealth Games Leading Medal Winners",96,0,0,0 [TABLE] Commonwealth Games Leading Medal Winners \BNation \BGold \BSilver \BBronze \BTotal Totals include 1994 Games; listed in order of most total medals. Australia 484 426 374 1284 England 451 412 418 1281 Canada 327 343 428 1098 New Zealand 99 137 181 417 Scotland 62 77 120 259 South Africa 62 48 52 162 Wales 39 47 66 152 India 43 47 38 128 Kenya 42 29 41 112 Nigeria 30 38 39 107 # "Commonwealth Games Venues",97,0,0,0 [TABLE] Commonwealth Games Venues \BDate \BVenue First held as the British Empire Games in 1930; take place every four years and between Olympic celebrations; became the British Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1954; the current title adopted in 1970. 1930 Hamilton, Canada 1934 London, England 1938 Sydney, Australia 1950 Auckland, New Zealand 1954 Vancouver, Canada 1958 Cardiff, Wales 1962 Perth, Australia 1966 Kingston, Jamaica 1970 Edinburgh, Scotland 1974 Christchurch, New Zealand 1978 Edmonton, Canada 1982 Brisbane, Australia 1986 Edinburgh, Scotland 1990 Auckland, New Zealand 1994 Victoria, Canada 1998 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia # "Commonwealth Political Rulers and Leaders",98,0,0,0 [TABLE] Commonwealth Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BSecretary General 1965-75 Arnold Smith 1975-90 Shridath S Ramphal 1990- Emeka Anyaoku # "Commutative Laws of Boolean Algebra",99,0,0,0 [TABLE] Commutative Laws of Boolean Algebra A + B = B + A (A OR B) is the same as (B OR A) A.B = B.A (A AND B) is the same as (B AND A) # "Comoros Political Rulers and Leaders",100,0,0,0 [TABLE] Comoros Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1976-8 Ali Soilih 1978-89 Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane 1989-96 Said Mohammed Djohar 1996- Mohammed Taki Abdoulkarim \BPrime Minister 1990-2 Said Ali Kemal 1992 Mohammed Taki Abdoulkarim 1992-3 Ibrahim Abderamane Halidi 1993 Said Ali Mohammed 1993-4 Ahmed Ben Cheikh Attoumane 1994 Mohammed Abdou Mahdi 1994-5 Halifa Houmadi 1995-6 Caambi el Yachourtou Mohamed 1996- Majidine ben Said # "Congo Political Rulers and Leaders",101,0,0,0 [TABLE] Congo Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-3 AbbΘ Fulbert Youlou 1963-8 Alphonse Massemba-Debat 1968 Marien Ngouabi 1968 Alphonse Massemba-Debat 1968-9 Alfred Raoul 1969-77 Marien Ngouabi 1977-9 Joachim Yhomby Opango 1979-92 Denis Sassou-Nguesso 1992- Pascal Lissouba \BHead of Government 1992-3 Claude Antonio Dacosta 1993-6 Jacques-Joachim Yhambi-Opango 1996- Charles David Ganao # "Constellations",102,0,0,0 [TABLE] Constellations \BLatin Name \BEnglish Name Andromeda Andromeda Antlia Air Pump Apus Bird of Paradise Aquarius (Z)* Water Bearer Aquila Eagle Ara Altar Aries (Z) Ram Auriga Charioteer Bo÷tes Herdsman Caelum Chisel Camelopardalis Giraffe Cancer (Z) Crab Canes Venatici Hunting Dogs Canis Major Great Dog Canis Minor Little Dog Capricornus (Z) Sea Goat Carina Keel Cassiopeia Cassiopeia Centaurus Centaur Cepheus Cepheus Cetus Whale Chamaeleon Chameleon Circinus Compasses Columba Dove Coma Berenices Berenice's Hair Corona Australis Southern Crown Corona Borealis Northern Crown Corvus Crow Crater Cup Crux Southern Cross Cygnus Swan Delphinus Dolphin Dorado Goldfish Draco Dragon Equuleus Little Horse Eridanus River Eridanus Fornax Furnace Gemini (Z) Twins Grus Crane Hercules Hercules Horologium Clock Hydra Sea Serpent Hydrus Water Snake Indus Indian Lacerta Lizard Leo (Z) Lion Leo Minor Little Lion Lepus Hare Libra (Z) Scales Lupus Wolf Lynx Lynx Lyra Harp Mensa Table Microscopium Microscope Monoceros Unicorn Musca Fly Norma Level Octans Octant Ophiuchus Serpent Bearer Orion Orion Pavo Peacock Pegasus Winged Horse Perseus Perseus Phoenix Phoenix Pictor Easel Pisces (Z) Fishes Piscis Austrinus Southern Fish Puppis Ship's Stern Pyxis Mariner's Compass Reticulum Net Sagitta Arrow Sagittarius (Z) Archer Scorpius (Z) Scorpion Sculptor Sculptor Scutum Shield Serpens Serpent Sextans Sextant Taurus (Z) Bull Telescopium Telescope Triangulum Triangle Triangulum Australe Southern Triangle Tucana Toucan Ursa Major Great Bear Ursa Minor Little Bear Vela Sails Virgo (Z) Virgin Volans Flying Fish Vulpecula Little Fox * (Z)=Found in the Zodiac. # "Continental Morse Code (Western European Usage)",103,0,0,0 [TABLE] Continental Morse Code (Western European Usage) A .- G -. M - S ... Y -.- 4 ....- B -... H .... N -. T - Z -.. 5 ..... C -.-. I .. O -- U ..- 0 --- 6 -.... D -.. J .-- P .-. V ...- 1 .-- 7 -... E . K -.- Q -.- W .- 2 ..-- 8 --.. F ..-. L .-.. R .-. X -..- 3 ...- 9 --. # "Continents: General Data",104,0,0,0 [TABLE] Continents: General Data \BName \BArea (km▓) \BArea (sq mi) % of World Area \BLowest point below sea level \BLowest point (m) \BLowest point (ft) \BHighest Elevation \BHighest Elevation (m) \BHighest Elevation (ft) Africa 30,293,000 11696,000 20.2 Lake Assal, Djibouti 156 512 Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 5,895 19,340 Antarctica 13,975,000 5,396,000 9.3 Bently subglacial trench 2,538 8,327 Vinson Massif 5,140 16,864 Asia 44,493,000 17,179,000 29.6 Dead Sea, Israel / Jordan 400 1312 Mt Everest, China / Nepal 8,848 29,028 Oceania 8,945,000 3,454,000 6 Lake Eyre, S Australia 15 49 Puncak Jaya (Ngga Pulu), Indonesia 5,030 16,500 Europe 10,245,000 3,956,000 6.8 Caspian Sea, Russia 29 94 Elbrus, Russia 5,642 18,510 North America 24,454,000 9,442,000 16.3 Death Valley, California 86 282 Mt McKinley, Alaska 6,194 20,320 South America 17,838,000 6,887,000 11.9 Peninsular Valdez, Argentina 40 131 Aconcagua, Argentina 6,959 22,831 # "Contract Bridge Champions",105,0,0,0 [TABLE] Contract Bridge Champions \BYear \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) \BWorld Team Championship The game's biggest championship; men's contest (The Bermuda Bowl) first held in 1951, and now takes place every two years; women's contest (The Venice Cup) first held in 1974, and since 1985 is concurrent with the men's event. 1976 USA USA 1977 USA - 1978 - USA 1979 USA - 1981 USA UK 1983 USA not held 1985 USA UK 1987 USA Italy 1989 Brazil USA 1991 Iceland USA 1993 Netherlands USA 1995 USA Germany 1996 France USA Most wins:Men (13), Italy, 1957-9, 1961-3, 1965-7, 1969, 1973-5.Women (6), USA,1974-8, 1989-91, 1993. \BWorld Team Olympiad First held in 1960; since then, every four years. 1960 France United Arab Emirates 1964 Italy UK 1968 Italy Sweden 1972 Italy Italy 1976 Brazil USA 1980 France USA 1984 Poland USA 1988 USA Denmark 1992 France Austria 1996 France USA Most wins: Men (3), Italy and France, as above. Women (4), USA, as above. # "Correlation Results",106,0,0,0 [TABLE] Correlation Results New South Wales registered podiatrists Live births in Tasmania South Australian public telephones NSW podiatrists 1 -0.96 -0.98 Tasmanian births -0.96 1 0.94 S.A. telephones -0.98 0.94 1 # "Costa Rica Political Rulers and Leaders",107,0,0,0 [TABLE] Costa Rica Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1894-1902 Rafael Yglesias y Castro 1902-6 Ascenci≤n Esquivel Ibarra 1906-10 Cleto Gonzßlez Vφquez 1910-12 Ricardo JimΘnez Oreamuno 1912-14 Cleto Gonzßlez Vφquez 1914-17 Alfredo Gonzßlez Flores 1917-19 Federico Tinoco Granados 1919 Julio Acosta Garcφa 1919-20 Juan Bautista Quiros 1920-4 Julio Acosta Garcφa 1924-8 Ricardo JimΘnez Oreamuno 1928-32 Cleto Gonzßlez Vφquez 1932-6 Ricardo JimΘnez Oreamuno 1936-40 Le≤n CortΘs Castro 1940-4 Rafael ┴ngel Calder≤n Guardia 1944-8 Teodoro Picado Michalski 1948 Santos LΘon Herrera 1948-9 \ICivil Junta\i (JosΘ Figueres Ferrer) 1949-52 Otilio Ulate Blanco 1952-3 Alberto Oreamuno Flores 1953-8 JosΘ Figueres Ferrer 1958-62 Mario Echandi JimΘnez 1962-6 Francisco JosΘ Orlich Bolmarcich 1966-70 JosΘ Joaquφn Trejos Fernßndez 1970-4 JosΘ Figueres Ferrer 1974-8 Daniel Oduber Quir≤s 1978-82 Rodrigo Carazo Odio 1982-6 Luis Alberto Monge Alvarez 1986-90 Oscar Arias Sßnchez 1990-4 Rafael Angel Calder≤n Fournier 1994- JosΘ Mariß Figueres # "Cricket Champions",108,0,0,0 [TABLE] Cricket Champions \BYear \BWinner \BWorld Cup First played in England in 1975; held every four years; the 1987 competition was the first to be played outside England, in India and Pakistan. 1979 West Indies 1983 India 1987 Australia 1992 Pakistan 1996 Sri Lanka \BCounty championship The oldest cricket competition in the world; first won by Sussex in 1827; not officially recognized until 1890, when a proper points system was introduced. 1985 Middlesex 1986 Essex 1987 Nottinghamshire 1988 Worcestershire 1989 Worcestershire 1990 Middlesex 1991 Essex 1992 Essex 1993 Middlesex 1994 Warwickshire 1995 Warwickshire 1996 Leicestershire 1997 Surrey Most outright wins: (29), Yorkshire, 1893, 1896, 1898, 1900-2, 1905, 1908, 1912, 1919, 1922-5, 1931-3, 1935, 1937-9, 1946, 1959-60, 1962-3, 1966-8. \BAXA Equity and Law league First held in 1969; known as the John Player League 1969-86; then as Refuge Assurance League until 1991. 1985 Essex 1986 Hampshire 1987 Worcestershire 1988 Worcestershire 1989 Lancashire 1990 Derbyshire 1991 Nottinghamshire 1992 Middlesex 1993 Glamorgan 1994 Warwickshire 1995 Kent 1996 Surrey Most wins: (4), Kent, 1972-3, 1976;1995 \BNatWest Bank trophy First held in 1963; known as the Gillette Cup until 1981. 1985 Essex 1986 Sussex 1987 Nottinghamshire 1988 Middlesex 1989 Warwickshire 1990 Lancashire 1991 Hampshire 1992 Northamptonshire 1993 Warwickshire 1994 Worcestershire 1995 Warwickshire 1996 Lancashire Most wins: (5), Lancashire, 1970-2, 1975, 1990. \BBenson and Hedges Cup First held in 1972. 1986 Middlesex 1987 Yorkshire 1988 Hampshire 1989 Nottinghamshire 1990 Lancashire 1991 Worcestershire 1992 Hampshire 1993 Derbyshire 1994 Warwickshire 1995 Lancashire 1996 Lancashire Most wins: (4) Lancashire, 1984, 1990, 1995-6 \BSheffield Shield Australia's leading domestic competition; contested inter-state since 1891. 1987 Western Australia 1988 Western Australia 1989 Western Australia 1990 Western Australia 1991 Victoria 1992 Western Australia 1993 New South Wales 1994 New South Wales 1995 Queensland 1996 South Australia 1997 Queensland Most wins: (42), New South Wales, 1896-7, 1900, 1902-7, 1909, 1911-12, 1914, 1920-1, 1923, 1926, 1929, 1932-3, 1938, 1940, 1949-50, 1952, 1954-62, 1965-6, 1983, 1985-6, 1993, 1994. # "Cro-Magnon Subgroups",109,0,0,0 [TABLE] Cro-Magnon subgroups \BName \BNamed for \BFrom (years ago) \BTo (years ago) Perigordian the Perigord region around Les Eyzies in France 35,000 22,000 Aurignacian the Aurignac site in the Pyrenees between France and Spain 35,000 20,000 Solutrian the open-air site neat SolutrΘ in east central France 20,000 17,000 Magdalenian the La Madeleine shelter, 5 km from Les Eyzies 17,000 12,000 # "Croatia Political Rulers and Leaders",110,0,0,0 [TABLE] Croatia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991- Franjo Tudjman \BPrime Minister 1991-2 Franjo Greguric 1992-3 Hrvoje Sarinic 1993-5 Nikica Valentic 1995- Zlatko Matesa # "Croquet McRobertson Shield Champions",111,0,0,0 [TABLE] Croquet Champions \BYear \BWinner Croquet's leading tournament; held spasmodically since 1925; contested by teams from Great Britain, New Zealand and Australia. 1925 Great Britain 1928 Australia 1930 Australia 1935 Australia 1937 Great Britain 1950 New Zealand 1956 Great Britain 1963 Great Britain 1969 Great Britain 1974 Great Britain 1979 New Zealand 1982 Great Britain 1986 New Zealand 1990 Great Britain 1993 Great Britain 1996 Great Britain Most wins: (10), Great Britain, as above. # "Cross Country Running World Championships",112,0,0,0 [TABLE] Cross Country Running World Championships \BYear \BIndividual Winner (Men) \BTeam Winner (Men) \BIndividual Winner (Women) \BTeam Winner (Women) First international championship held in 1903, but only included runners from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales; recognized as an official world championship from 1973; first women's race in 1967. 1985 Carlos Lopes (Portugal) Ethiopia Zola Budd (England) USA 1986 John Ngugi (Kenya) Kenya Zola Budd (England) England 1987 John Ngugi (Kenya) Kenya Annette Sergent (France) USA 1988 John Ngugi (Kenya) Kenya Ingrid Kristiansen (Norwayl) USSR 1989 John Ngugi (Kenya) Kenya Annette Sergent (France) USSR 1990 Khalid Skah (Morocco) Kenya Lynn Jennings (USA) USSR 1991 Khalid Skah (Morocco) Kenya Lynn Jennings (USA) Ethiopia and Kenya (tied) 1992 John Ngugi (Kenya) Kenya Lynn Jennings (USA) Kenya 1993 William Sigei (Kenya) Kenya Alberta Dφas (Portugal) Kenya 1994 William Sigei (Kenya) Kenya Helen Chepngeno (Kenya) Portugal 1995 Paul Tergat (Kenya) Kenya Derartu Tulu (Ethiopia) Kenya 1996 Paul Tergat (Kenya) Kenya Gete Wami (Ethiopia) Kenya 1997 Paul Tergar (Kenya) Kenya Darartu Tulu (Ethiopia) Ethiopia Most wins: Individual Men (5), John Ngugi (Kenya), as above. Team Men (44), England, between 1903 and 1980 Individual Women (5), Doris Brown (USA), 1967-71; Greta Waitz (Norway), 1978-81, 1983, Team Women (8), USA, 1968-9, 1975, 1979, 1983-5, 1987. # "Cuba Political Rulers and Leaders",113,0,0,0 [TABLE] Cuba Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BRuler \BPresident 1902-6 Tomas Estrada Palma 1906-9 \IUS Rule\i 1909-13 JosΘ Miguel G≤mez 1913-21 Mario Garcφa Menocal 1921-5 Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso 1925-33 Gerardo Machado y Morales 1933 Carlos Manuel de CΘspedes 1933-4 Ram≤n Grau San Martφn 1934-5 Carlos Mendieta 1935-6 JosΘ A Barnet y Vinagres 1936 Miguel Mariano G≤mez y Arias 1936-40 Federico Laredo Bru 1940-4 Fulgencio Batista 1944-8 Ram≤n Grau San Martφn 1948-52 Carlos Prφo Socarrßs 1952-9 Fulgencio Batista 1959 Manuel Urrutia 1959-76 Osvaldo Dortic≤s Torrado 1959-76 Fidel Castro Ruz \IPrime Minister and First Secretary\i 1976- Fidel Castro Ruz \IPresident\i # "Curling World Championship Winners",114,0,0,0 [TABLE] Curling World Championship Winners \BYear \BChampion (Men) \BChampion (Women) First men's championship held in 1959; first women's championship in 1979; takes place annually. 1985 Canada Canada 1986 Canada Canada 1987 Canada Canada 1988 Norway West Germany 1989 Canada Canada 1990 Canada Norway 1991 Scotland Norway 1992 Switzerland Sweden 1993 Canada Germany 1994 Canada Canada 1995 Canada Canada 1996 Canada Canada Most wins: Men (24), Canada, 1959-64, 1966, 1968-72, 1980, 1982, 1983 and as above. Women (9), Canada, 1980, 1984 and as above. # "Cycling Champions",115,0,0,0 [TABLE] Cycling Champions \BYear \BWinner \BTour de France World's premier cycling event; first held in 1903. 1986 Greg LeMond (USA) 1987 Stephen Roche (Ireland) 1988 Pedro Delgado (Spain) 1989 Greg LeMond (USA) 1990 Greg LeMond (USA) 1991 Miguel Indurain (Spain) 1992 Miguel Indurain (Spain) 1993 Miguel Indurain (Spain) 1994 Miguel Indurain (Spain) 1995 Miguel Indurain (Spain) 1996 Bjarne Riis (Denmark) 1997 Jan Ullrich (Germany) Most wins: (5), Jacques Anquetil (France), 1957,1961-4; Eddy Merckx (Belgium), 1969-72, 1974; Bernard Hinault (France), 1978-9, 1981-2, 1985; Miguel Indurain (Spain), as above. \BWorld road race championships Men's race first held in 1927; first women's race in 1958; takes place annually. \BProfessional men 1985 Joop Zoetemelk (Netherlands) 1986 Moreno Argentin (Italy) 1987 Stephen Roche (Ireland) 1988 Maurizio Fondriest (Italy) 1989 Greg LeMond (USA) 1990 Rudy Dhaemens (Belgium) 1991 Gianni Bugno (Italy) 1992 Gianni Bugno (Italy) 1993 Lance Armstrong (USA) 1994 Luc Le Blanc (France) 1995 Abraham Olano (Spain) 1996 Johan Museeuw 1997 Laurent Brochard (France) \BWomen 1985 Jeannie Longo (France) 1986 Jeannie Longo (France) 1987 Jeannie Longo (France) 1988 Jeannie Longo (France) 1989 Jeannie Longo (France) 1990 Catherine Marsal (France) 1991 Leontien van Moorsel (Netherlands) 1992 Kathryn Watt (Australia) 1993 Leontien van Moorsel (Netherlands) 1994 Monica Valvik (Norway) 1995 Jeannie Longo (France) 1996 Jeannie Longo (France) 1997 Alessandra Cappellotto (Italy) Most wins: Men (3), Alfredo Binda (Italy), 1927, 1930, 1932; Rik Van Steenbergen (Belgium), 1949, 1956-7; Eddy Merckx (Belgium), 1967, 1971, 1974. Women (6), Jeannie Longo (France), as above. # "Cyclo Cross World Championship Winners",116,0,0,0 [TABLE] Cyclo Cross World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner (Professional) \BWinner (Amateur) \BWinner (Open) First held in 1950 as an open event; separate professional and amateur events since 1967. 1983 Roland Liboton (Belgium) Radomir Simunek (Czechoslovakia) - 1984 Roland Liboton (Belgium) Radomir Simunek (Czechoslovakia) - 1985 Klaus-Peter Thaler (West Germany) Mike Kluge (West Germany) - 1986 Albert Zweifel (Switzerland) Vito di Tano (Italy) - 1987 Klaus-Peter Thaler (West Germany) Mike Kluge (West Germany) - 1988 Pascal Richard (Switzerland) Karol Camrola (Czechoslovakia) - 1989 Danny De Bie (Belgium) Ondrej Glaja (Czechoslovakia ) - 1990 Henk Baars (Netherlands) Andreas Beusser (Switzerland) - 1991 Radomir Simunek (Czechoslovakia) Thomas Frischknecht (Switzerland) - 1992 Mike Kluge (Germany) Daniele Pontoni (Italy) - 1993 Dominique Arnaud (France) Henrik Djernis (Denmark) - 1994 - - Paul Hrijes (Belgium) 1995 - - Dieter Runkel (Switzerland) 1996 - - Adri van de Poel (Netherlands) 1997 - - Daniele Pontoni (Italy) Most wins: Professional (7), Eric de Vlaeminck (Belgium), 1966, 1968-73. Amateur (5), Robert Vermiere (Belgium), 1970-1, 1974-5, 1977. # "Cyprus Political Rulers and Leaders",117,0,0,0 [TABLE] Cyprus Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-77 Archbishop Makarios III 1977-88 Spyros Kyprianou 1988-93 Georgios Vassiliou 1993- Glafkos Clerides # "Czech Republic Political Rulers and Leaders",118,0,0,0 [TABLE] Czech Republic Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1993- Vßclav Havel \BPrime Minister 1993- Vßclav Klaus # "Czechoslovakia Political Rulers and Leaders",119,0,0,0 [TABLE] Czechoslovakia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1918-35 Tomßs Garrigue Masaryk 1935-8 Edvard Benes 1938-9 Emil Hßcha \BOccupation 1938-45 Edvard Benes \IProvisional President\i 1939-45 Emil Hßcha State \IPresident\i 1939-45 Jozef Tiso Slovak \IRepublic President\i \BPost-war 1945-8 Edvard Benes 1948-53 Klement Gottwald 1953-7 Antonφn Zßpotock² 1957-68 Antonφn Novotn² 1968-75 Ludvφk Svoboda 1975-89 Gustßv Husßk 1989-92 Vßclav Havel \BPrime Minister 1918-9 Karel Kramßr 1919-20 Vlastimil Tusar 1920-1 Jan Cern² 1921-2 Edvard Benes 1922-6 Antonφn Svehla 1926 Jan Cern² 1926-9 Antonφn Svehla 1929-32 Frantisek Udrzal 1932-5 Jan Malypetr 1935-8 Milan Hodza 1938 Jan Syrov² 1938-9 Rudolf Beran 1940-5 Jan Srßmek in exile 1945-6 Zdenek Fierlinger 1946-8 Klement Gottwald 1948-53 Antonφn Zßpotock² 1953-63 Viliam Sirok² 1963-8 Josef Lenßrt 1968-70 Oldrich Cernφk 1970-88 Lubomφr Strougal 1988-9 Ladislav Adamec 1989-92 Marian Calfa 1992 Jan Strasky 1993- Vßclav Klaus \BFirst Secretary 1948-52 Rudolf Slßnsk² 1953-68 Antonφn Novotn² 1968-9 Alexander Dubcek 1969-87 Gustßv Husßk 1987-9 Mφlos Jakes 1989 Karel Urbßnek 1989-92 Ladislav Adamec # "C⌠te D'Ivoire Political Rulers and Leaders",120,0,0,0 [TABLE] C⌠te D'Ivoire Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-93 FΘlix Houphouδt-Boigny 1993- Henri Bedie \BPrime Minister 1990-3 Alassane Dramane Ouattara 1993- Daniel Kablan Duncan # "Darts Champions",121,0,0,0 [TABLE] Darts Champions \BYear \BTeam Winner \BIndividual Winner \BWorld professional championship \BFirst held at Nottingham in 1978. 1984 - Eric Bristow (England) 1985 - Eric Bristow (England) 1986 - Eric Bristow (England) 1987 - John Lowe (England) 1988 - Bob Anderson (England) 1989 - Jocky Wilson (Scotland) 1990 - Phil Taylor (England) 1991 - Dennis Priestley (England) 1992 - Phil Taylor (England) 1993 - John Lowe (England) 1994 - John Part (Canada) 1995 - Richie Burnett (Wales) 1996 - Steve Beaton (England) 1997 - Les Wallace (Scotland) Most wins: (5), Eric Bristow, as above. \BWorld Cup A team competition first held at Wembley in 1977; takes place every two years. 1983 England Eric Bristow (England) 1985 England Eric Bristow (England) 1987 England Eric Bristow (England) 1989 England Eric Bristow (England) 1991 England John Lowe (England) 1993 England Roland Schollen (Denmark) 1995 England Martin Addams (England) Most wins: Team (10), England. Individual (4), Eric Bristow (England). # "de Morgan's Theorem",122,0,0,0 [TABLE] de Morgan's Theorem (A + B)' = A'B' NOT (either A OR B) = NOT A AND NOT B (AB)' = A' + B' NOT (A AND B) = either (NOT A) OR (NOT B) # "Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) Political Rulers and Leaders",123,0,0,0 [TABLE] North Korean Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1948-57 Kim Doo-bong 1957-72 Choi Yong-kun 1972-94 Kim Il-sung 1994- Kim Jong \BPrime Minister 1948-76 Kim Il-sung 1976-7 Park Sung-chul 1977-84 Li Jong-ok 1984-6 Kang Song-san 1986-8 Yi Kun-mo 1988-92 Yon Hyong-muk 1992- Kang Song-san # "Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Za∩re) Political Rulers and Leaders",124,0,0,0 [TABLE] Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Za∩re) Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-5 Joseph Kasavubu 1965-97 Mobuto Sese Seko (formerly Joseph Mobutu) 1997- Laurent Kabila \BPrime Minister 1960 Patrice Emergy Lumumba 1960 Joseph Ileo 1960-1 \ICollege of Commissioners\i 1961 Joseph Ileo 1961-4 Cyrille Adoula 1964-5 Mo∩se Tshombe 1965 Evariste Kimba 1965-6 Mulamba Nyungu wa Kadima 1966-77 \IAs President\i 1977-80 Mpinga Kasenga 1980 Bo-Boliko Lokonga Monse Mihambu 1980-1 Nguza Karl I Bond 1981-3 Nsinga Udjuu 1983-6 Kengo wa Dondo 1986-8 \INo Prime Minister\i 1988 Sambura Pida Nbagui 1988-9 Kengo wa Dondo 1989-1 Lunda Bululu 1991 Mulumba Lukeji 1991 Etienne Tshisekedi 1991-2 Bernardin Mungul Diaka 1992-3 Etienne Tshisekedi 1993-4 Fouistin Birindwa \IActing\i 1994-7 Kengo Wa Dondo 1997 Etienne Tshisekedi 1997- Likulia Bolongo # "Denmark Political Rulers and Leaders",125,0,0,0 [TABLE] Denmark Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1863-1906 Christian IX 1906-12 Frederik VIII 1912-47 Christian X 1947-72 Frederik IX 1972- Margrethe II \BPrime Minister 1900-1 H Sehested 1901-5 J H Deuntzer 1905-8 J C Christensen 1908-9 N Neergaard 1909 L Holstein-Ledreborg 1909-10 C Th Zahle 1910-13 Klaus Berntsen 1913-20 C Th Zahle 1920 Otto Liebe 1920 M P Friis 1920-4 N Neergaard 1924-6 Thorvald Stauning 1926-9 Th Madsen-Mygdal 1929-42 Thorvald Stauning 1942 Wilhelm Buhl 1942-3 Erik Scavenius 1943-5 \INo government\i 1945 Wilhelm Buhl 1945-7 Knud Kristensen 1947-50 Hans Hedtoft 1950-3 Erik Eriksen 1953-5 Hans Hedtoft 1955-60 Hans Christian Hansen 1960-2 Viggo Kampmann 1962-8 Jens Otto Krag 1968-71 Hilmar Baunsgaard 1971-2 Jens Otto Krag 1972-3 Anker Jorgensen 1973-5 Poul Hartling 1975-82 Anker Jorgensen 1982-93 Poul Schlⁿter 1993- Poul Nyrop Rasmussen # "Deserts (Largest)",126,0,0,0 [TABLE] Deserts (Largest) \BName/Location \BArea* (km▓) \BArea* (sq mi) Sahara, N Africa 8 600 000 3 320 000 Arabian, SW Asia 2 330 000 900 000 Gobi, Mongolia/NE China 1166 000 450 000 Patagonian, Argentina 673 000 260 000 Great Basin, SW USA 492 000 190 000 Chihuahuan, Mexico 450 000 175 000 Great Sandy, NW Australia 450 000 175 000 Great Victoria, SW Australia 325 000 125 000 Sonoran, SW USA 310 000 120 000 Kyzyl-Kum, Kazakhstan/Uzbekistan 300 000 115 000 Takla Makan, N China 270 000 105 000 Kalahari, SW Africa 260 000 100 000 Kara-Kum, Turkmenistan 260 000 100 000 Kavir, Iran 260 000 100 000 Syrian, Saudi Arabia/Jordan/Syria/Iraq 260 000 100 000 Nubian, Sudan 260 000 100 000 Thar, India/Pakistan 200 000 77 000 Ust'-Urt, Kazakhstan/Uzbekistan 160 000 62 000 Bet-Pak-Dala, Kazakhstan 155 000 60 000 Simpson, C Australia 145 000 56 000 Dzungaria, China 142 000 55 000 Atacama, Chile 140 000 54 000 Namib, SE Africa 134 000 52 000 Sturt, SE Australia 130 000 50 000 Bolson de Mapimi, Mexico 130 000 50 000 Ordos, China 130 000 50 000 Alashan, China 116 000 45 000 Desert areas are very approximate, because clear physical boundaries may not occur. # "Dielectric Constants",127,0,0,0 [TABLE] Dielectric Constants \BMaterial \BDielectric constant (K) vacuum 1.0000 air at 1 atmosphere 1.0006 paraffin 2.2 hard rubber 2.8 vinyl plastic 2.8 - 4.5 paper 3 - 7 quartz 4.3 glass 4 - 7 porcelain 6 - 8 mica 7 ethanol 24 water 80 # "Djibouti Political Rulers and Leaders",128,0,0,0 [TABLE] Djibouti Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1977- Hassan Gouled Aptidon \BPrime Minister 1977-8 Abdallah Mohammed Kamil 1978- Barkat Gourad Hamadou # "Dominica Political Rulers and Leaders",129,0,0,0 [TABLE] Dominica Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1977 Frederick E Degazon 1978-9 Louis Cods-Lartigue \IInterim\i 1979-80 Lenner Armour \IActing\i 1980-4 Aurelius Marie 1984-93 Clarence Augustus Seignoret 1993- Crispin Sorhaindo \BPrime Minister 1978-9 Patrick Roland John 1979-80 Oliver Seraphine 1980-95 Mary Eugenia Charles 1995- Edison James # "Dominican Republic Political Rulers and Leaders",130,0,0,0 [TABLE] Dominican Republic Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1899-1902 Juan Isidro JimΘnez 1902-3 Horacio Vßsquez 1903 Alejandro Wos y Gil 1903-4 Juan Isidro JimΘnez 1904-6 Carlos Morales 1906-11 Ramon Cßceres 1911-12 Eladio Victoria 1912-13 Adolfo Nouel y Bobadilla 1913-14 JosΘ Bordas y ValdΘs 1914 Ramon Bßez 1914-16 Juan Isidro JimΘnez 1916-22 \IUS Occupation\i (Francisco Henrφquez y Carrajal) 1922-4 (Juan Batista Vicini Burgos) 1924-30 Horacio Vßsquez 1930 Rafael Estrella Urena 1930-8 Rafael Le≤nidas Trujillo y Molina 1938-40 Jacinto Bienvenudo Peynado 1940-2 Manuel de Jesus Troncoso de la Concha 1942-52 Rafael Le≤nidas Trujillo y Molina 1952-60 Hector Bienvenido Trujillo 1960-2 Joaquφn Videla Balaguer 1962 Rafael Bonnelly 1962 \IMilitary Junta\i (Huberto Bogaert) 1962-3 Rafael Bonnelly 1963 Juan Bosch Gavino 1963 \IMilitary Junta\i (Emilio de los Santos) 1963-5 Donald Reid Cabral 1965 \ICivil war\i 1965 Elias Wessin y Wessin 1965 Antonio Imbert Barreras 1965 Francisco Caama±o De±≤ 1965-6 HΘctor Garcφa Godoy Cßceres 1966-78 Joaquφn Videla Balaguer 1978-82 Antonio Guzmßn Fernßndez 1982-6 Salvador Jorge Blanco 1986-96 Joaquφn Videla Balaguer Ricardo 1996- Leonel Fernandez # "Downside Abbey Daily Routine",131,0,0,0 [TABLE] Downside Abbey Daily Routine Time Activity 6.30 a.m. Matins Breakfast (self-service) 8.45 a.m. Mass (10.00 on Sunday) 9.20 a.m. Work at appointed tasks, e.g. teaching, study 1.00 p.m. Midday service 1.15 p.m. Lunch in silence listening to monk reading aloud 2.00 p.m. Work 4.00 p.m. Recreation; tea and chat 5.00 p.m. Reading and prayer 6.30 p.m. Vespers 7.00 p.m. Supper in silence with reading 7.30 p.m. Recreation 8.15 p.m. Compline 8.30 p.m. The Greater Silence (retire to room and sleep) # "Draughts Champions",132,0,0,0 [TABLE] Draughts Champions \BYear \BWinner \BWorld Championship 1979-90 M Tinsley (USA) 1991-4 Derek Oldbury (Great Britain) 1994- Ronald King (Barbados) \BBritish Open championship The leading championship in Britain; first held in 1926; now takes place every two years. 1978 J McGill (Great Britain) 1980 T Watson (Great Britain) 1982 T Watson (Great Britain) 1984 A Long (USA) 1986 H Devlin (Great Britain) 1988 D E Oldbury (Great Britain) 1990 T Watson (Great Britain) 1992 H Devlin (Great Britain) 1994 B Edwards (Great Britain) # "Dynasties of Rulers: Ancient Egypt",133,0,0,0 [TABLE] Dynasties of rulers: Ancient Egypt Dynasty Date BC early dynastic period I c.3100-2890 II c.2890-2686 old kingdom III c.2686-2613 IV c.2613-2494 V c.2494-2345 VI c.2345-2181 first intermediate period VII c.2181-2173 VIII c.2173-2160 IX c.2160-2130 X c.2130-2040 XI c.2133-1991 middle kingdom XII 1991-1786 XIII 1786-1633 second intermediate period XIV 1786-c.1603 XV 1674-1567 XVI c.1684-1567 XVII c.1660-1567 new kingdom XVIII 1567-1320 XIX 1320-1200 XX 1220-1085 third intermediate period XXI 1085-945 XXII 945-730 XXIII 817? -730 XXIV 720-715 XXV 751-668 late period XXVI 664-525 XXVII 525-404 XXVIII 404-399 XXIX 399-380 XXX 380-343 XXXI 343-332 # "Earth Fact Table",134,0,0,0 [TABLE] Earth Fact Table \BEarth \BBulk parameters Mass (10\U24\u kg) 5.9736 Volume (10\U10\u km\U3\u) 108.321 Equatorial radius (km) 6378 Polar radius (km) 6356 Volumetric mean radius (km) 6371 Ellipticity .0034 Mean density (kg/m\U3\u) 520 Surface gravity (eq.) (m/s\U2\u) .78 Escape velocity (km/s) 11.2 GM (x 10\U6\ukm\U3\u/s\U2\u) 0.3986 Bond albedo 0.385 Visual geometric albedo 0.367 Visual magnitude V(1,0) -3.86 Solar irradiance (W/m\U2\u) 1380 Black-body temperature (K) 247.3 Moment of inertia (I/MR\U2\u) 0.3308 J2 (x 10\U-6\u) 1082.63 \BOrbital parameters Semimajor axis (10\U6\u km) 149.6 Sidereal orbit period (days) 365.256 Tropical orbit period (days) 365.242 Perihelion (10\U6\u km) 147.1 Aphelion (10\U6\u km) 152.1 Mean orbital velocity (km/s) 29.79 Orbit inclination (deg) 0.00 Orbit eccentricity 0.0167 Sidereal rotation period (hrs) 23.9345 Equatorial inclination (deg) 23.44 # "Earthquake Severity: Mercalli Scale",135,0,0,0 [TABLE] Earthquake Severity: Mercalli Scale \BIntensity Value \BCharacteristics \BModified Mercalli Intensity Scale (1956 Revision) I Not felt; marginal and long-period effects of large earthquakes. II Felt by persons at rest, on upper floors or favourably placed. III Felt indoors; hanging objects swing; vibration like passing of light trucks; duration estimated; may not be recognized as an earthquake. IV Hanging objects swing; vibration like passing of heavy trucks, or sensation of a jolt like a heavy ball striking the walls; standing cars rock; windows, dishes, doors rattle; glasses clink; crockery clashes; in the upper range of IV, wooden walls and frames creak. V Felt outdoors; direction estimated; sleepers wakened; liquids disturbed, some spilled; small unstable objects displaced or upset; doors swing, close, open; shutters, pictures move; pendulum clocks stop, start, change rate. VI Felt by all; many frightened and run outdoors; persons walk unsteadily; windows, dishes, glassware break; knick-knacks, books, etc, fall off shelves; pictures off walls; furniture moves or overturns; weak plaster and masonry D crack; small bells ring (church, school); trees, bushes shake visibly, or heard to rustle. VII Difficult to stand; noticed by drivers; hanging objects quiver; furniture breaks; damage to masonry D, including cracks; weak chimneys broken at roof line; fall of plaster, loose bricks, stones, tiles, cornices, also unbraced parapets and architectural ornaments; some cracks in masonry C; waves on ponds, water turbid with mud; small slides and caving in along sand or gravel banks; large bells ring; concrete irrigation ditches damaged. VIII Steering of cars affected; damage to masonry C and partial collapse; some damage to masonry B; none to masonry A; fall of stucco and some masonry walls; twisting, fall of chimneys, factory stacks, monuments, towers, elevated tanks; frame houses move on foundations if not bolted down; loose panel walls thrown out; decayed piling broken off; branches broken from trees; changes in flow or temperature of springs and wells; cracks in wet ground and on steep slopes. IX General panic; masonry D destroyed; masonry C heavily damaged, sometimes with complete collapse; masonry B seriously damaged; general damage to foundations; frame structures, if not bolted, shift off foundations; frames racked; serious damage to reservoirs; underground pipes break; conspicuous cracks in ground; in alluviated areas sand and mud ejected, earthquake fountains, sand craters. X Most masonry and frame structures destroyed with their foundations; some well-built wooden structures and bridges destroyed; serious damage to dams, dikes, embankments; large landslides; water thrown on banks of canals, rivers, lakes, etc; sand and mud shifted horizontally on beaches and flat land; rails bent slightly. XI Rails bent greatly; underground pipelines completely out of service. XII Damage nearly total; large rock masses displaced; lines of sight and level distorted; objects thrown into the air. \BNote Masonry A Good workmanship, mortar and design; reinforced, especially laterally, and bound together by using steel, concrete etc; designed to resist lateral forces. Masonry B Good workmanship and mortar; reinforced, but not designed in detail to resist lateral forces. Masonry C Ordinary workmanship and mortar; no extreme weakness like failing to tie in at corners, but neither reinforced nor designed against horizontal forces. Masonry D Weak materials, such as adobe; poor mortar; low standards of workmanship; weak horizontally. # "Earthquakes",136,0,0,0 [TABLE] Earthquakes \BLocation \BCountry \BYear \BMagnitude \BDeaths All magnitudes on the Richter scale*. Lijiang, Yunan China 1996 7.0 250 Biak I Indonesia 1996 7.5 100 Neftegorsk Russia 1995 7.6 1989 Kobe Japan 1995 7.2 5477 Los Angeles USA 1994 6.8 57 Cauca Colombia 1994 6.8 269 Maharashtra India 1993 6.5 9 748 Cairo Egypt 1992 5.9 500 Erzincan Turkey 1992 6.2 2 000 Uttar Pradesh India 1991 6.1 1000 Costa Rica/Panama 1991 7.5 80 Ossetia Georgia 1991 7.2 100 Hindu Kush Mts Afghanistan/Pakistan 1991 6.8 1300 Cabanatuan Philippines 1990 7.7 1653 Caspian Sea Iran 1990 7.7 40 000 Moyobamba Peru 1990 5.8 90 Carpathian Mts Romania 1990 6.6 70 Luzon Island Philippines 1990 7.7 1600 San Francisco USA 1989 6.9 100 N. Armenia Armenia 1988 7.0 25 000 Mexico City Mexico 1985 8.1 7 200 Naples Italy 1980 7.2 4 500 El Asnam Algeria 1980 7.3 5 000 Tabas Iran 1978 7.7 25 000 Tangshan China 1976 8.2 242 000 Guatemala City Guatemala 1976 7.5 22 778 Kashmir Pakistan 1974 6.3 5 200 Managua Nicaragua 1972 6.2 5 000 Tehran Iran 1972 6.9 5 000 Chimbote Peru 1970 7.7 66 000 Anchorage USA 1964 8.5 131 Agadir Morocco 1960 5.8 12 000 Ashkhabad Turkmenistan 1948 7.3 19 800 Erzincan Turkey 1939 7.9 23 000 Chillan Chile 1939 7.8 30 000 Quetta India 1935 7.5 60 000 Gansu China 1932 7.6 70 000 Nan-Shan China 1927 8.3 200 000 Kanto Japan 1923 8.3 143 000 Gansu China 1920 8.6 180 000 Avezzano Italy 1915 7.5 30 000 Messina Italy 1908 7.5 120 000 Valparaiso Chile 1906 8.6 20 000 San Francisco USA 1906 8.3 500 Calabria Italy 1783 50 000 Lisbon Portugal 1755 70 000 Calcutta India 1737 300 000 Hokkaido Japan 1730 137 000 Catania Italy 1693 60 000 Shemaka Caucasia 1667 80 000 Shaanxi China 1556 830 000 Zhili China 1290 100 000 Cilicia Turkey 1268 60 000 Corinth Greece 856 45 000 Antioch Turkey 526 250 000 *The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale, devised in 1935 by geophysicist Charles Richter, for representing the energy released by earthquakes. A figure of 2 or less is barely perceptible, while an earthquake measuring over 5 may be destructive. More relevant as a measure of earthquake strength is the intensity, for which the modified Mercalli scale is widely used. # "Ecuador Political Rulers and Leaders",137,0,0,0 [TABLE] Ecuador Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1895-1901 Eloy Alfaro 1901-5 Le≤nides Plaza GutiΘrrez 1905-6 Lizardo Garcφa 1906-11 Eloy Alfaro 1911 Emilio Estrada 1911-12 Carlos Freile Zaldumbide 1912-16 Le≤nides Plaza GutiΘrrez 1916-20 Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno 1920-4 JosΘ Luis Tamayo 1924-5 Gonzßlo S de C≤rdova 1925-6 \IMilitary Juntas\i 1926-31 Isidro Ayora 1931 Luis A Larrea Alba 1932-3 Juan de Dios Martφnez Mera 1933-4 Abelardo Montalvo 1934-5 JosΘ Marφa Velasco Ibarra 1935 Antonio Pons 1935-7 Federico Pßez 1937-8 Alberto Enriquez Gallo 1938 Manuel Marφa Borrero 1938-9 Aurelio Mosquera Narvßez 1939-40 Julio Enrique Moreno 1940-4 Carlos Alberto Arroya del Rφo 1944-7 JosΘ Marφa Velasco Ibarra 1947 Carlos Mancheno 1947-8 Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola 1948-52 Galo Plaza Lasso 1952-6 JosΘ Marφa Velasco Ibarra 1956-60 Camilo Ponce Enrφquez 1960-1 JosΘ Marφa Velasco Ibarra 1961-3 Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy 1963-6 \IMilitary Junta\i 1966 Clemente Yerovi Indaburu 1966-8 Otto Arosemena G≤mez 1968-72 JosΘ Marφa Velasco Ibarra 1972-6 Guillermo Rodrφguez Lara 1976-9 \IMilitary Junta\i 1979-81 Jaime Rold≤s Aguilera 1981-4 Oswaldo Hurtado Larrea 1984-8 Le≤n Febres Cordero Rivadeira 1988-92 Rodrigo Borja Cevallos 1992-6 Sixto Durßn BallΘn 1996-7 Abdala Bucaram 1997- Rosalia Arteaga \I(Acting)\i 1997- Fabian Alarcon # "Egypt Political Rulers and Leaders",138,0,0,0 [TABLE] Egypt Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1922-36 Fouad I 1936-7 Farouk \ITrusteeship\i 1937-52 Farouk I \BRepublic of Egypt \BPresident 1952-4 Mohammed Najib 1954-70 Gamal Abdel Nasser 1970-81 Mohammed Anwar el-Sadat 1981- Mohammed Hosni Mubarak \BPrime Minister 1895-1908 Mustafa Fahmy 1908-10 Butros Ghali 1910-14 Mohammed Said 1914-19 Hussein Rushdi 1919 Mohammed Said 1919-20 Yousuf Wahba 1920-1 Mohammed Tewfiq Nazim 1921 Adli Yegen 1922 Abdel Khaliq Tharwat 1922-3 Mohammed Tewfiq Nazim 1923-4 Yehia Ibrahim 1924 Saad Zaghloul 1924-6 Ahmed Zaywan 1926-7 Adli Yegen 1927-8 Abdel Khaliq Tharwat 1928 Mustafa an-Nahass 1928-9 Mohammed Mahmoud 1929-30 Adli Yegen 1930 Mustafa an-Nahass 1930-3 Ismail Sidqi 1933-4 Abdel Fattah Yahya 1934-6 Mohammed Tewfiq Nazim 1936 Ali Maher 1936-7 Mustafa an-Nahass 1937-9 Mohammed Mahmoud 1939-40 Ali Maher 1940 Hassan Sabri 1940-2 Hussein Sirry 1942-4 Mustafa an-Nahass 1944-5 Ahmed Maher 1945-6 Mahmoud Fahmy El-Nuqrashi 1946 Ismail Sidqi 1946-8 Mahmoud Fahmy El-Nuqrashi 1948-9 Ibrahim Abdel Hadi 1949-50 Hussein Sirry 1950-2 Mustafa an-Nahass 1952 Ali Maher 1952 Najib el-Hilali 1952 Hussein Sirry 1952 Najib el-Hilali 1952 Ali Maher \BRepublic of Egypt 1952-4 Mohammed Najib 1954 Gamal Abdel Nasser 1954 Mohammed Najib 1954-62 Gamal Abdel Nasser 1958-61 \IUnited Arab Republic\i 1962-5 Ali Sabri 1965-6 Zakariya Mohyi Ed-Din 1966-7 Mohammed Sidqi Soliman 1967-70 Gamal Abdel Nasser 1970-2 Mahmoud Fawzi 1972-3 Aziz Sidki 1973-4 Mohamed Anwar el-Sadat 1974-5 Abdel Aziz Hijazy 1975-8 Mamdouh Salem 1978-80 Mustafa Khalil 1980-1 Mohamed Anwar el-Sadat 1981-2 Hosni Mubarak 1982-4 Fouad Monyi Ed-Din 1984 Kamal Hassan Ali 1985-6 Ali Lotfi 1986-96 Atef Sidqi 1996- Kamal Ahmed Ganzouri # "El Salvador Political Rulers and Leaders",139,0,0,0 [TABLE] El Salvador Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1898-1903 Tomßs Regalado 1903-7 Pedro JosΘ Escalon 1907-11 Fernando Figueroa 1911-13 Manuel Enrique Araujo 1913-14 Carlos MelΘndez \IPresident Designate\i 1914-15 Alfonso Qui±≤nez Molina \IPresident Designate\i 1915-18 Carlos MelΘndez 1918-19 Alfonso Qui±≤nez Molina \IVice President\i 1919-23 Jorge MelΘndez 1923-7 Alfonso Qui±≤nez Molina 1927-31 Pio Romero Bosque 1931 Arturo Araujo 1931 \IMilitary Administration\i 1931-4 Maximiliano H Martinez \IVice President\i 1934-5 AndrΘs I MenΘndez Provisional 1935-44 Maximiliano H Martinez 1944 AndrΘs I MenΘndez \IVice President\i 1944-5 Osmin Aguirre y Salinas Provisional 1945-8 Salvador Castaneda Castro 1948-50 \IRevolutionary Council\i 1950-6 Oscar Osorio 1956-60 JosΘ Marφa Lemus 1960-1 \IMilitary Junta\i 1961-2 \ICivil-Military Administration\i 1962 Rodolfo Eusebio Cord≤n \IProvisional\i 1962-7 Julio Adalberto Rivera 1967-72 Fidel Sßnchez Hernßndez 1972-7 Arturo Armando Molina 1977-9 Carlos Humberto Romero 1979-82 \IMilitary Juntas\i 1982-4 \IGovernment of National Unanimity\i (Alvaro Maga±a) 1984-9 JosΘ Napole≤n Duarte 1989-94 Alfredo Cristiani 1994- Armando Calder≤n Sol # "Elementary Propositions of Boolean Algebra",140,0,0,0 [TABLE] Elementary Propositions of Boolean Algebra A + A' = 1 Either A OR NOT A is TRUE A.A' = 0 Both A AND NOT A is FALSE A + 1 = 1 Either A OR TRUE is TRUE A.1 = A Both A AND TRUE is TRUE A + A = A Either A OR A is A A.A = A Both A AND A is A A'' = A NOT (NOT A) is A A.0 = 0 Both A AND FALSE is FALSE A + 0 = A Either A OR FALSE is FALSE # "Emulsion Examples",141,0,0,0 [TABLE] Emulsion examples \BEmulsion \BType \BDispersion medium \BDisperse phase \BEmulsifier milk (or cream) O/W water oil protein (casein) butter W/O oil water protein (casein) egg mayonnaise W/O oil vinegar protein (egg white) moisturisers W/O and O/W oil or water water or oil polyoxyethylene monostearate (O/W), propylene glycerol monostearate (W/O), vanishing cream O/W water oil (most have several) rubber latex O/W water oil proteins 'plastic' paint O/W water resins lecithin, tetrasodium pyrophosphate # "Equatorial Guinea Political Rulers and Leaders",142,0,0,0 [TABLE] Equatorial Guinea Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1968-79 Francisco Macias Nguema 1979- Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo \BPrime Minister 1993-6 Silvestre Siale Bileka 1996- Angel Serafin Seriche Dougan # "Equestrian World Championship Winners",143,0,0,0 [TABLE] Equestrian World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner Show jumping championships first held in 1953 (for men) and 1965 (for women); since 1978 they have competed together and on equal terms; team competition introduced in 1978. Three Day Event and Dressage championships introduced in 1966; all three now held every four years. \BShow jumping winners: men 1953 Francisco Goyoago (Spain) 1954 Hans-Gⁿnter Winkler (West Germany) 1955 Hans-Gⁿnter Winkler (West Germany) 1956 Raimondo D'Inzeo (Italy) 1960 Raimondo D'Inzeo (Italy) 1966 Pierre d'Oriola (France) 1970 David Broome (Great Britain) 1974 Hartwig Steenken (West Germany) \BShow jumping winners: women 1965 Marion Coakes (Great Britain) 1970 Janou LefΦbvre (France) 1974 Janou Tissot (nΘe LefΦbvre) (France) \BShow jumping winners: individual 1978 Gerd Wiltfang (West Germany) 1982 Norbert Koof (West Germany) 1986 Gail Greenough (Canada) 1990 Eric Navet (France) 1994 Franke Sloothaak (Germany) \BShow jumping winners: team 1986 USA 1990 France 1994 Germany \BThree-day event winners: individual 1974 Bruce Davidson (USA) 1978 Bruce Davidson (USA) 1982 Lucinda Green (Great Britain) 1986 Virginia Leng (Great Britain) 1990 Blyth Tait (New Zealand) 1994 Vaughn Jefferis (New Zealand) \BThree-day event winners: team 1974 USA 1978 Canada 1982 Great Britain 1986 Great Britain 1990 New Zealand 1994 Great Britain \BDressage winners: individual 1974 Reiner Klimke (West Germany) 1978 Christine Stⁿckelberger (Switzerland) 1982 Reiner Klimke (West Germany) 1986 Anne Grethe Jensen (Denmark) 1990 Nicole Uphoft (West Germany) 1994 Isabell Werth (Germany) \BDressage winners: team 1974 West Germany 1978 West Germany 1982 West Germany 1986 West Germany 1990 West Germany 1994 Germany # "Eritrea Political Rulers and Leaders",144,0,0,0 [TABLE] Eritrea Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1993- Issais Afewerki # "Estonia Political Rulers and Leaders",145,0,0,0 [TABLE] Estonia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1938-40 Konstantin PΣts 1940-91 \IRussian rule\i 1991-2 Arnold Rⁿⁿtel 1992- Lennart Meri \BPrime Minister 1918-19 Konstantin PΣts 1919 Otto Strandmann 1919-20 Jaan Tonisson 1920-21 Ants Piip 1921-2 Konstantin PΣts 1922-3 Juhan Kukk 1923-4 Konstantin PΣts 1924 Friedrich Akel 1924-5 Jⁿri Jaakson 1925-7 Jaan Teemant 1927-8 Jaan Tonisson 1928-9 August Rei 1929-31 Otto Strandmann 1931-2 Konstantin PΣts 1932 Jaan Teemant 1932 Kaarel Einbund 1932-3 Konstantin PΣts 1933 Jaan Tonisson 1933-8 Konstantin PΣts 1938-9 Kaarel Eenpalu (Einbund) 1939-40 Jⁿri Uluots 1940-91 \IRussian rule\i 1991-2 Edgar Savisaar 1992 Tiit Vahi 1992-4 Mart Laar 1994-5 Andres Tarand 1995- Tiit Vahi 1997- Mart Siimann # "Ethiopia Political Rulers and Leaders",146,0,0,0 [TABLE] Ethiopia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1889-1911 Menelik II 1911-16 Lij Iyasu (Joshua) 1916-28 Zawditu 1928-74 Haile Selassie \IEmperor from 1930\i \BProvisional Military Administrative Council Chairman 1974-7 Teferi Benti 1977-87 Mengistu Haile Mariam \BPeople's Democratic Republic President 1987-91 Mengistu Haile Mariam 1991-5 Meles Zenawi \I(Interim)\i 1995- Negaso Gidada \BPrime Minister 1991- Tesfaye Dinka 1991-5 Tamirat Layne 1995- Meles Zenawi # "European Union (EU) Political Rulers and Leaders",147,0,0,0 [TABLE] European Union (EU) Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1967-70 Jean Rey 1970-2 Franco M Malfatti 1972-3 Sicco L Mansholt 1973-7 Francois-Xavier Ortoli 1977-81 Roy Jenkins 1981-5 Gaston Thorn 1985-94 Jacques Delors 1995- Jacques Santer # "Examples of Baudot Code System",148,0,0,0 [TABLE] Examples of Baudot Code System \Bbinary \Bhex \BLTRS \BFIGS \Bbinary \Bhex \BLTRS \BFIGS 00011 03 A - 10111 17 Q 1 11001 19 B ? 01010 0A R 4 01110 0E C : 00101 05 S ' 01001 09 D $ 10000 10 T 5 00001 01 E 3 00111 07 U 7 01101 0D F ! 11110 1E V ; 11010 1A G & 10011 13 W 2 10100 14 H # 11101 1D X / 00110 06 I 8 10101 15 Y 6 01011 0B J BELL 10001 11 Z " 01111 0F K ( 01000 08 CR CR 10010 12 L ) 00010 02 LF LF 11100 1C M . 00100 04 SP SP 01100 0C N , 11111 1F LTRS LTRS 11000 18 O 9 11011 1B FIGS FIGS 10110 16 P 0 00000 00 [ unused ] # "Fast Facts",149,0,0,0 The Fast Facts section contains hundreds of tables with all sorts of information. Look up a country's past and present political leaders, find out which are the world's ten highest waterfalls, or read about the events of the French Revolution. There are also tables that can tell you the international dialing codes and how to convert feet to meters. If you are looking for facts and figures, this is the best place to start. # "Federated States of Micronesia Political Rulers and Leaders",150,0,0,0 [TABLE] Federated States of Micronesia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991- Bailey Olter # "Fencing World Championship Winners",151,0,0,0 [TABLE] Fencing World Championship Winners \BYear \BIndividual (Men) \BIndividual (Women) \BTeam (Men) \BTeam (Women) Held annually since 1921 (between 1921-35, known as European Championships); not held in Olympic years. \BFoil 1986 Andrea Borella (Italy) Italy Anja Fichtel (West Germany) USSR 1987 Mathias Gey (West Germany) USSR Elisabeta Tufan (Romania) Hungary 1989 Alexander Koch (West Germany) USSR Olga Velitchko (USSR) West Germany 1990 Philippe OmnΦs (France) Italy Anja Fichtel (West Germany) Italy 1991 Ingo Weissenborn (Germany) Cuba Giovanna Trillini (Italy) Cuba 1993 Alexander Koch (Germany) Germany Francesca Bortolozzi (Italy) Germany 1994 Rolando Tucker(Cuba) Italy Reka Szabo-Lazar (Romania) Romania 1995 Dimitriy Chevtchenko (Russia) Cuba Laura Badea (Romania) Italy Most wins: Individual Men (5), Alexander Romankov (USSR), 1974, 1977, 1982-3. Team Men (15), USSR (between 1959-89). Individual Women (3), HelΦne Mayer (Germany), 1929, 1931, 1937; Ilona Elek (Hungary), 1934-5, 1951; Ellen Mⁿller-Preiss (Austria), 1947, 1949, 1950 (shared); Cornelia Hanisch, 1979-81,1985. Team Women (15), USSR (between 1956-86). \BEpΘe 1986 Philippe Riboud (France) West Germany - - 1987 Volker Fischer (West Germany) West Germany - - 1989 Manuel Pereira (Spain) Italy Anja Straub (Switzerland) Hungary 1990 Thomas Gerull (West Germany) Italy Anja Straub (Switzerland) West Germany 1991 Andrey Shuvalov (USSR) USSR Taime Chappe (Cuba) Hungary 1993 Pavel Kolobkov (Russia) Italy Oksana Emakova (Estonia) Hungary 1994 Pavel Kolobkov (Russia) Germany Laura Chiesa (Italy) Spain 1995 Eric Srecki (France) Germany Joanna Jakimiuk (Poland) Hungary Most wins: Individual Men (3), Georges Buchard (France), 1927, 1931, 1933; Alexei Nikanchikov (USSR), 1966-7, 1970. Team Men (12), Italy (between 1931-58, and as above). \BSabre 1986 Sergey Mindirgassov (USSR) USSR - - 1987 Jean-Franτois Lamour (France) USSR - - 1989 Grigory Kirienko (USSR) USSR - - 1990 Gy÷rgy NΘbald (Hungary) USSR - - 1991 Grigory Kirienko (USSR) Hungary - - 1993 Grigory Kirienko (Russia) Hungary - - 1994 Felix Becker (Germany) Russia - - 1995 Grigory Kirienko (Russia) Italy - - Most wins: Individual (3), Aladar Gerevich (Hungary), 1935, 1951, 1955; Jerzy Pawlowski (Poland) 1957, 1965-6; Yakov Rylsky (USSR), 1958, 1961, 1963. Team (18), Hungary (between 1930-74, and as above). # "Fiji Political Rulers and Leaders",152,0,0,0 [TABLE] Fiji Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader Chief of State: British monarch, represented by Governor-General \BPrime Minister 1970-87 Kamisese Mara 1987 Timoci Bavadra \BInterim Administration \BGovernor-General 1987 Penaia Ganilau 1987- \IMilitary administration\i (Sitiveni Rabuka) \BRepublic \BChairman 1987 Sitiveni Rabuka \BPresident 1987-93 Penaia Ganilau 1993- Kamisese Mara \BPrime Minister 1987-92 Kamisese Mara 1992- Sitiveni Rabuka # "Finland Political Rulers and Leaders",153,0,0,0 [TABLE] Finland Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1919-25 Kaarlo Juho Stσhlberg 1925-31 Lauri Kristian Relander 1931-7 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 1937-40 Ky÷sti Kallio 1940-4 Risto Ryti 1944-6 Carl Gustaf Mannerheim 1946-56 Juho Kusti Paasikivi 1956-81 Urho Kaleva Kekkonen 1982-94 Makino Koivisto 1994- Martti Ahtisaarsi \BPrime Minister 1917-18 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 1918 Juho Kusti Paasikivi 1918-19 Lauri Johannes Ingman 1919 Kaarlo CastrΘn 1919-20 Juho Vennola 1920-1 Rafael Erich 1921-2 Juho Vennola 1922 Aino Kaarlo Cajander 1922-4 Ky÷sti Kallio 1924 Aino Kaarlo Cajander 1924-5 Lauri Johannes Ingman 1925 Antti Agaton Tulenheimo 1925-6 Ky÷sti Kallio 1926-7 VΣin÷ Tanner 1927-8 Juho Emil Sunila 1928-9 Oskari Mantere 1929-30 Ky÷sti Kallio 1930-1 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 1931-2 Juho Emil Sunila 1932-6 Toivo KivimΣki 1936-7 Ky÷sti Kallio 1937-9 Aino Kaarlo Cajander 1939-41 Risto Ryti 1941-3 Johann Rangell 1943-4 Edwin Linkomies 1944 Andreas Hackzell 1944 Urho Jonas CastrΘn 1944-5 Juho Kusti Paasikivi 1946-8 Mauno Pekkala 1948-50 Karl August Fagerholm 1950-3 Urho Kekkonen 1953-4 Sakari Tuomioja 1954 Ralf T÷rngren 1954-6 Urho Kekkonen 1956-7 Karl August Fagerholm 1957 VΣin÷ Johannes Sukselainen 1957-8 Rainer von Fieandt 1958 Reino Iisakki Kuuskoski 1958-9 Karl August Fagerholm 1959-61 VΣin÷ Johannes Sukselainen 1961-2 Martti Miettunen 1962-3 Ahti Karjalainen 1963-4 Reino Ragnar Lehto 1964-6 Johannes Virolainen 1966-8 Rafael Paasio 1968-70 Mauno Koivisto 1970 Teuvo Ensio Aura 1970-1 Ahti Karjalainen 1971-2 Teuvo Ensio Aura 1972 Rafael Paasio 1972-5 Taisto Kalevi Sorsa 1975 Keijo Antero Liinamaa 1975-7 Martti Miettunen 1977-9 Taisto Kalevi Sorsa 1979-82 Mauno Koivisto 1982-7 Taisto Kalevi Sorsa 1987-91 Harri Holkeri 1991-5 Esko Aho 1995- Paavo Lipponen # "Food and its Content",154,0,0,0 [TABLE] Contents of Food \BType of food \BEnergy provided: calories per 100g (3.5 oz) \BWater content% of weight \BProtein content% of weight \BFat content% of weight \BCarbohydrate content% of weight Whole wheat flour 340 15.0 13.5 2.5 69.0 White bread 243 38.2 7.8 1.3 52.7 Brown rice 360 11.7 6.2 1.0 86.5 Whole milk 65 87.0 3.4 3.7 4.8 Butter 790 13.9 0.4 85.1 a trace Cheddar cheese 425 370 25.4 34.5 a trace Beef steak 273 56.9 20.4 20.3 0 Fish (cod) 175 65.0 20.5 8.3 3.6 Potatoes 70 80.0 2.5 a trace 15.9 Cabbage (boiled) 9 95.7 1.3 a trace 1.1 Oranges 27 64.8 0.6 a trace 6.4 White sugar 395 a trace a trace 0 99.9 Walnuts 702 5.0 15.0 64.4 15.6 # "Forces of Nature - Table",155,0,0,0 [TABLE] Forces of Nature gravity electro-magnetism weak nuclear force strong nuclear force Range m infinite infinite 10\U-18\u 10\U-15\u (sub-atomic) (sub-atomic) Relative strength 6x10\U-39\u 1/137 10\U-5\u 1 Examples of application orbit of Earth around Sun force between electrical charges radioactive ▀-decay binds atomic nuclei together # "France Political Rulers and Leaders",156,0,0,0 [TABLE] France Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident \BThird Republic 1899-1906 Emile Loubet 1906-13 Armand FalliΦres 1913-20 Raymond PoincarΘ 1920 Paul Deschanel 1920-4 Alexandre Millerand 1924-31 Gaston Doumergue 1931-2 Paul Doumer 1932-40 Albert Lebrun \BFourth Republic 1947-54 Vincent Auriol 1954-8 RenΘ Coty \BFifth Republic 1958-69 Charles de Gaulle 1969-74 Georges Pompidou 1974-81 ValΘry Giscard d'Estaing 1981-95 Franτois Mitterrand 1995- Jacques RenΘ Chirac \BPrime Minister \BThird Republic 1899-1902 Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau 1902-5 Emile Combes 1905-6 Maurice Rouvier 1906 Jean Sarrien 1906-9 Georges Clemenceau 1909-11 Aristide Briand 1911 Ernest Monis 1911-12 Joseph Caillaux 1912-13 Raymond PoincarΘ 1913 Aristide Briand 1913 Jean Louis Barthou 1913-14 Gaston Doumergue 1914 Alexandre Ribot 1914-15 RenΘ Viviani 1915-17 Aristide Briand 1917 Alexandre Ribot 1917 Paul PainlevΘ 1917-20 Georges Clemenceau 1920 Alexandre Millerand 1920-1 Georges Leygues 1921-2 Aristide Briand 1922-4 Raymond PoincarΘ 1924 FrΘdΘric Franτois-Marsal 1924-5 ╔douard Herriot 1925 Paul PainlevΘ 1925-6 Aristide Briand 1926 ╔douard Herriot 1926-9 Raymond PoincarΘ 1929 Aristide Briand 1929-30 AndrΘ Tardieu 1930 Camille Chautemps 1930 AndrΘ Tardieu 1930-1 ThΘodore Steeg 1931-2 Pierre Laval 1932 AndrΘ Tardieu 1932 ╔douard Herriot 1932-3 Joseph Paul-Boncour 1933 ╔douard Daladier 1933 Albert Sarrault 1933-4 Camille Chautemps 1934 ╔douard Daladier 1934 Gaston Doumergue 1934-5 Pierre-╔tienne Flandin 1935 Fernand Bouisson 1935-6 Pierre Laval 1936 Albert Sarrault 1936-7 LΘon Blum 1937-8 Camille Chautemps 1938 LΘon Blum 1938-40 ╔douard Daladier 1940 Paul Reynaud 1940 Philippe PΘtain \BVichy Government 1940-4 Philippe PΘtain \BProvisional Government of the French Republic 1944-6 Charles de Gaulle 1946 FΘlix Gouin 1946 Georges Bidault \BFourth Republic 1946-7 LΘon Blum 1947 Paul Ramadier 1947-8 Robert Schuman 1948 AndrΘ Marie 1948 Robert Schuman 1948-9 Henri Queuille 1949-50 Georges Bidault 1950 Henri Queuille 1950-1 RenΘ Pleven 1951 Henri Queuille 1951-2 RenΘ Pleven 1952 Edgar Faure 1952-3 Antoine Pinay 1953 RenΘ Mayer 1953-4 Joseph Laniel 1954-5 Pierre MendΦs-France 1955-6 Edgar Faure 1956-7 Guy Alcide Mollet 1957 Maurice BourgΦs-Maunoury 1957-8 FΘlix Gaillard 1958 Pierre Pflimin 1958- Charles de Gaulle \BFifth Republic 1958-9 Charles de Gaulle 1959-62 Michel DebrΘ 1962-8 Georges Pompidou 1968-9 Maurice Couve de Murville 1969-72 Jacques Chaban Delmas 1972-4 Pierre Mesmer 1974-6 Jacques Chirac 1976-81 Raymond Barre 1981-4 Pierre Mauroy 1984-6 Laurent Fabius 1986-8 Jacques Chirac 1988-91 Michel Rocard 1991-2 Edith Cresson 1992-3 Pierre BΘrΘgovoy 1993-5 ╔douard Balladur 1995-7 Alain JuppΘ 1997- Lionel Jospin # "French Revolution - Events",157,0,0,0 [TABLE] Events of the French Revolution 1789-1799 \B1789 Mar-May Election of deputies to the Estates General. 5 May Opening of the Estates General. 17 Jun Title of National Assembly adopted by the Third Estate. Jul The 'Great Fear'. 14 Jul Seizing of the Bastille in Paris. 4 Aug Abolition of the feudal regime. 26 Aug Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Oct Foundation of the Club des Jacobins. 5-6 Oct Louis XVI brought to Paris from Versailles. 19 Oct National Assembly installed in Paris. \B1790 19-23 Jun Abolition of hereditary nobility and titles. Jul Foundation of the Club des Cordeliers. \B1791 20-21 Jun Flight of the King to Varennes. 16 Jul Foundation of the Club des Feuillants. 13 Sep Acceptance of the Constitution by the King. Oct Formation of the Legislative Assembly. \B1792 9-10 Aug Attack on the Tuileries. Functions of the King suspended. 12 Aug King and royal family imprisoned in the Temple. 2-6 Sep Massacre of nobles and clergy in prisons. 21 Sep Abolition of the monarchy. 22 Sep Proclamation of the Republic. \B1793 17 Jan National Convention votes for the death of the King. 21 Jan Execution of the King. 1 Feb Declaration of war against England and Holland. Mar Tribunal created in Paris (later called the Revolutionary Tribunal). 6 Apr Creation of the Committee of Public Safety. 27 Jul Robespierre elected to the Committee of Public Safety. 5 Sep-27 Jul 1794 Reign of Terror. 11 Sep Creation of Revolutionary Army of Paris. 16 Oct Trial and execution of Marie Antoinette. 24-31 Oct Trial and execution of the Girondins. \B1794 5 Apr Execution of the Cordeliers, including Danton. 24 Mar Execution of the HΘbertists. 8 Jun Inaugural Feast of the Supreme Being and of Nature. 27 Jul (9 Thermidor) Fall of Robespierre. 19 Nov Closure of the Club des Jacobins. \B1795 21 Feb Separation of Church and State. 31 May Suppression of the Revolutionary Tribunal. 8 Jun Death of Louis XVII in the Temple. 5 Oct (13 VendΘmiaire) Royalists crushed by Bonaparte. 27 Oct-4 Nov Institution of the Directory. \B1799 9 Nov (18 Brumaire) Abolition of the Directory. # "Gabon Political Rulers and Leaders",158,0,0,0 [TABLE] Gabon Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-7 LΘon M'ba 1967- Omar (Albert-Bernard to 1973) Bongo \BPrime Minister 1960-75 \IAs President\i 1975-90 LΘon MΘbiame (MΘbiane) 1990-4 Casimir OyΘ M'ba 1994- Paulin Obame-Nguema # "Gaelic Football All-Ireland Championship Winners",159,0,0,0 [TABLE] Gaelic Football All-Ireland Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner First held 1887; takes place in Dublin on the third Sunday in September each year. 1985 Kerry 1986 Kerry 1987 Meath 1988 Meath 1989 Cork 1990 Cork 1991 Down 1992 Donegal 1994 County Derry 1995 Dublin 1996 Meath Most wins: (30), Kerry, 1903-4, 1909, 1913-14, 1924, 1926, 1929-32, 1937, 1939-41, 1946, 1953, 1955, 1959, 1962, 1969-70, 1975, 1978-81, 1984-6. # "Georgia Political Rulers and Leaders",160,0,0,0 [TABLE] Georgia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991-2 Zviad Gamsakhurdia 1992 \IMilitary Council\i (Tengiz Kitovani, Dzhaba Ioseliani) 1992- Eduard Shevardnadze \IChair of the Supreme Soviet\i \BPrime Minister 1992-3 Tengiz Sigua 1993- Otar Patatsia # "Germany Political Rulers and Leaders",161,0,0,0 [TABLE] Germany Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BGerman Empire \BMonarch 1881-1918 Wilhelm I \BChancellor 1900-9 Bernhard Heinrich, Prince von Bⁿlow 1909-17 Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 1917-18 Georg von Hefling 1918 Prince Max of Baden \BWeimar Republic \BChancellor 1918 Friedrich Ebert 1919-20 Philipp Scheidemann 1920-1 Konstantin Fehrenbach 1921-2 Karl Joseph Wirth 1922-3 Wilhelm Cuno 1923 Gustav Stresemann 1923-5 Wilhelm Marx 1925-6 Hans Luther 1926-8 Wilhelm Marx 1928-9 Herman Mⁿller 1929-32 Heinrich Brⁿning 1932 Franz von Papen 1932-3 Kurt von Schleicher 1933-45 Adolf Hitler (from 1934 \IFⁿhrer\i) \BGerman Democratic Republic (East Germany) \BPresident 1949-60 Wilhelm Pieck \BChairman of the Council of State 1960-73 Walter Ernst Karl Ulbricht 1973-6 Willi Stoph 1976-89 Erich Honecker 1989 Egon Krenz 1989-90 Gregor Gysi \IGeneral Secretary as Chairman \i \BPremier 1949-64 Otto Grotewohl 1964-73 Willi Stoph 1973-6 Horst Sindermann 1976-89 Willi Stoph 1989-90 Hans Modrow 1990 Lothar de MaiziΦre \BGerman Federal Republic (until 1990 West Germany) \BPresident 1949-59 Theodor Heuss 1959-69 Heinrich Lⁿbke 1969-74 Gustav Heinemann 1974-9 Walter Scheel 1979-84 Karl Carstens 1984-94 Richard von WeizsΣcker 1994- Roman Herzog \BChancellor 1949-63 Konrad Adenauer 1963-6 Ludwig Erhard 1966-9 Kurt Georg Kiesinger 1969-74 Willy Brandt 1974-82 Helmut Schmidt 1982- Helmut Kohl # "Ghana Political Rulers and Leaders",162,0,0,0 [TABLE] Ghana Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-6 Kwame Nkrumah \BNational Liberation Council \BChairman 1966-9 Joseph Arthur Ankrah 1969 Akwasi Amankwa Afrifa 1969-70 \IPresidential Committee \i \BPresident 1970-2 Edward Akufo-Addo \BChairman 1972-8 \INational Redemption Council\i (Ignatius Kuti Acheampong) 1978-9 \ISupreme Military Council\i (Fred W Akuffo) 1979 \IArmed Forces Revolutionary Council\i (Jerry John Rawlings) \BPresident 1979-81 Hilla Limann 1992- John Jerry Rawlings \BProvisional National Defence Council \BChairman 1981-92 Jerry John Rawlings \BPrime Minister 1960-9 As President 1969-72 Kufi Abrefa Busia 1972-8 \IAs President\i 1978- \INo Prime Minister\i # "Gliding World Championship Winners",163,0,0,0 [TABLE] Gliding World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner First held in 1937; current classes are Open, Standard and 15 metres; the Open class is the principal event, held every two years until 1978 and again since 1981. 1976 George Lee (Great Britain) 1978 George Lee (Great Britain) 1981 George Lee (Great Britain) 1983 Ingo Renner (Australia) 1985 Ingo Renner (Australia) 1987 Ingo Renner (Australia) 1989 Robin May (Great Britain) 1991 Janusz Centka (Poland) 1993 Andy Davis (Great Britain) 1995 Raymond Lynskey (New Zealand) Most wins: (3), George Lee and Ingo Renner, as above. # "Golf Champions",164,0,0,0 [TABLE] Golf Champions \BYear \BWinner \BBritish Open First held at Prestwick in 1860, and won by Willie Park; takes place annually; regarded as the world's leading golf tournament. 1986 Greg Norman (Australia) 1987 Nick Faldo (Great Britain) 1988 Severiano Ballesteros (Spain) 1989 Mark Calcavecchia (USA) 1990 Nick Faldo (Great Britain) 1991 Ian Baker-Finch (Australia) 1992 Nick Faldo (Great Britain) 1993 Greg Norman (Australia) 1994 Nick Price (Zimbabwe) 1995 John Daley (USA) 1996 Tom Lehman (USA) Most wins: (6), Harry Vardon (Great Britain), 1896, 1898-9, 1903, 1911, 1914. \BUnited States Open First held at Newport, Rhode Island in 1895, and won by Horace Rawlins; takes place annually. 1985 Andy North (USA) 1986 Ray Floyd (USA) 1987 Scott Simpson (USA) 1988 Curtis Strange (USA) 1989 Curtis Strange (USA) 1990 Hale Irwin (USA) 1991 Payne Stewart (USA) 1992 Tom Kite (USA) 1993 Lee Janzen (USA) 1994 Ernie Els (South Africa) 1995 Cory Pavin (USA) 1996 Steve Jones (USA) 1997 Ernie Els (South Africa) Most wins: (4), Willie Anderson (USA), 1901, 1903-5; Bobby Jones (USA), 1923, 1926, 1929-30; Ben Hogan (USA), 1948, 1950-1, 1953; Jack Nicklaus (USA), 1962, 1967, 1972, 1980. \BUS Masters First held in 1934; takes place at the Augusta National course in Georgia every April. 1985 Bernhard Langer (West Germany) 1986 Jack Nicklaus (USA) 1987 Larry Mize (USA) 1988 Sandy Lyle (Great Britain) 1989 Nick Faldo (Great Britain) 1990 Nick Faldo (Great Britain) 1991 Ian Woosnam (Great Britain) 1992 Fred Couples (USA) 1993 Bernhard Langer (Germany) 1994 JosΘ Marφa Olßzabal (Spain) 1995 Ben Crenshaw (USA) 1996 Nick Faldo (Great Britain) 1997 Tiger Woods (USA) Most wins: (6), Jack Nicklaus (USA), 1963, 1965-6, 1972, 1975, 1986. \BUnited States PGA championship The last of the season's four 'Majors'; first held in 1916, and a match-play event until 1958; takes place annually. 1986 Bob Tway (USA) 1987 Larry Nelson (USA) 1988 Jeff Sluman (USA) 1989 Payne Stewart (USA) 1990 Wayne Grady (Australia) 1991 John Daly (USA) 1992 Nick Price (Zimbabwe) 1993 Paul Azinger (USA) 1994 Nick Price (Zimbabwe) 1995 Steve Elkington (Australia) 1996 Mark Brooks (USA) Most wins: (5), Walter Hagen (USA), 1921, 1924-7; Jack Nicklaus (USA), 1963, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1980. \BRyder Cup The leading international team tournament; first held at Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1927; takes place every two years between teams from the USA and Europe (Great Britain 1927-71; Great Britain and Ireland 1973-7). 1973 USA 1975 USA 1977 USA 1979 USA 1981 USA 1983 USA 1985 Europe 1987 Europe 1989 Drawn 1991 USA 1993 USA 1995 Europe Wins: (23) USA between 1927 and 1993. (3), Great Britain, 1929, 1933, 1957. (3), Europe, 1985, 1987, 1995. (2), Drawn, 1969, 1989. # "Greece Political Rulers and Leaders",165,0,0,0 [TABLE] Greece Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1863-1913 Georgios I 1913-17 Konstantinos I 1917-20 Alexandros 1920-2 Konstantinos I 1922-3 Georgios II 1923-4 Pavlos Koundouriotis \IRegent\i \BRepublic \BPresident 1924-6 Pavlos Koundouriotis 1926 Theodoros Pangalos 1926-9 Pavlos Koundouriotis 1929-35 Alexandros T Za∩mis \BMonarch 1935 Georgios Kondylis \IRegent\i 1935-47 Georgios II 1947-64 Pavlos I 1964-7 Konstantinos (Constantine) II 1967-73 \IMilitary Junta\i 1973 Georgios Papadopoulos Regent \BRepublic \BPresident 1973 Georgios Papadopoulos 1973-4 Phaedon Gizikis 1974-5 Michael Stasinopoulos 1975-80 Konstantinos Tsatsos 1980-5 Konstantinos Karamanlis 1985-90 Christos Sartzetaki 1990-5 Konstantinos Karamanlis 1995- Kostas Stephanopoulos \BPrime Minister 1899-1901 Georgios Theotokis 1901-2 Alexandros Thrasyboulos Za∩mis 1902-3 Theodoros Deligiannis 1903 Georgios Theotokis 1903 Dimitrios Georgios Rallis 1903-4 Georgios Theotokis 1904-5 Theodoros Deligiannis 1905 Dimitrios Georgios Rallis 1905-9 Georgios Theotokis 1909 Dimitrios Georgios Rallis 1909-10 Kyriakoulis P Mavromichalis 1910 Stephanos Nikolaos Dragoumis 1910-15 Eleutherios K Venizelos 1915 Dimitrios P Gounaris 1915 Eleutherios K Venizelos 1915 Alexandros Thrasyboulos Za∩mis 1915-16 Stephanos Skouloudis 1916 Alexandros Thrasyboulos Za∩mis 1916 Nikolaos P Kalogeropoulos 1916-17 Spyridon Lambros 1917 Alexandros Thrasyboulos Za∩mis 1917-20 Eleutherios K Venizelos 1920-1 Dimitrios Georgios Rallis 1921 Nikolaos P Kalogeropoulos 1921-2 Dimitrios P Gounaris 1922 Nikolaos Stratos 1922 Petros E Protopapadakis 1922 Nikolaos Triandaphyllakos 1922 Sotirios Krokidas 1922 Alexandros Thrasyboulos Za∩mis 1922-3 Stylianos Gonatas 1924 Eleutherios K Venizelos 1924 Georgios Kaphandaris 1924 Alexandros Papanastasiou 1924 Themistocles Sophoulis 1924-5 Andreas Michalakopoulos 1925-6 Alexandros N Chatzikyriakos 1926 Theodoros Pangalos 1926 Athanasius Eftaxias 1926 Georgios Kondylis 1926-8 Alexandros Thrasyboulos Za∩mis 1928-32 Eleutherios K Venizelos 1932 Alexandros Papanastasiou 1932 Eleutherios K Venizelos 1932-3 Panagiotis Tsaldaris 1933 Eleutherios K Venizelos 1933 Nikolaos Plastiras 1933 Alexandros Othonaos 1933-5 Panagiotis Tsaldaris 1935 Georgios Kondylis 1935-6 Konstantinos Demertzis 1936-41 Yanni Metaxas 1941 Alexandros Koryzis 1941 \IChairman of Ministers\i Georgios (George) II 1941 \IGerman occupation\i (Emmanuel Tsouderos) 1941-2 Georgios Tsolakoglou 1942-3 Konstantinos Logothetopoulos 1943-4 Ioannis Rallis \BGovernment in Exile 1941-4 Emmanuel Tsouderos 1944 Sophocles Venizelos 1944-5 Georgios Papandreou \BPost-war 1945 Nicholaos Plastiras 1945 Petros Voulgaris 1945 Damaskinos, Archbishop of Athens 1945 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos 1945-6 Themistocles Sophoulis 1946 Panagiotis Politzas 1946-7 Konstantinos Tsaldaris 1947 Dimitrios Maximos 1947 Konstantinos Tsaldaris 1947-9 Themistocles Sophoulis 1949-50 Alexandros Diomedes 1950 Ioannis Theotokis 1950 Sophocles Venizelos 1950 Nicholaos Plastiras 1950-1 Sophocles Venizelos 1951 Nicholaos Plastiras 1952 Dimitrios Kiousopoulos 1952-5 Alexandros Papagos 1955 Stephanos C Stephanopoulos 1955-8 Konstantinos Karamanlis 1958 Konstantinos Georgakopoulos 1958-61 Konstantinos Karamanlis 1961 Konstantinos Dovas 1961-3 Konstantinos Karamanlis 1963 Panagiotis Pipinellis 1963 Stylianos Mavromichalis 1963 Georgios Papandreou 1963-4 Ioannis Paraskevopoulos 1964-5 Georgios Papandreou 1965 Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas 1965 Elias Tsirimokos 1965-6 Stephanos C Stephanopoulos 1966-7 Ioannis Paraskevopoulos 1967 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos 1967-74 \IMilitary junta\i 1967 Konstantinos Kollias 1967-73 Georgios Papadopoulos 1973 Spyridon Markezinis 1973-4 Adamantios Androutsopoulos 1974-80 Constantine Karamanlis 1980-1 Georgios Rallis 1981-9 Andreas Georgios Papandreou 1989 Tzannis Tzannetakis 1989-90 Xenofon Zolotas 1990-3 Konstantinos Mitsotakis 1993-6 Andreas Papandreou 1996- Kostas Simitis # "Grenada Political Rulers and Leaders",166,0,0,0 [TABLE] Grenada Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader Chief of State: British monarch, represented by Governor-General \BPrime Minister 1974-9 Eric M Gairy 1979-83 Maurice Bishop 1983-4 Nicholas Brathwaite \IChairman of Interim Council\i 1984-9 Herbert A Blaize 1989-90 Ben Jones Acting 1990-5 Nicholas Brathwaite 1995 George Brizan 1995- Keith Mitchell # "Greyhound Racing Champions",167,0,0,0 [TABLE] Greyhound Racing Champions \BYear \BWinner \BGreyhound Derby The top race of the British season, first held in 1927; run at the White City every year (except 1940) until its closure in 1985; since then all races run at Wimbledon. 1985 Pagan Swallow 1986 Tico 1987 Signal Spark 1988 Hit the Lid 1989 Lartigue Note 1990 Slippy Blue 1991 Ballinderry Ash 1992 Farloe Melody 1993 Arfur Daley 1994 Ringa Hustle 1995 Moaning Lad 1996 Shanless Slippy Most wins: (2), Mick the Miller, 1929-30; Patricia's Hope, 1972-3. # "Guatemala Political Rulers and Leaders",168,0,0,0 [TABLE] Guatemala Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1898-1920 Manuel Estrada Cabrera 1920-2 Carlos Herrera y Luna 1922-6 JosΘ Marφa Orellana 1926-30 Lßzaro Chac≤n 1930 Baudillo Palma 1930-1 Manuel Marφa Orellana 1931 JosΘ Marφa Reyna Andrade 1931-44 Jorge Ubico Casta±eda 1944 Federico Ponce Vaidez 1944-5 Jacobo Arbenz Guzmßn 1945-51 Juan JosΘ ArΘvalo 1951-4 Jacobo Arbenz Guzmßn 1954 \IMilitary Junta\i (Carlos Dφaz) 1954 Elfego J Monz≤n 1954-7 Carlos Castillo Armas 1957 \IMilitary Junta\i (Oscar Mendoza Azurdia) 1957 Luis Arturo Gonzßlez L≤pez 1957-8 \IMilitary Junta\i (Guillermo Flores Avenda±o) 1958-63 Miguel Ydφgoras Fuentes 1963-6 \IMilitary Junta\i (Enrique Peralta Azurdia) 1966-70 Julio CΘsar MΘndez Montenegro 1970-4 Carlos Ara±a Osorio 1974-8 Kyell Eugenio Laugerua Garcφa 1978-82 Romeo Lucas Garcφa 1982 Angel Anφbal Guevara 1982-3 Efraφn Rios Montt 1983-6 Oscar Humberto Mejφa Victores 1986-91 Marco Vinicio Cerezo ArΘvalo 1991-3 Jorge Serrano Elias 1993-6 Ramiro de LΘon Carpio 1996- Alvaro Arz· Irigoyen # "Guinea Political Rulers and Leaders",169,0,0,0 [TABLE] Guinea Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1961-84 Ahmed SΘkou TourΘ 1984- Lansana ContΘ \BPrime Minister 1958-72 Ahmed SΘkou TourΘ 1972-84 Louis Lansana Beavogui 1984-5 Diarra Traore 1985- \INo Prime Minister\i 1996- Sidia Toure # "Guinea-Bissau Political Rulers and Leaders",170,0,0,0 [TABLE] Guinea-Bissau Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1974-80 Luis de Almeida Cabral 1980-4 \IRevolutionary Council\i (Joπo Bernardo Vieira) 1984- Joπo Bernardo Vieira \BPrime Minister 1992-4 Carlos Correia 1994- Manuel Saturnino da Costa # "Guyana Political Rulers and Leaders",171,0,0,0 [TABLE] Guyana Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1970- Edward A Luckhoo 1970-80 Arthur Chung 1980-5 (Linden) Forbes (Sampson) Burnham 1985-92 (Hugh) Desmond Hoyte 1992- Cheddi Bharrat Jagan \BPrime Minister 1966-85 (Linden) Forbes (Sampson) Burnham 1985-92 Hamilton Green 1992- Samuel Hinds # "Gymnastics World Championship Winners",172,0,0,0 [TABLE] Gymnastics World Championship Winners \BYear \BIndividual Winner (Men) \BTeam Winner (Men) \BIndividual Winner (Women) \BTeam Winner (Women) First held in 1903; took place every four years, 1922-78; since 1979, usually every two years. 1979 Aleksandr Ditiatin (USSR) USSR Nelli Kim (USSR) Romania 1981 Yuri Korolev (USSR) USSR Olga Bitcherova (USSR) USSR 1983 Dmitri Belozerchev (USSR) China Natalia Yurchenko (USSR) USSR 1985 Yuri Korolev (USSR) USSR Yelena Shoushounova (USSR) and Oksana Omeliantchuk (USSR) USSR 1987 Dmitri Belozerchev (USSR) USSR Aurelia Dobre (Romania) Romania 1989 Igor Korobichensky (USSR) USSR Svetlana Boginskaya (USSR) USSR 1991 Grigoriy Sutin (USSR) USSR Kim Zmeskal (USA) USSR 1993 Vitaly Shcherbo (Belarus) no team prize Shannon Miller (USA) no team prize 1994 Ivan Ivankov (Belarus) China Shannon Miller (USA) Romania 1995 Li Xiaoshuang (China) China Lilia Podkopayeva (Ukraine) Romania Most wins: Individual Men (2), Marco TorrΦs (France), 1909, 1913; Peter Sumi (Yugoslavia), 1922, 1926; Yuri Korolev, Dmitri Belozerchev, as above. Individual Team (8), USSR, as above, plus 1954, 1958, 1979. Individual Women(2), Vlasta Dekanovß (Czechoslovakia), 1934, 1938; Larissa Latynina (USSR), 1958, 1962; Vera Caslavska, 1962, 1966; Ludmila Tourischeva, 1970, 1974, Shannon Miller (USA) 1993, 1994. Team Women (10), USSR, 1954, 1958 and as above. # "Haiti Political Rulers and Leaders",173,0,0,0 [TABLE] Haiti Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1896-1902 P A TirΘsias Simon Lam 1902 Boisrond Canal 1902-8 Alexis Nord 1908-11 Antoine Simon 1911-12 Michel Cincinnatus Leconte 1912-13 TancrΦde Auguste 1913-14 Michael Oreste 1914 Oreste Zamor 1914-15 Joseph Davilmare ThΘodore 1915 Jean Velbrun-Guillaume 1915-22 Philippe Sudre Dartiguenave 1922-30 Joseph Louis Born≤ 1930 ╔tienne Roy 1930-41 StΘnio Joseph Vincent 1941-6 ╔lie Lescot 1946 \IMilitary Junta\i (Frank Lavaud) 1946-50 Dumarsais EstimΘ 1950 \IMilitary Junta\i (Frank Lavaud) 1950-6 Paul E Magloire 1956-7 Franτois Sylvain 1957 Military Junta 1957 LΘon Cantave 1957 Daniel FignolΘ 1957 Antoine Kebreau 1957-71 Franτois Duvalier ('Papa Doc') 1971-86 Jean-Claude Duvalier ('Baby Doc') 1986-8 Henri Namphy 1988 Leslie Manigat 1988 Henri Namphy 1988-90 Prosper Avril 1990 Ertha Pascal-Trouillot Interim 1990-1 Jean Bertrand Aristide 1991-2 Joseph Nerette Interim 1992-4 Marc Bazin 1994-6 Jean Bertrand Aristide 1996- RenΘ PrΘval \BPrime Minister 1992-3 Marc Bazin 1993-5 Robert Malval 1995-6 Claudette Werleigh 1996- Rosny Smarth # "Handball World Championship Winners",174,0,0,0 [TABLE] Handball World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner First men's championships held in 1938, both indoors and outdoors (latter discontinued in 1966); first women's outdoor championships in 1949, (discontinued in 1960); first women's indoor championships in 1957. \BIndoors: Men 1954 Sweden 1958 Sweden 1961 Romania 1964 Romania 1967 Czechoslovakia 1970 Romania 1974 Romania 1978 West Germany 1982 USSR 1986 Yugoslavia 1990 Sweden 1993 Russia 1995 France Most wins: (4), Romania, as above. \BIndoors: Women 1962 Romania 1965 Hungary 1971 East Germany 1973 Yugoslavia 1975 East Germany 1979 East Germany 1982 USSR 1986 USSR 1990 USSR 1993 Germany 1995 Germany Most wins: (3), E Germany and USSR, as above. # "Hang Gliding World Championship Winners",175,0,0,0 [TABLE] Hang Gliding World Championship Winners \BYear \BIndividual Winner Class 1 \BTeam Winner First held officially in 1976; since 1979, take place every two years. 1979 Josef Guggenmose (W Germany) France 1981 Pepe Lopez (Brazil) Great Britain 1983 Steve Moyes (Australia) Australia 1985 John Pendry (Great Britain) Great Britain 1987 Rich Duncan (Australia) Australia 1989 Robert Whittall (Great Britain) Great Britain 1991 Tomßs Suchanek (Czechoslovakia) Great Britain 1993 Tomßs Suchanek (Czech Republic) USA 1995 Tomßs Suchanek (Czech Republic) Austria Most wins: Individual, Tomßs Suchanek (Czech Republic), as above. Team (4), Great Britain, as above. # "Hindu Festivals",176,0,0,0 [TABLE] Hindu Festivals \BHindu Month \BFortnight \BFestival S = Sukla, 'waxing fortnight'. K = Krishna 'waning fortnight'. Caitra S 9 Ramanavami (Birthday of Lord Rama) Asadha S 2 Rathayatra (Pilgrimage of the Chariot at Jagannath) Sravana S 11-15 Jhulanayatra ('Swinging the Lord Krishna') Sravana S 15 Rakshabandhana ('Tying on lucky threads') Bhadrapada K 8 Janamashtami (Birthday of Lord Krishna) Asvina S 7-10 Durga-puja (Homage to Goddess Durga) (Bengal) Asvina S 1-10 Navaratri (Festival of 'Nine Nights') Asvina S 15 Lakshmi-puja (Homage to Goddess Lakshmi) Asvina K 15 Diwali, Dipavali ('String of lights') Kartikka S 15 Guru Nanak Jananti (Birthday of Guru Nanak) Magha K 5 Sarasvati-puja (Homage to Goddess Sarasvati) Magha K 13 Maha-sivaratri (Great Night of Lord Shiva) Phalguna S 14 Holi (Festival of fire) Phalguna S 15 Dolayatra (Swing Festival) (Bengal) # "Hockey Champions",177,0,0,0 [TABLE] Hockey Champions \BYear \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) \BWorld Cup Men's tournament first held in 1971, and every four years since 1978; women's tournament first held in 1974, and now takes place every four years. 1973 Netherlands - 1975 India - 1976 - West Germany 1978 Pakistan Netherlands 1981 - West Germany 1982 Pakistan - 1983 - Netherlands 1986 Australia Netherlands 1990 Netherlands Netherlands 1994 Pakistan Netherlands Most wins: Men (4), Pakistan, as above, plus 1971. Women: (6), Netherlands, 1974 and as above. \BOlympic Games Regarded as hockey's leading competition; first held in 1908; included at every celebration since 1928; women's competition first held in 1980. 1952 India - 1956 India - 1960 Pakistan - 1964 India - 1968 Pakistan - 1972 W Germany - 1976 New Zealand - 1980 India Zimbabwe 1984 Pakistan Netherlands 1988 Great Britain Australia 1992 Germany Spain 1996 Netherlands Australia Most wins: Men (8), India, 1928, 1932, 1936 and as above. Women (2) Australia, as above. # "Honduras Political Rulers and Leaders",178,0,0,0 [TABLE] Honduras Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1900-3 Terencio Sierra 1903 Juan Angel Arias 1903-7 Manuel Bonilla Chirinos 1907-11 Miguel E Dßvila 1911-12 Francisco Bertrand 1912-13 Manuel Bonilla Chirinos 1913-19 Francisco Bertrand 1919-24 Rafael L≤pez GutiΘrrez 1924-5 Vicente Tosta Carrasco 1925-8 Miguel Paz Barahona 1929-33 Vicente Mejφa Clindres 1933-49 Tiburcio Carφas Andino 1949-54 Juan Manuel Gßlvez \BHead of State 1954-6 Julio Lozano Diaz 1956-7 \IMilitary Junta\i \BPresident 1958-63 JosΘ Ram≤n Villeda Morales \BHead of State 1963-5 Oswaldo L≤pez Arellano \BPresident 1965-71 Oswaldo L≤pez Arellano 1971-2 Ram≤n Ernesto Cruz \BHead of State 1972-5 Oswaldo L≤pez Arellano 1975-8 Juan Alberto Melgar Castro 1978-80 Policarpo Paz Garcφa \BPresident 1982-6 Roberto Suazo C≤rdova 1986-90 JosΘ Azcona Hoyo 1990-4 Rafael Callejas Romero 1994- Carlos Roberto Reina # "Horse Racing Champions",179,0,0,0 [TABLE] Horse Racing Champions \BYear \BWinning Horse (Jockey) \BThe Derby The 'Blue Riband' of the Turf; run at Epsom over 1.5 miles; first run in 1780. 1985 Slip Anchor (Steve Cauthen) 1986 Shahrastani (Walter Swinburn) 1987 Reference Point (Steve Cauthen) 1988 Kahyasi (Ray Cochrane) 1989 Nashwan (Willie Carson) 1990 Quest for Fame (Pat Eddery) 1991 Generous (Alan Munro) 1992 Dr Devious (John Reid) 1993 Commander-In-Chief (Michael Kinane) 1994 Erhaab (Willie Carson) 1995 Lammtarra (Walter Swinburn) 1996 Shaamit (Michael Hills) 1997 Benny the Dip (Willie Ryan) Most wins: Jockey (9), Lester Piggott, 1954, 1957, 1960, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1976-7, 1983. \BThe Oaks Raced at Epsom over 1.5 miles; for fillies only; first run in 1779. 1985 Oh So Sharp (Steve Cauthen) 1986 Midway Lady (Ray Cochrane) 1987 Unite (Walter Swinburn) 1988 Diminuendo (Steve Cauthen) 1989 Snow Bride (Steve Cauthen) 1990 Salsabil (Willie Carson) 1991 Jet Ski Lady (Christy Roche) 1992 User Friendly (George Duffield) 1993 Intrepidity (Michael Roberts) 1994 Balanchine (Lanfranco Dettori) 1995 Moonshell (Lanfranco Dettori) 1996 Lady Carla (Pat Eddery) 1997 Reams of Verse (Kieren Fallon) Most wins: Jockey (9), Frank Buckle, 1797-9, 1802-3, 1805, 1817-18, 1823. \BOne Thousand Guineas Run over 1 mile at Newmarket; for fillies only; first run in 1814. 1985 Oh So Sharp (Steve Cauthen) 1986 Midway Lady (Ray Cochrane) 1987 Miesque (Freddy Head) 1988 Ravinella (Gary Moore) 1989 Musical Bliss (Walter Swinburn) 1990 Salsabil (Willie Carson) 1991 Shadayid (Willie Carson) 1992 Hatoof (Walter Swinburn) 1993 Sayyedati (Walter Swinburn) 1994 Las Meninas (John Reid) 1995 Harayir (Richard Hills) 1996 Bosra Sham (Pat Eddery) 1997 Sleepytime (Kieren Fallon) Most wins: Jockey (7), George Fordham, 1859, 1861, 1865, 1868-9, 1881, 1883. \BTwo Thousand Guineas Run at Newmarket over 1 mile; first run in 1809. 1985 Shadeed (Lester Piggott) 1986 Dancing Brave (Greville Starkey) 1987 Don't Forget Me (Willie Carson) 1988 Doyoun (Walter Swinburn) 1989 Nashwan (Willie Carson) 1990 Tiroi (Michael Kinane) 1991 Mystiko (Michael Roberts) 1992 Rodrigo de Triano (Lester Piggott) 1993 Zafonic (Pat Eddery) 1994 Mister Baileys (Jason Weaver) 1995 Pennekamp (Thierry Jarnet) 1996 Mark of Esteem (Lanfranco Dettori) 1997 Entrepreneur (Michael Kinane) Most wins: Jockey (9), Jem Robinson, 1825, 1828, 1831, 1833-6, 1847-8. \BSt Leger The oldest of the five English classics; first run in 1776; raced at Doncaster annually over 1 mile 6 furlongs 127 yards. 1985 Oh So Sharp (Steve Cauthen) 1986 Moon Madness (Pat Eddery) 1987 Reference Point (Steve Cauthen) 1988 Minster Son (Willie Carson) 1989 Michelozzo (Steve Cauthen) 1990 Snurge (Richard Quinn) 1991 Toulon (Pat Eddery) 1992 User Friendly (George Duffield) 1993 Bob's Return (Philip Robinson) 1994 Moonax (Pat Eddery) 1995 Classic Cliche (Lanfranco Dettori) 1996 Shantou (Lanfranco Dettori) Most wins: Jockey (9), Bill Scott, 1821, 1825, 1828-9, 1831, 1846. \BGrand National Steeplechasing's most famous race; first run at Maghull in 1836; at Aintree since 1839, wartime races at Gatwick 1916-18. 1985 Last Suspect (Hywel Davies) 1986 West Tip (Richard Dunwoody) 1987 Maori Venture (Steve Knight) 1988 Rhyme 'N' Reason (Brendan Powell) 1989 Little Polveir (Jimmy Frost) 1990 Mr Frisk (Marcus Armytage) 1991 Seagram (Nigel Hawke) 1992 Party Politics (Carl Llewellyn) 1993 Race void due to false starts 1994 Minnehoma (Richard Dunwoody) 1995 Royal Athlete (Jason Titley) 1996 Rough Quest (Mick Fitzgerald) Most wins: Jockey (5), George Stevens, 1856, 1863-4, 1869-70. Horse (3), Red Rum 1973-4, 1977. \BPrix de l'Arc de Triomphe The leading end of season race in Europe; raced over 2400 metres at Longchamp; first run in 1920. 1985 Rainbow Quest (Pat Eddery) 1986 Dancing Brave (Pat Eddery) 1987 Trempolino (Pat Eddery) 1988 Tony Bin (John Reid) 1989 Caroll House (Michael Kinane) 1990 Saumarez (Gerald Mosse) 1991 Suave Dancer (Cash Asmussen) 1992 Subotica (Thierry Jarnet) 1993 Urban Sea (Eric Saint-Martin) 1994 Carnegie (Sylvan Guillot) 1995 Lammtarra (Lanfranco Dettori) 1996 Helissio (Oliver Peslier) Most wins: Jockey (4), Jacko Doyasbere, 1942, 1944, 1950-1; Freddy Head, 1966, 1972, 1976 1979; Yves Saint-Martin, 1970, 1974 1982, 1984; Pat Eddery. Horse (2), Ksar, 1921-2; Motrico, 1930, 1932; Corrida, 1936-7; TantiΦme, 1950-1; Ribot, 1955-6; Alleged 1977-8. # "Humidity Levels and Temperature",180,0,0,0 [TABLE] Humidity Levels and Temperature Temp (░C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Vapour pressure (mm of mercury) 4.58 6.54 9.20 12.78 17.51 23.69 31.71 42.02 55.13 Vapour pressure (millibars) 6.03 8.61 12.11 16.81 23.04 31.17 41.72 55.29 72.54 Grams of water / cubic metre 4.84 6.76 9.33 12.71 17.12 22.80 30.04 39.18 50.70 # "Hungary Political Rulers and Leaders",181,0,0,0 [TABLE] Hungary Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1900-1916 Franz Josef I 1916-18 Charles IV \BPresident 1919 Mihßly Kßrolyi 1919 \IRevolutionary Governing Council\i (Sßndor Garbai) 1920-44 Mikl≤s Horthy Regent 1944-5 \IProvisional National Assembly\i 1946-8 Zoltßn Tildy 1948-50 Arpßd Szakasits 1950-2 Sßndor R≤nai 1952-67 Istvßn Dobi 1967-87 Pßl Losonczi 1987-8 Kßroly NΘmeth 1988-9 Brun≤ Ferenc Straub 1989-90 Mßtyßs Sz·r÷s 1990- ┴rpßd G÷ncz \BPremier 1899-1903 Kßlmßn SzΘll 1903 Kßroly Khuen-HΘdervßry 1903-5 Istvßn Tisza 1905-6 GΘza FejΘrvßry 1906-10 Sßndor Wekerle 1910-12 Kßroly Khuen-HΘdervßry 1912-13 Lßszl≤ Lukßcs 1913-17 Istvßn Tisza 1917 M≤ric Esterhßzy 1917-18 Sßndor Wekerle 1918-19 Mihßly Kßrolyi 1919 DΘnes Berinkey 1919 \IRevolutionary Governing Council\i 1919 Gyula Peidl 1919 Istvßn Friedrich 1919-20 Kßroly Huszßr 1920 Sßndor Simonyi-Semadam 1920-1 Pßl Teleki 1921-31 Istvßn Bethlen 1931-2 Gyula Kßrolyi 1932-6 Gyula G÷mb÷s 1936-8 Kßlmßn Darßnyi 1938-9 BΘla ImrΘdy 1939-41 Pßl Teleki 1941-2 Lßszl≤ Bßrdossy 1942-4 Mikl≤s Kßllay 1944 D÷me Szt≤jay 1944 GΘza Lakatos 1944 Ferenc Szßlasi 1944-5 \IProvisional National Assembly\i (BΘla Mikl≤s Dßlnoki) 1945-6 Zoltßn Tildy 1946-7 Ferenc Nagy 1947-8 Lajos DinnyΘs 1948-52 Istvßn Dobi 1952-3 Mßtyßs Rßkosi 1953-5 Imre Nagy 1955-6 Andrßs Hegedⁿs 1956 Imre Nagy 1956-8 Jßnos Kßdßr 1958-61 Ferenc Mⁿnnich 1961-5 Jßnos Kßdßr 1965-7 Gyula Kßllai 1967-75 Jen÷ Fock 1975-87 Gy÷rgy Lßzßr 1987-8 Kßroly Grosz 1988-90 Mikl≤s NΘmeth 1990-3 J≤zsef Antall 1993-4 Peter Boros 1994- Gyula Horn \BFirst Secretary 1949-56 Mßtyßs Rßkosi 1956 Ern÷ Ger÷ 1956-88 Jßnos Kßdßr 1988-9 Kßroly Gr≤sz # "Hurling All-Ireland Championship Winners",182,0,0,0 [TABLE] Hurling All-Ireland Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner First contested in 1887; played on the first Sunday in September each year. 1983 Kilkenny 1984 Cork 1985 Offaly 1986 Cork 1987 Galway 1988 Galway 1989 Tipperary 1990 Cork 1991 Tipperary 1992 Limerick 1993 Kilkenny 1994 Offaly 1995 Clare 1996 Wexford Most wins: (27), Cork, 1890, 1892-4, 1902-3, 1919, 1926, 1928-9, 1931, 1941-4, 1946, 1952-4, 1966, 1970, 1976-8, 1984, 1986, 1990. # "Ice Hockey Champions",183,0,0,0 [TABLE] Ice Hockey Champions \BYear \BWinner \BWorld Championship First held in 1930; takes place annually (except 1980); up to 1968 Olympic champions also regarded as world champions. 1984 USSR 1985 Czechoslovakia 1986 USSR 1987 Sweden 1988 USSR 1989 USSR 1990 USSR 1991 Sweden 1992 Sweden 1993 Russia 1994 Canada 1995 Finland 1996 Czech Republic 1997 Canada Most wins: (24), USSR, 1954, 1956, 1963-71, 1973-5, 1978-9, 1983 and as above. \BStanley Cup The most sought-after trophy at club level; the end-of-season meeting between the winners of the two conferences in the National Hockey League in the USA and Canada. 1985 Edmonton Oilers 1986 Montreal Canadiens 1987 Edmonton Oilers 1988 Edmonton Oilers 1989 Calgary Flames 1990 Edmonton Oilers 1991 Pittsburgh Penguins 1992 Pittsburgh Penguins 1993 Montreal Canadiens 1994 New York Rangers 1995 New Jersey Devils 1996 Colorado Avalanche 1997 Detroit Red Wings Most wins: (24), Montreal Canadiens, 1916, 1924, 1930-1, 1944, 1946, 1953, 1956-60, 1965-6, 1968-9, 1971, 1973, 1976-9, 1986, 1993. # "Ice Skating World Championship Winners",184,0,0,0 [TABLE] Ice Skating World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) \BWinner (Pairs) \BWinner (Ice Dance) First men's championships in 1896; first women's event in 1906; pairs first contested in 1908; ice dance officially recognized in 1952. 1985 Alexander Fadeyev (USSR) Katarina Witt (East Germany) Yelena Valova/Oleg Vasiliev (USSR) Natalya Bestemianova/Andrey Bukin (USSR) 1986 Brian Boitano (USA) Debbie Thomas (USA) Yekaterina Gordeeva/ Sergey Grinkov (USSR) Natalya Bestemianova/ Andrey Bukin (USSR) 1987 Brian Orser (Canada) Katarina Witt (East Germany) Yekaterina Gordeeva/ Sergey Grinkov (USSR) Natalya Bestemianova/ Andrey Bukin (USSR) 1988 Brian Boitano (USA) Katarina Witt (East Germany) Yelena Valova/ Oleg Vasiliev (USSR) Natalya Bestemianova/ Andrey Bukin (USSR) 1989 Kurt Browning (Canada) Midori Ito (Japan) Yekaterina Gordeeva/ Sergey Grinkov (USSR) Marina Klimova/ Sergey Ponomarenko (USSR) 1990 Kurt Browning (Canada) Jill Trenary (USA) Yekaterina Gordeeva/ Sergey Grinkov (USSR) Marina Klimova/ Sergey Ponomarenko (USSR) 1991 Kurt Browning (Canada) Kristi Yamaguchi (USA) Natalya Mishkutienko/ Artur Grinkov (USSR) Isabelle and Paul Duchesnay (France) 1992 Viktor Petrenko (Unified Team) Kristi Yamaguchi (USA) Natalya Mishkutienko/ Artur Dmitriev (Unified Team) Marina Klimova/Sergey Ponomarenko 1993 Kurt Browning (Canada) Oksana Baiul (Ukraine) Isabelle Brasseur/ Lloyd Eisler (Canada) Maia Usova/Aleksander Zhulin (Unified Team) 1994 Aleksei Urmanov (Russia) Oksana Baiul (Ukraine) Yekaterina Gordeeva/ Sergey Grinkov (Russia) Oksana Grichtchuk/ Yevgeny Platov (Russia) 1995 Elvis Stojko (Canada) Lu Chen (China) Radka Kovarikova/Rene Novotny (Czech Republic) Oksana Grichtchuk/ Yevgeny Platov (Russia) 1996 Todd Eldredge (USA) Michelle Kwan (USA) Marina Eltsova/ Andrey Bushkov (Russia) Oksana Grichtchuk/ Yevgeny Platov (Russia) 1997 Elvis Stojko (Canada) Tara Lipinski (USA) Mandy Woetzel/Ingo Steuer (Germany) Oksana Grichtchuk/Yevgeny Platov (Russia) Most wins: Men(10), Ulrich Salchow (Sweden), 1901-5, 1907-11.Women: (10), Sonja Henie (Norway), 1927-36. Pairs: (10), Irina Rodnina (USSR), 1969-72 (with Aleksey Ulanov), 1973-8 (with Aleksander Zaitsev).Ice Dance: (6), Lyudmila Pakhomova/Aleksander Gorshkov (USSR), 1970-4,1976. # "Iceland Political Rulers and Leaders",185,0,0,0 [TABLE] Iceland Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1944-52 Sveinn Bj÷rnsson 1952-68 ┴sgeir ┴sgeirsson 1968-80 Kristjßn Eldjßrn 1980-96 Vigdφs Finnbogad≤ttir 1996- Olafur Ragnar Grimsson \BPrime Minister 1900-1 C Goos 1901-4 P A Alberti 1904-9 Hannes Hafstein 1909-11 Bj÷rn J≤nsson 1911-12 Kristjßn J≤nsson 1912-14 Hannes Hafstein 1914-15 Sigurdur Eggerz 1915-17 Einar Arn≤rsson 1917-22 J≤n Magn·sson 1922-4 Sigurdur Eggerz 1924-6 J≤n Magn·sson 1926-7 Jon Porlßksson 1927-32 Tryggvi P≤rhallsson 1932-4 ┴sgeir ┴sgeirsson 1934-42 Hermann J≤nasson 1942 ╙lafur Thors 1942-4 Bj÷rn P≤rdarsson 1944-7 ╙lafur Thors 1947-9 Stefßn J≤hann Stefßnsson 1949-50 ╙lafur Thors 1950-3 Steingrφmur Steinp≤rsson 1953-6 ╙lafur Thors 1956-8 Hermann J≤nasson 1958-9 Emil J≤nsson 1959-61 ╙lafur Thors 1961 Bjarni Benediktsson 1961-3 ╙lafur Thors 1963-70 Bjarni Benediktsson 1970-1 J≤hann Hafstein 1971-4 ╙lafur J≤hannesson 1974-8 Geir Hallgrφmsson 1978-9 ╙lafur J≤hannesson 1979 Benedikt Gr÷ndal 1980-3 Gunnar Thoroddsen 1983-7 Steingrφmur Hermannsson 1987-8 Thorsteinn Pßlsson 1988-91 Steingrφmur Hermannsson 1991- Davφd Oddsson # "India Political Rulers and Leaders",186,0,0,0 [TABLE] India Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1950-62 Rajendra Prasad 1962-7 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 1967-9 Zakir Husain 1969 Varahagiri Venkatagiri \IActing\i 1969 Mohammed Hidayatullah \IActing\i 1969-74 Varahagiri Venkatagiri 1974-7 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 1977 B D Jatti Acting 1977-82 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1982-7 Giani Zail Singh 1987-92 Ramaswami Venkataraman 1992- Shankar Dayal Sharma \BPrime Minister 1947-64 Jawaharlal Nehru 1964 Gulzari Lal Nanda \IActing\i 1964-6 Lal Bahadur Shastri 1966 Gulzari Lal Nanda \IActing\i 1966-77 Indira Gandhi 1977-9 Morarji Ranchhodji Desai 1979-80 Charan Singh 1980-4 Indira Gandhi 1984-9 Rajiv Gandhi 1989-90 Vishwanath Pratap Singh 1990-1 Chandra Shekhar 1991-6 P V Narasimha Rao 1996 Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1996-7 Deve Gowda 1997- Inder Kumar Gujral # "Indonesia Political Rulers and Leaders",187,0,0,0 [TABLE] Indonesia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1945-9 Ahmed Sukarno \BRepublic 1949-66 Ahmed Sukarno 1966- Thojib N J Suharto \BPrime Minister 1945 R A A Wiranatakusumah 1945-7 Sutan Sjahrir 1947-8 Amir Sjarifuddin 1948 Mohammed Hatta 1948-9 Sjarifuddin Prawiraranegara 1949 Susanto Tirtoprodjo 1949 Mohammed Hatta 1950 Dr Halim 1950-1 Mohammed Natsir 1951-2 Sukiman Wirjosandjojo 1952-3 Dr Wilopo 1953-5 Ali Sastroamidjojo 1955-6 Burhanuddin Harahap 1956-7 Ali Sastroamidjojo 1957-9 Raden Haji Djuanda Kurtawidjaja 1959-63 Ahmed Sukarno 1963-6 S E Subandrio 1966- \INo Prime Minister\i # "International Car Index Marks",188,0,0,0 [TABLE] International Car Index Marks \BIndex Mark \BCountry *Countries in which the rule of the road is drive on the left; in other countries, drive on the right. A Austria ADN former Yemen PDR AFG Afghanistan AL Albania AND Andorra AUS Australia* B Belgium BD Bangladesh* BDS Barbados* BG Bulgaria BH Belize BR Brazil BRN Bahrain BRU Bruneiò BS Bahamas* BUR Myanmar (Burma) C Cuba CDN Canada CH Switzerland CI C⌠te d'Ivoire CL Sri Lanka* CO Colombia CR Costa Rica CS Czech Republic CY Cyprus* D Germany DK Denmark DOM Dominican Republic DY Benin DZ Algeria E Spain EAK Kenya* EAT Tanzania* EAU Uganda* EAZ Zanzibar* EC Ecuador ES El Salvador ET Egypt ETH Ethiopia F France FJI Fiji* FL Liechtenstein FR Faroe Is GB UK* GBA Alderney* GBG Guernsey* GBJ Jersey* GBM Isle of Man* GBZ Gibraltar GCA Guatemala GH Ghana GR Greece GUY Guyana* H Hungary HK Hong Kong* HKJ Jordan I Italy IL Israel IND India* IR Iran IRL Ireland* IRQ Iraq IS Iceland J Japan* JA Jamaica* K Kampuchea KWT Kuwait L Luxembourg LAO Laos PDR LAR Libya LB Liberia LR Latvia LS Lesotho* M Malta* MA Morocco MAL Malaysia* MC Monaco MEX Mexico MS Mauritiusò MW Malawi* N Norway NA Netherlands Antilles NIC Nicaragua NL Netherlands NZ New Zealand* P Portugal PA Panama PAK Pakistan* PE Peru PL Poland PNG Papua New Guinea* PY Paraguay RA Argentina RB Botswana* RC Taiwan RCA Central African Republic RCB Congo RCH Chile RH Haiti RI Indonesia* RIM Mauritania RL Lebanon RM Madagascar RMM Mali RN Niger RO Romania ROK Korea, Republic of ROU Uruguay RP Philippines RSM San Marino RU Burundi RWA Rwanda S Sweden SD Swaziland* SF Finland SGP Singapore* SME Suriname* SN Senegal SU former USSR SWA Namibia* SY Seychelles* SYR Syria T Thailand* TG Togo TN Tunisia TR Turkey TT Trinidad and Tobago* USA USA V Vatican City VN Vietnam WAG Gambia WAL Sierra Leone WAN Nigeria WD Dominica* WG Grenada* WL St Lucia* WS W Samoa WV St Vincent & the Grenadinesò YU Yugoslavia YV Venezuela Z Zambia* ZA South Africa* ZRE Za∩re ZW Zimbabwe* # "International Direct Dialing Codes",189,0,0,0 [TABLE] International Direct Dialing Codes \BCountry \BDialing In Code It is not always possible to dial internationally from every country to every other country, and there are sometimes restrictions and special numbers within a country, for which it is necessary to consult the local telephone directory. Dialing procedure: Dial out, using the access code of the country from which you are making the call; you may need to wait for a dialing tone. Then dial the code of the country you are calling, followed by any area or city code, and the subscriber number. (When making an international call, it is usually necessary to omit any initial 0 or 9 of an area/city code.) Albania 355 Algeria 213 Andorra 376 Angola 244 Anguilla 1 264 Antarctica 672 Antigua and Barbuda 268 Argentina 54 Armenia 374 Aruba 297 8 Ascension Island 247 Australia 61 Austria 43 Azerbaijan 994 Bahamas 1 242 Bahrain 973 Bangladesh 880 Barbados 1 246 Belarus 375 Belgium 32 Belize 501 Benin 229 Bermuda 1 441 Bhutan 975 Bolivia 591 Bosnia Herzegovina 387 Botswana 267 Brazil 55 Brunei 673 Bulgaria 359 Burkina Faso 226 Burundi 257 Cambodia 855 Cameroon 237 Canada 1 Cape Verde 238 Cayman Islands 1 345 Central African Republic 236 Chad 235 Chile 56 China 86 Colombia 57 Comoro Island 269 Congo 242 Cook Islands 682 Costa Rica 506 Croatia 385 Cuba 53 Cyprus 357 Cyprus (Turkish occupied area) 90 392 Czech Republic 420 Democratic Republic of Congo 243 Denmark 45 Diego Garcia 246 9 Djibouti 253 Dominica Island 1 809 Dominican Republic 1 809 Ecuador 593 Egypt 20 El Salvador 503 Equatorial Guinea 240 Eritrea 291 Estonia 372 Ethiopia 251 Falkland Islands 500 Faroe Islands 298 Fiji 679 Finland 358 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 389 France 33 French Guiana 594 French Polynesia 689 Gabon 241 Georgia 995 Germany 49 Ghana 233 Gibraltar 350 Greece 30 Greenland 299 Grenada 1 809 Guadeloupe 590 Guam 1 671 Guatemala 502 Guinea-Bissau 245 Guinea Republic 224 Guyana 592 Haiti 509 Honduras 504 Hong Kong 852 Hungary 36 Iceland 354 India 91 Indonesia 62 Iran 98 Iraq 964 Ireland 353 Ireland North 44 Israel and occupied territories 972 Italy 39 Ivory Coast 225 Jamaica 1 876 Japan 81 Jordan 962 Kazakhstan 7 Kenya 254 Kiribati 686 Korea (North) 850 Korea (South) 82 Kuwait 965 Kyrgyzstan 996 Laos 856 Latvia 371 Lebanon 961 Lesotho 266 Liberia 231 Libya 218 Liechtenstein 41 75 Lithuania 370 Luxembourg 352 Macau 853 Madagascar 261 Malawi 265 Malaysia 60 Maldives Republic 960 Mali 223 Malta 356 Mariana Island 670 7 Marshall Islands 692 Martinique 596 Mauritania 222 Mauritius 230 Mayotte 269 Mexico 52 Micronesia 691 Moldova 373 Monaco 377 Mongolia 976 Montserrat 1 664 Morocco 212 Mozambique 258 Myanmar (Burma) 95 Namibia 264 Nauru 674 Nepal 977 Netherlands 31 Netherlands Antilles 599 New Caledonia 687 New Zealand 64 Nicaragua 505 Niger 227 Nigeria 234 Niue Island 683 Norfolk Island 672 3 Norway 47 Oman 968 Pakistan 92 Palau 680 Panama 507 Papua New Guinea 675 Paraguay 595 Peru 51 Philippines 63 Poland 48 Portugal 351 Puerto Rico 1 787 Qatar 974 RΘunion 262 Romania 40 Russia 7 Rwanda 250 St Helena 290 St Kitts and Nevis 1 869 St Lucia 1 758 St Pierre and Miquelon 508 St Vincent and the Grenadines 1 809 Samoa (American) 684 Samoa (Western) 685 San Marino 378 Sπo TomΘ and Principe 239 Saudi Arabia 966 Senegal 221 Serbia and Montenegro 381 Seychelles 248 Sierra Leone 232 Singapore 65 Slovak Republic 421 Slovenia 386 Solomon Islands 677 Somalia 252 South Africa 27 Spain 34 Sri Lanka 94 Sudan 249 Surinam 597 Swaziland 268 Sweden 46 Switzerland 41 Syria 963 Taiwan 886 Tajikistan 7 Tanzania 255 Thailand 66 The Gambia 220 Togo 228 Tonga 676 Trinidad and Tobago 1 Tunisia 216 Turkey 90 Turkmenistan 993 Turks and Caicos Islands 1 809 Tuvalu 688 Uganda 256 Ukraine 380 United Arab Emirates 971 United Kingdom 44 Uruguay 598 USA 1 Uzbekistan 7 Vanuatu 678 Vatican City 39 Venezuela 58 Vietnam 84 Virgin Islands (UK) 1 809496 Virgin Islands (US) 1 340 Wallis and Futuna Islands 681 Yemen Arab Republic 967 Yemen PDR 969 Yugoslavia (former Republics of) see: Bosnia Herzegovina, Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia Za∩re see: Democratic Republic of Congo Zambia 260 Zimbabwe 263 # "International Paper Sizes",190,0,0,0 [TABLE] International Paper Sizes \BName \BMeasurements (mm) \BMeasurements (in) \BA series A0 841 ╫ 1189 33.11 ╫ 46.81 A1 594 ╫ 841 23.39 ╫ 33.1 A2 420 ╫ 594 16.54 ╫ 23.29 A3 297 ╫ 420 11.69 ╫ 16.54 A4 210 ╫ 297 8.27 ╫ 11.69 A5 148 ╫ 210 5.83 ╫ 8.27 A6 105 ╫ 148 4.13 ╫ 5.83 A7 74 ╫ 105 2.91 ╫ 4.13 A8 52 ╫ 74 2.05 ╫ 2.91 A9 37 ╫ 52 1.46 ╫ 2.05 A10 26 ╫ 37 1.02 ╫ 1.46 \BB series B0 1000 ╫ 1414 39.37 ╫ 55.67 B1 707 ╫ 1000 27.83 ╫ 39.37 B2 500 ╫ 707 19.68 ╫ 27.83 B3 353 ╫ 500 13.90 ╫ 19.68 B4 250 ╫ 353 9.84 ╫ 13.90 B5 176 ╫ 250 6.93 ╫ 9.84 B6 125 ╫ 176 4.92 ╫ 6.93 B7 88 ╫ 125 3.46 ╫ 4.92 B8 62 ╫ 88 2.44 ╫ 3.46 B9 44 ╫ 62 1.73 ╫ 2.44 B10 31 ╫ 44 1.22 ╫ 1.73 \BC series C0 917 ╫ 1297 36.00 ╫ 51.20 C1 648 ╫ 917 25.60 ╫ 36.00 C2 458 ╫ 648 18.00 ╫ 25.60 C3 324 ╫ 458 12.80 ╫ 18.00 C4 229 ╫ 324 9.00 ╫ 12.80 C5 162 ╫ 229 6.40 ╫ 9.00 A series is used for writing paper, books and magazines. B series for posters. C series for envelopes. # "International Time Differences",191,0,0,0 [TABLE] International Time Differences \BCountry \BTime Difference from GMT The time zones of the world are conventionally measured from longitude 0 at Greenwich Observatory (Greenwich Mean Time, GMT). Each 15░ of longitude east of this point is one hour ahead of GMT (e.g. when it is 2pm in London it is 3pm or later in time zones to the east). Hours ahead of GMT are shown by a plus sign, e.g. +3, +4/8. Each 15░ west of this point is one hour behind GMT (2pm in London would be 1pm or earlier in time zones to the west). Hours behind GMT are shown by a minus sign, e.g. -3, -4/8. Some countries adopt time zones that vary from standard time. Also, during the summer, several countries adopt Daylight Saving Time (or Summer Time), which is one hour ahead of the times shown below. Afghanistan + 4 1/2 Albania +1 Algeria +1 Angola +1 Antigua -4 Argentina -3 Australia +8/10 Austria +1 Bahamas -5 Bahrain +3 Bangladesh +6 Barbados -4 Belgium +1 Belize -6 Benin +1 Bermuda -4 Bolivia -4 Botswana +2 Brazil -2/5 Brunei +8 Bulgaria +2 Burkina Faso 0 Burundi +2 Cambodia +7 Cameroon +1 Canada -3/9 Cape Verde -1 Central African Republic +1 Chad +1 Chile -4 China +8 Colombia -5 Comoros +3 Congo +1 Costa Rica -6 C⌠te d'Ivoire 0 Croatia +1 Cuba -5 Cyprus +2 Czech Republic +1 Denmark +1 Djibouti +3 Dominica -4 Dominican Republic -4 Ecuador -5 Egypt +2 El Salvador -6 Equatorial Guinea +1 Estonia +2 Ethiopia +3 Falkland Islands -4 Fiji +12 Finland +2 France +1 Gabon +1 Gambia, The 0 Germany +1 Georgia +4 Ghana 0 Gibraltar +1 Greece +2 Greenland -3 Grenada -4 Guatemala -6 Guinea 0 Guinea-Bissau 0 Guyana -3 Haiti -5 Honduras -6 Hong Kong +8 Hungary +1 Iceland 0 India +5 1/2 Indonesia +7/9 Iran +31/2 Iraq +3 Ireland 0 Israel +2 Italy +1 Jamaica -5 Japan +9 Jordan +2 Kazakhstan +5/6 Kenya +3 Kiribati -12 Korea, North +9 Korea, South +9 Kuwait +3 Laos +7 Latvia +2 Lebanon +2 Lesotho +2 Liberia 0 Libya +1 Liechtenstein +1 Lithuania +2 Luxembourg +1 Madagascar +3 Malawi +2 Malaysia +8 Maldives +5 Mali 0 Malta +1 Mauritania 0 Mauritius +4 Mexico -6/8 Monaco +1 Morocco 0 Mozambique +2 Myanmar (Burma) +61/2 Namibia +2 Nauru +12 Nepal +53/4 Netherlands +1 New Zealand +12 Nicaragua -6 Niger +1 Nigeria +1 Norway +1 Oman +4 Pakistan +5 Panama -5 Papua New Guinea +10 Paraguay -4 Peru -5 Philippines +8 Poland +1 Portugal +1 Qatar +3 Romania +2 Russia +2/12 Rwanda +2 St Christopher and Nevis -4 St Lucia -4 St Vincent -4 Samoa -11 San Marino +1 Sπo TomΘ 0 Saudi Arabia +3 Senegal 0 Seychelles +4 Sierra Leone 0 Singapore +8 Slovenia +1 Solomon Is +11 Somalia +3 South Africa +2 Spain +1 Sri Lanka +51/2 Sudan +2 Suriname -3 Swaziland +2 Sweden +1 Switzerland +1 Syria +2 Tadzhikistan +3 Taiwan +8 Tanzania +3 Thailand +7 Togo 0 Tonga +13 Trinidad and Tobago -4 Tunisia +1 Turkey +2 Turkmenistan +5 Tuvalu +12 Uganda +3 Ukraine +2 United Arab Emirates +4 UK 0 Uruguay -3 USA -5/10 Uzbekistan +5/6 Vanuatu +11 Venezuela -4 Vietnam +7 Yemen +3 Yugoslavia +1 Za∩re +1/2 Zambia +2 Zimbabwe +2 # "Iran (Persia) Political Rulers and Leaders",192,0,0,0 [TABLE] Iran (Persia) Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BShah 1896-1907 Muzaffar-ud-Din 1907-9 Mohammed 'Ali 1909-25 Ahmad Mirza 1925-41 Mohammed Reza Khan 1941-79 Mohammed Reza Pahlavi \BRepublic \BLeader of the Islamic Revolution 1979-89 Ruhollah Khomeini 1989- Seyed Ali Khamenei \BPresident 1980-1 Abolhassan Bani-Sadr 1981 Mohammed Ali Rajai 1981-9 Sayed Ali Khamenei 1989-97 Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 1997- Sayed Mohamed Khatemi \BPrime Minister 1979 Shahpur Bakhtiar 1979-80 Mehdi Bazargan 1980-1 Mohammed Ali Rajai 1981 Mohammed Javad Bahonar 1981 Mohammed Reza Mahdavi-Kani 1981-9 Mir Hossein Moussavi 1989- \INo Prime Minister\i # "Iraq Political Rulers and Leaders",193,0,0,0 [TABLE] Iraq Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1921-33 Faisal I 1933-9 Ghazi I 1939-58 Faisal II (\IRegent\i 1939-53 Abdul Illah) \BRepublic \BCommander of the National Forces 1958-63 Abdul Karim Qassem \BHead of Council of State 1958-63 Mohammed Najib Ar-Rubai \BPresident 1963-6 Abdus Salaam Mohammed Arif 1966-8 Abdur Rahman Mohammed Arif 1968-79 Said Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr 1979- Saddam Hussein (at-Takriti) # "Ireland Political Rulers and Leaders",194,0,0,0 [TABLE] Ireland Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BGovernor-General 1922-7 Timothy Michael Healy 1927-32 James McNeill 1932-6 Donald Buckley \BPresident 1938-45 Douglas Hyde 1945-59 Sean Thomas O'Kelly 1959-73 ╔amon de Valera 1973-4 Erskine Hamilton Childers 1974-6 Carroll Daly 1976-90 Patrick J Hillery 1990-97 Mary Robinson 1997- Mary McAleese \BPrime Minister (Taoiseach) 1919-21 ╔amon de Valera 1922 Arthur Griffiths 1922-32 William Cosgrave 1932-48 ╔amon de Valera 1948-51 John Aloysius Costello 1951-4 ╔amon de Valera 1954-7 John Aloysius Costello 1957-9 ╔amon de Valera 1959-66 Sean Lemass 1966-73 John Lynch 1973-7 Liam Cosgrave 1977-9 John Lynch 1979-82 Charles Haughey 1982-7 Garrett FitzGerald 1987-92 Charles Haughey 1992-4 Albert Reynolds 1994-7 John Bruton 1997- Bertie Aherne # "Irish Counties",195,0,0,0 [TABLE] Irish Counties \BCounty \BArea (km▓) \BArea (sq mi) \BPopulation (1995 est.) \BAdmin. centre Carlow 896 346 40 600 Carlow Cavan 1 891 730 52 400 Cavan Clare 3 188 1 231 90 200 Ennis Cork 7 459 2 880 407 000 Cork Donegal 4 830 1 865 127 000 Lifford Dublin 922 356 1 018 000 Dublin Galway 5 939 2 293 179 000 Galway Kerry 4 701 1 815 121 000 Tralee Kildare 1 694 654 122 000 Naas Kilkenny 2 062 796 73 100 Kilkenny Laoighis (Leix) 1 720 664 51 900 Portlaoise Leitrim 1 526 589 23 400 Carrick Limerick 2 686 1 037 161 000 Limerick Longford 1 044 403 30 000 Longford Louth 821 317 90 000 Dundalk Mayo 5 398 2 084 110 000 Castlebar Meath 2 339 903 105 000 Trim Monaghan 1 290 498 50 800 Monaghan Offaly 1 997 771 58 100 Tullamore Roscommon 2 463 951 51 500 Roscommon Sligo 1 795 693 54 300 Sligo Tipperary 4 254 1 642 131 000 Clonmel Waterford 1 839 710 90 000 Waterford Westmeath 1 764 681 61 000 Mullingar Wexford 2 352 908 101 000 Wexford Wicklow 2 025 782 96 500 Wicklow # "Islamic Festivals",196,0,0,0 [TABLE] Islamic Festivals \BIslamic Date \BFestival 1 Muharram New Year's Day; starts on the day which celebrates Mohammed's departure from Mecca to Medina in ad 622 12 Rabi I Birthday of Mohammed (Mawlid al-Nabi) ad 572; celebrated throughout month of Rabi I 27 Rajab 'Night of Ascent' (Laylat al-Mi'raj) of Mohammed to Heaven 1 Ramadan Beginning of month of fasting during daylight hours 27 Ramadan 'Night of Power' (Laylat al-Qadr); sending down of the Koran to Mohammed 1 Shawwal 'Feast of breaking the Fast' ('Id al-Fitr); marks the end of Ramadan 8-13 Dhu-I-Hijja Annual pilgrimage ceremonies at and around Mecca; month during which the great pilgrimage (Hajj) should be made 10 Dhu-I-Hijja Feast of the Sacrifice ('Id al-Adha) # "Islands (Largest)",197,0,0,0 [TABLE] Islands (Largest) \BName \BArea* (km▓) \BArea (sq mi) Australia 7 892 300 3 078 000 Greenland 2 131 600 831 300 New Guinea 790 000 305 000 Borneo 737 000 285 000 Madagascar 587 000 228 900 Baffin, Canada 507 000 196 000 Sumatra 473 600 184 700 Honshu (Hondo), Japan 228 000 88 000 Great Britain 219 000 84 400 Vancouver, Canada 217 300 83 900 Ellesmere, Canada 196 000 75 800 Sulawesi (Celebes) 174 000 67 400 South Is, New Zealand 151 000 58 200 Java 129 000 50 000 North Is, New Zealand 114 000 44 200 Newfoundland, Canada 109 000 42 000 Cuba 105 000 40 500 Luzon, Philippines 105 000 40 400 Iceland 103 000 39 700 Mindanao, Philippines 94 600 36 500 Novaya Zemlya (two Is), Russia 90 600 35 000 Ireland 84 100 32 500 Hokkaido, Japan 78 500 30 300 Hispaniola 77 200 29 800 Sakhalin, Russia 75 100 29 000 Tierra del Fuego 71 200 27 500 Areas are rounded to the nearest three significant digits. # "Isotopes and Their Half-Lives",198,0,0,0 [TABLE] Isotopes and Their Half-Lives \BThis unstable isotope \Bdecays to this \Bwith a half-life of Carbon 14 Nitrogen 14 5.715 x 10\U3\u (5715) years Uranium 235 Lead 207 7.04 x 10\U8\u (704 million) years Potassium 40 Argon 40 1.26 x 10\U9\u (1.26 billion) years Uranium 238 Lead 206 4.46 x 10\U9\u (4.46 billion) years Thorium 232 Lead 208 1.4 x 10\U10\u (14 billion) years Rubidium 87 Strontium 87 4.88 x 10\U10\u (48.8 billion) years # "Israel Political Rulers and Leaders",199,0,0,0 [TABLE] Israel Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1948-52 Chaim Weizmann 1952-63 Itzhak Ben-Zvi 1963-73 Zalman Shazar 1973-8 Ephraim Katzair 1978-83 Yitzhak Navon 1983-93 Chaim Herzog 1993- Ezer Weizmann \BPrime Minister 1948-53 David Ben-Gurion 1954-5 Moshe Sharett 1955-63 David Ben-Gurion 1963-9 Levi Eshkol 1969-74 Golda Meir 1974-7 Itzhak Rabin 1977-83 Menachem Begin 1983-4 Yitzhak Shamir 1984-6 Shimon Peres 1986-92 Yitzhak Shamir 1992-5 Itzhak Rabin 1995-6 Shimon Peres 1996- Binyamin Netanyahu # "Italy Political Rulers and Leaders",200,0,0,0 [TABLE] Italy Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BKingdom of Italy \BMonarch 1900-46 Victor-Emmanuel III \BItalian Republic \BPresident 1946-8 Enrico de Nicola 1948-55 Luigi Einaudi 1955-62 Giovanni Gronchi 1962-4 Antonio Segni 1964-71 Giuseppe Saragat 1971-8 Giovanni Leone 1978-85 Alessandro Pertini 1985-92 Francesco Cossiga 1992- Oscar Luigi Scalfaro \BKingdom of Italy \BPrime Minister 1900-1 Giuseppe Saracco 1901-3 Giuseppe Zanardelli 1903-5 Giovanni Giolitti 1905-6 Alessandro Fortis 1906 Sydney Sonnino 1906-9 Giovanni Giolitti 1909-10 Sydney Sonnino 1910-11 Luigi Luzzatti 1911-14 Giovanni Giolitti 1914-16 Antonio Salandra 1916-17 Paolo Boselli 1917-19 Vittorio Emmanuele Orlando 1919-20 Francesco Saverio Nitti 1920-1 Giovanni Giolitti 1921-2 Ivanoe Bonomi 1922 Luigi Facta 1922-43 Benito Mussolini 1943-4 Pietro Badoglio 1944-5 Ivanoe Bonomi 1945 Ferrucio Parri 1945 Alcide de Gasperi \BItalian Republic 1946-53 Alcide de Gasperi 1953-4 Giuseppe Pella 1954 Amintore Fanfani 1954-5 Mario Scelba 1955-7 Antonio Segni 1957-8 Adone Zoli 1958-9 Amintore Fanfani 1959-60 Antonio Segni 1960 Fernando Tambroni 1960-3 Amintore Fanfani 1963 Giovanni Leone 1963-8 Aldo Moro 1968 Giovanni Leone 1968-70 Mariano Rumor 1970-2 Emilio Colombo 1972-4 Giulio Andreotti 1974-6 Aldo Moro 1976-8 Giulio Andreotti 1979-80 Francisco Cossiga 1980-1 Arnaldo Forlani 1981-2 Giovanni Spadolini 1982-3 Amintore Fanfani 1983-7 Bettino Craxi 1987 Amintore Fanfani 1987-8 Giovanni Goria 1988-9 Ciriaco de Mita 1989-92 Giulio Andreotti 1992-3 Giuliano Amato 1993-4 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 1994-5 Silvio Berlusconi 1995-6 Lamberto Dini 1996-7 Romano Prodi 1997- Bertie Aherne # "Ivy League Colleges",201,0,0,0 [TABLE] Ivy League Institution Founded Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1636 Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 1701 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1740 Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 1746 Columbia University, New York City, New York 1754 Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 1764 Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 1769 Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 1865 # "Jamaica Political Rulers and Leaders",202,0,0,0 [TABLE] Jamaica Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BChief of State: British monarch, represented by Governor-General \BPrime Minister 1962-7 William Alexander Bustamante 1967 Donald Burns Sangster 1967-72 Hugh Lawson Shearer 1972-80 Michael Norman Manley 1980-9 Edward Philip George Seaga 1989-92 Michael Norman Manley 1992- Percival J Patterson # "Japan Political Rulers and Leaders",203,0,0,0 [TABLE] Japan Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BEmperor (Era name) 1867-1912 Mutsuhito (Meiji) 1912-26 Yoshihito (Taish≤) 1926-89 Hirohito (Sh≤wa) 1989- Akihito (Heisei) \BPrime Minister 1900-1 Hirobumi It≤ 1901-6 Tar≤ Katsura 1906-8 Kimmochi Saionji 1908-11 Tar≤ Katsura 1911-12 Kimmochi Saionji 1912-13 Tar≤ Katsura 1913-14 Gonnohy≤e Yamamoto 1914-16 Shigenobu ╙kuma 1916-18 Masatake Terauchi 1918-21 Takashi Hara 1921-2 Korekiyo Takahashi 1922-3 Tomosabur≤ Kat≤ 1923-4 Gonnohy≤e Yamamoto 1924 Keigo Kiyoura 1924-6 Takaaki Kat≤ 1926-7 Reijir≤ Wakatsuki 1927-9 Giichi Tanaka 1929-31 Osachi Hamaguchi 1931 Reijir≤ Wakatsuki 1931-2 Tsuyoshi Inukai 1932-4 Makoto Sait≤ 1934-6 Keisuke Okada 1936-7 K≤ki Hirota 1937 Senj·r≤ Hayashi 1937-9 Fumimaro Konoe 1939 Kiichir≤ Hiranuma 1939-40 Nobuyuki Abe 1940 Mitsumasa Yonai 1940-1 Fumimaro Konoe 1941-4 Hideki T≤j≤ 1944-5 Kuniaki Koiso 1945 Kantar≤ Suzuki 1945 Naruhiko Higashikuni 1945-6 Kij·r≤ Shidehara 1946-7 Shigeru Yoshida 1947-8 Tetsu Katayama 1948 Hitoshi Ashida 1948-54 Shigeru Yoshida 1954-6 Ichir≤ Hatoyama 1956-7 Tanzan Ishibashi 1957-60 Nobusuke Kishi 1960-4 Hayato Ikeda 1964-72 Eisaku Sat≤ 1972-4 Kakuei Tanaka 1974-6 Takeo Miki 1976-8 Takeo Fukuda 1978-80 Masayoshi ╙hira 1980-2 Zenk≤ Suzuki 1982-7 Yasuhiro Nakasone 1987-9 Noburu Takeshita 1989 Sasuke Uno 1989-91 Toshiki Kaifu 1991-3 Kiichi Miyazawa 1993-4 Morihiro Hosokawa 1994 Tsutomu Hata 1994-5 Tomiichi Murayama 1995- Ryutaro Hashimoto # "Japanese Festivals",204,0,0,0 [TABLE] Japanese Festivals \BDate \BFestival 1-3 Jan Oshogatsu (New Year) 3 Mar Ohinamatsuri (Doll or Girls' Festival) 5 May Tango no Sekku (Boys' Festival) 7 Jul Hoshi matsuri or Tanabata (Star Festival) 13-15 Jul (or 13-15 Aug) Obon (Buddhist All Souls) # "Jewish Festivals",205,0,0,0 [TABLE] Jewish Festivals \BJewish Date \BFestival 1-2 Tishri Rosh Hashana (New Year) 3 Tishri Tzom Gedaliahu (Fast of Gedaliah) 10 Tishri Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) 15-21 Tishri Sukkoth (Feast of Tabernacles) 22 Tishri Shemini Atzeret (8th Day of the Solemn Assembly) 23 Tishri Simhat Torah (Rejoicing of the Law) 25 Kislev - 1-2 Tevet Hanukkah (Feast of Dedication) 10 Tevet Asara be-Tevet (Fast of 10th Tevet) 13 Adar Taanit Esther (Fast of Esther) 14-15 Adar Purim (Feast of Lots) 15-22 Nisan Pesach (Passover) 27 Nisan Holocaust Remembrance day 5 Iyar Israel Independence Day 18 Iyar Lag B'Omer (Counting of barley sheaves) 6-7 Sivan Shavuoth (Feast of Weeks) 17 Tammuz Shiva Asar be-Tammuz (Fast of 17th Tammuz) # "Jordan Political Rulers and Leaders",206,0,0,0 [TABLE] Jordan Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1949-51 Abdullah Bin Hussein 1951-2 Talal I 1952- Hussein Talal II \BPrime Minister 1921 Rashid Tali 1921 Muzhir Ar-Raslan 1921-3 Rida Ar-Riqabi 1923 Muzhir Ar-Raslan 1923-4 Hassan Khalid 1924-33 Rida Ar-Riqabi 1933-8 Ibrahim Hashim 1939-45 Taufiq Abul-Huda 1945-8 Ibrahim Hashim 1948-50 Taufiq Abul-Huda 1950 Said Al-Mufti 1950-1 Samir Ar-Rifai 1951-3 Taufiq Abul-Huda 1953-4 Fauzi Al-Mulqi 1954-5 Taufiq Abul-Huda 1955 Said Al-Mufti 1955 Hazza Al-Majali 1955-6 Ibrahim Hashim 1956 Samir Ar-Rifai 1956 Said Al-Mufti 1956 Ibrahim Hashim 1956-7 Suleiman Nabulsi 1957 Hussein Fakhri Al-Khalidi 1957-8 Ibrahim Hashim 1958 Nuri Pasha Al-Said 1958-9 Samir Ar-Rifai 1959-60 Hazza Al-Majali 1960-2 Bahjat Talhuni 1962-3 Wasfi At-Tall 1963 Samir Ar-Rifai 1963-4 Sharif Hussein Bin Nasir 1964 Bahjat Talhuni 1965-7 Wasfi At-Tall 1967 Sharif Hussein Bin Nasir 1967 Saad Jumaa 1967-9 Bahjat Talhuni 1969 Abdul Munem Rifai 1969-70 Bahjat Talhuni 1970 Abdul Munem Rifai 1970 \IMilitary Junta\i (Mohammed Daud) 1970 Mohamed Ahmed Tuqan 1970-1 Wasfi At-Tall 1971-3 Ahmad Lozi 1973-6 Zaid Rifai 1976-9 Mudar Badran 1979-80 Sherif Abdul Hamid Sharaf 1980 Kassem Rimawi 1980-4 Mudar Badran 1984-5 Ahmad Ubayat 1985-9 Zaid Ar-Rifai 1989 Sharif Zaid Bin Shaker 1989-91 Mudar Badran 1991 Taher Al-Masri 1991-3 Sharif Zaid Bin Shaker 1993-6 Abdul Salam Majali 1996-7 Abdul-Karim Kabariti 1997- Abdul Salam Al-Majali # "Judo World Championship Winners",207,0,0,0 [TABLE] Judo World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner First held in 1956, now contested every two years; current weight categories established in 1979; women's championship instituted in 1980. \BOpen Class - Men 1985 Yoshimi Masaki (Japan) 1987 Naoyo Ogawa (Japan) 1989 Naoyo Ogawa (Japan) 1991 Naoya Ogawa (Japan) 1993 Rafael Kubacki (Poland) 1995 David Douillet (France) \BOver 95 kg - Men 1985 Yung-chul Cho (South Korea) 1987 Grigori Vertichev (USSR) 1989 Naoyo Ogawa (Japan) 1991 Sergei Kosorotov (USSR) 1993 David Douillet (France) 1995 David Douillet (France) \BUnder 95 kg - Men 1985 Hitoshi Sugai (Japan) 1987 Hitoshi Sugai (Japan) 1989 Koba Kurtanidze (Japan) 1991 StΘphane Traineau (France) 1993 Antal Kovacs (Hungary) 1995 Pawel Nastula (Poland) \BUnder 86 kg - Men 1985 Peter Seisenbacher (Austria) 1987 Fabien Canu (France) 1989 Fabien Canu (France) 1991 Hirotaka Okada (Japan) 1993 Yoshio Yakumura (Japan) 1995 Ki-young Chun (Korea) \BUnder 78 kg - Men 1985 Nobutoshi Hikage (Japan) 1987 Hirotaka Okada (Japan) 1989 Byung-ju Kim (South Korea) 1991 Daniel Lascau (Germany) 1993 Kiyong Chen (China) 1995 Toshihiko Koga (Japan) \BUnder 71 kg - Men 1985 Byeong-keun Ahn (South Korea) 1987 Mike Swain (USA) 1989 Toshihiko Koga (Japan) 1991 Toshihiko Koga (Japan) 1993 Chung-hoon Yung (South Korea) 1995 Daisuke Hideshima (Japan) \BUnder 65 kg - Men 1985 Yuriy Sokolov (USSR) 1987 Yosuke Yamamoto (Japan) 1989 Drago Becanovic (Yugoslavia) 1991 Udo Quellmalz (Germany) 1993 Yukimasa Nakamura (Japan) 1995 Udo Quellmalz (Germany) \BUnder 60 kg - Men 1985 Shinji Hosokawa (Japan) 1987 Kim Jae-Yup (South Korea) 1989 Amiran Totikashvili (USSR) 1991 Tadanori Koshino (Japan) 1993 Ryuji Sonoda (Japan) 1995 Nikolai Ojeguine (Russia) Most titles: (4), Yasuhiro Yamashita (Japan), 1981 (Open), 1979, 1981, 1983 (over 95 kg); Naoyo Ogawa (Japan ) 1987, 19889, 1991 (Open), 1989 (Over 95 kg) Shozo Fujii (Japan), 1971, 1973, 1975 (under 80 kg), 1979 (under 78 kg). \BOpen class - Women 1986 Ingrid Berghmans (Belgium) 1987 Fenglian Gao (China) 1989 Estela Rodriguez (Cuba) 1991 Zhuang Xiaoyan (China) 1993 Beata Maksumow (Poland) 1995 Monique Van Der Lee (Netherlands) \BOver 72 kg - Women 1986 Fenglian Gao (China) 1987 Fenglian Gao (China) 1989 Fenglian Gao (China) 1991 Moon Ji-yoon (South Korea) 1993 Johanna Hagen (Germany) 1995 Angelique Seriese (Netherlands) \BUnder 72 kg - Women 1986 Irene de Kok (Netherlands) 1987 Irene de Kok (Netherlands) 1989 Ingrid Berghmans (Belgium) 1991 Kim Mi-jung (South Korea) 1993 Cheng Huileng (China) 1995 Diadenis Luna (Cuba) \BUnder 66 kg - Women 1987 Alexandra Schreiber (West Germany) 1989 Emanuela Pierantozzi (Italy) 1991 Emanuela Pierantozzi (Italy) 1993 Cho Min-Sun (South Korea) 1995 Cho Min-sun (South Korea) \BUnder 61 kg - Women 1986 Diane Bell (Great Britain) 1987 Diane Bell (Great Britain) 1989 Catherine Fleury (France) 1991 Frauke Eickoff (Germany) 1993 Gella van de Caveye (Belgium) 1995 Young Sung-sook (South Korea) \BUnder 56 kg - Women 1986 Ann Hughes (Great Britain) 1987 Catherine Arnaud (France) 1989 Catherine Arnaud (France) 1991 Miriam Blasco (Spain) 1993 Nicola Fairbrother (Great Britain) 1995 Driulis Gonzalez (Cuba) \BUnder 52 kg - Women 1986 Dominique Brun (France) 1987 Sharon Rendle (Great Britain) 1989 Sharon Rendle (Great Britain) 1991 Alessandra Giungi (Italy) 1993 Rodriguez Verdecia (Cuba) 1995 Marie-Claire Restoux (France) \BUnder 48 kg - Women 1986 Karen Briggs (Great Britain) 1987 Zhangyun Li (China) 1989 Karen Briggs (Great Britain) 1991 CΘcile Nowak (France) 1993 Ryoko Tamura (Japan) 1995 Ryoko Tamura (Japan) Most titles: (6), Ingrid Berghmans (Belgium), 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986 (Open), 1984, 1989 (both under 72 kg). # "Jupiter Fact Table",208,0,0,0 [TABLE] Jupiter Fact Table \BJupiter \BEarth (for comparison) \BRatio (Jupiter/Earth) \BBulk parameters Mass (10\U24\u kg) 1,898.6 5.9736 317.83 Volume (10\U10\u km│) 143,128 108.321 1321.33 Equatorial radius (1 bar level) (km) 71,492 6378 11.21 Polar radius (1 bar level) (km) 66,854 6356 10.52 Volumetric mean radius (km) 69,911 6371 10.97 Ellipticity 0.0649 0.0034 19.09 Mean density (kg/m│) 1326 5520 0.240 Surface gravity (eq.) (m/s▓) 23.12 9.78 2.364 Escape velocity (km/s) 59.5 11.19 5.32 GM (x 10\U6\ukm│/s▓) 126.686 0.3986 317.8 Bond albedo 0.70 0.385 1.82 Visual geometric albedo 0.52 0.367 1.42 Visual magnitude V(1,0) -9.40 -3.86 - Solar irradiance (W/m▓) 51.0 1380 0.037 Black-body temperature (K) 90.6 247.3 0.366 Moment of inertia (I/MR▓) 0.254 0.3308 0.768 J2 (x 10\U-6\u) 14,736 1082.63 13.611 \BOrbital parameters Semimajor axis (10\U6\u km) 778.3 149.6 5.203 Sidereal orbit period (days) 4,332.589 365.256 11.862 Tropical orbit period (days) 4,330.595 365.242 11.857 Perihelion (10\U6\u km) 740.6 147.1 5.035 Aphelion (10\U6\u km) 816.0 152.1 5.365 Synodic period (days) 398.88 - - Mean orbital velocity (km/s) 13.07 29.79 0.439 Orbit inclination (deg) 1.305 0.00 - Orbit eccentricity 0.04845 0.0167 2.901 Sidereal rotation period (hrs) 9.9250* 23.9345 0.415 Equatorial inclination (deg) 3.12 23.44 0.133 *System III (1965.0) coordinates # "Karate World Championship Winners",209,0,0,0 [TABLE] Karate World Championship Winners \BYear \BTeam Winners (Men) \BTeam Winners (Women) First held in Tokyo 1970; takes place every two years since 1980, when women first competed; there is a team competition plus individual competitions - Kumite (seven weight categories for men and three for women) and Kata. Separate men and women's teams started in 1992. 1992 Spain Great Britain 1994 France Spain 1996 France Great Britain # "Kazakhstan Political Rulers and Leaders",210,0,0,0 [TABLE] Kazakhstan Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991- Nursultan A Nazarbayev \BPrime Minister 1991-4 Sergei Tereshchenko 1994- Kazhageldin Akezhan Magzhan Ulu # "Kenya Political Rulers and Leaders",211,0,0,0 [TABLE] Kenya Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1963-78 Mzee Jomo Kenyatta 1978- Daniel Arap Moi # "Kiribati Political Rulers and Leaders",212,0,0,0 [TABLE] Kiribati Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1979-91 Ieremia T Tabai 1991-4 Teatao Teannaki 1994- Teburoro Tito # "Kuwait Political Rulers and Leaders",213,0,0,0 [TABLE] Kuwait Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BEmir \IFamily name: al-Sabah\i 1896-1915 Mubarak 1915-17 Jabir II 1917-21 Salim al-Mubarak 1921-50 Ahmed al-Jaber 1950-65 'Abdullah III al-Salim 1965-77 Sabah III al-Salim 1977- Jabir III al-Ahmed al-Jaber \BPrime Minister 1962-3 Abdallah al-Salem 1963-5 Sabah al-Salem 1965-78 Jaber al-Ahmed al-Jaber 1978- Saad al-Abdallah al-Salim al-Sabah # "Kyrgyzstan Political Rulers and Leaders",214,0,0,0 [TABLE] Kyrgyzstan Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991- Askaar Akayev \BPrime Minister 1991-3 Tursunbek Chyngyshev 1993- Apas Jumagulov # "Lacrosse Champions",215,0,0,0 [TABLE] Lacrosse Champions \BYear \BWinner \BWorld championships First held for men in 1967; for women in 1969; taken place every four years since 1974; since 1982 the women's event has been called the World Cup. \BMen 1967 USA 1974 USA 1978 Canada 1982 USA 1986 USA 1990 USA 1994 USA Most wins: (6), USA, as above. \BWomen 1969 Great Britain 1974 USA 1978 Canada 1982 USA 1986 Australia 1990 USA 1994 USA Most wins: (4), USA, as above. \BIroquois Cup The sport's best known trophy; contested by English club sides annually since 1890. 1984 Cheadle 1985 Cheadle 1986 Heaton Mersey 1987 Stockport 1988 Mellor 1989 Stockport 1990 Cheadle 1991 Cheadle 1992 Cheadle 1993 Heaton Mersey 1994 Cheadle 1995 Cheadle 1996 Stockport Most wins: (17), Stockport, 1897-1901, 1903, 1905, 1911-13, 1923-4, 1926, 1928, 1934, 1987, 1989. # "Lakes (Largest)",216,0,0,0 [TABLE] Lakes (Largest) \BName/Location \BArea*(km▓) \BArea*(sq mi) Caspian Sea, Iran/Russia 371000 143 200╣ Superior, USA/Canada 82 260 31 760▓ Victoria, E Africa 62 940 24 300 Aral Sea, Kazakhstan 62 000 24 180╣ Huron, USA/Canada 59 580 23 000▓ Michigan, USA 58 020 22 400 Tanganyika, E Africa 32 000 12 350 Baikal, Russia 31500 12 160 Great Bear, Canada 31330 12 100 Great Slave, Canada 28 570 11 030 Erie, USA/Canada 25 710 10 030▓ Winnipeg, Canada 24 390 9 420 Malawi/Nyasa, E Africa 22 490 8 680 Balkhash, Kazakhstan 17 000-22 000 6 500-8 500╣ Ontario, Canada/USA 19 270 7 440▓ Ladoga, Russia 18 130 7 000 Chad, W Africa 10 000-26 000 4000-10 000 Maracaibo, Venezuela 13 010 5 020│ Patos, Brazil 10 140 3 920│ Onega, Russia 9 800 3 800 Rudolf, Kenya 9 100 3 500 Eyre, Australia 8 800 3 400│ Titicaca, Peru/Bolivia 8 300 3 200 ╣Salt lakes ▓Average of areas given by Canada and USA │Salt lagoons *Areas are given to the nearest 10 km\U2\u/sq mi. The Caspian and Aral Seas, being entirely surrounded by land, are classified as lakes. Pollution is reducing the size of many lakes, notably the Aral Sea, which may now be less than half its original size. # "Languages: Most Common",217,0,0,0 [TABLE] Languages: Most Common \BRank \BLanguage \BEstimated Speakers* These estimates are based on the number of mother-tongue (first-language) speakers, and does not include second-language totals, which in many cases are considerably higher (e.g. English >800+ million, Spanish.350+ million, Hindi>350+ million.) * given in millions 1 Mandarin Chinese 726 (all Chinese languages, 1 071) 2 English 427 3 Spanish 266 4 Hindi 182 (with Urdu, 223) 5 Arabic 181 6 Portuguese 165 7 Bengali 162 8 Russian 158 9 Japanese 124 10 German 121 11 French 116 12 Javanese 75 13 Korean 66 14 Italian 65 (standard Italian only, 40) 15 Panjabi (West and East 60) 16 Marathi 58 17 Vietnamese 57 18 Telugu 55 19 Turkish 53 20 Tamil 49 21 Ukrainian 45 22 Polish 42 23 Bhojpuri 41 24 Gujarati 36 25 Malayalam 30 26 Kannada 26 Sunda 26 28 Hausa 24 Maithili 24 30 Oriya 23 31 Burmese 22 32 Persian 22 33 Thai 21 Dutch 21 35 Awadhi 20 Yoruba 20 37 Malay (all varieties) 19 38 Nepali 18 39 Uzbek 17 40 Assamese 15 # "Laos Political Rulers and Leaders",218,0,0,0 [TABLE] Laos Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1904-59 Sisavang Vong 1959-75 Savang Vatthana \BLao People's Republic \BPresident 1975-87 Souphanouvong 1987-91 Phoumi Vongvichit 1991-2 Kaysone Phomvihane 1992- Nouhak Phoumsavan \BPrime Minister 1951-4 Souvanna Phouma 1954-5 Katay Don Sasorith 1956-8 Souvanna Phouma 1958-9 Phoui Sahanikone 1959-60 Sunthone Patthamavong 1960 Kou Abhay 1960 Somsanith 1960 Souvanna Phouma 1960 Sunthone Patthamavong 1960 Quinim Pholsena 1960-2 Boun Oum Na Champassac 1962-75 Souvanna Phouma \BLao People's Democratic Republic 1975-91 Kaysone Phomvihane 1991- Khamtay Siphandone # "Latvia Political Rulers and Leaders",219,0,0,0 [TABLE] Latvia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1918-27 Janis Cakste 1927-30 Gustavs Zemgals 1930-6 Alberts Kviesis 1934-40 Kßrlis Ulmanis 1940-91 Russian rule 1991-3 Anatolijs Gorbunovs 1993- Guntis Ulmanis \BPrime Minister 1918-21 Kßrlis Ulmanis 1921-3 Zigfrφds Meierovics 1923 Jßnis Pauluks 1923-4 Zigfrφds Meierovics 1924 Voldemßrs ZßmuΘls 1924-5 Hugo Celmφns 1925-6 Kßrlis Ulmanis 1926 Art·rs Alberings 1926-8 Margers Skujenieks 1928 PΘteris Jurasevskis 1928-31 Hugo Celmins 1931 Kßrlis Ulmanis 1931-3 Margers Skujenieks 1933-4 ┴dolfs Bφodnieks 1934-40 Karlis Ulmanis 1940-91 \IRussian rule\i 1991-3 Ivars Godmanis 1993-4 Valdis Birkas 1994-5 Maris Gailis 1995- Andris Skele # "Lavoisier's Elements (1789 version)",220,0,0,0 [TABLE] Lavoisier's elements 1789 version \BFrench \BEnglish \BHow we see it now lumiΦre light a form of energy calorique heat a form of energy oxygΦne oxygen an element azote nitrogen an element hydrogΦne hydrogen an element soufre sulfur an element phosphore phosphorus an element carbone carbon an element radical muriatique muriatic radical the chloride ion radical fluorique fluoride radical the fluoride ion radical boracique boracic radical the borate ion antimoine antimony an element argent silver an element bismuth bismuth an element cobalt cobalt an element cuivre copper an element Θtain tin an element fer iron an element manganΦse manganese an element mercure mercury an element molbdΦne molybdenum an element nickel nickel an element or gold an element platine platinum an element plomb lead an element tungstΦne tungsten an element zinc zinc an element chaux lime presumably calcium oxide, a compound baryte baryta barium oxide, a compound magnΘsie magnesia magnesium sulfate, a compound alumine alumina aluminium oxide, a compound silice silica silicon dioxide, a compound # "Lebanon Political Rulers and Leaders",221,0,0,0 [TABLE] Lebanon Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1943-52 Bishara Al-Khoury 1952-8 Camille Shamoun 1958-64 Fouad Shehab 1964-70 Charle Hilo 1970-6 Suleiman Frenjieh 1976-82 Elias Sarkis 1982 Bachir Gemayel 1982-8 Amin Gemayel 1988-9 \INo President\i 1989 Rene Muawad 1989- Elias Hrawi \BPrime Minister 1943 Riad Solh 1943-4 Henry Pharaon 1944-5 Riad Solh 1945 Abdul Hamid Karame 1945-6 Sami Solh 1946 Saadi Munla 1946-51 Riad Solh 1951 Hussein Oweini 1951-2 Abdullah Yafi 1952 Sami Solh 1952 Nazem Accari 1952 Saeb Salam 1952 Fouad Chehab 1952-3 Khaled Chehab 1953 Saeb Salam 1953-5 Abdullah Yafi 1955 Sami Solh 1955-6 Rashid Karami 1956 Abdullah Yafi 1956-8 Sami Solh 1958-60 Rashid Karami 1960 Ahmad Daouq 1960-1 Saeb Salam 1961-4 Rashid Karami 1964-5 Hussein Oweini 1965-6 Rashid Karami 1966 Abdullah Yafi 1966-8 Rashid Karami 1968-9 Abdullah Yafi 1969-70 Rashid Karami 1970-3 Saeb Salam 1973 Amin al-Hafez 1973-4 Takieddine Solh 1974-5 Rashid Solh 1975 Noureddin Rifai 1975-6 Rashid Karami 1976-80 Selim al-Hoss 1980 Takieddine Solh 1980-4 Chafiq al-Wazan 1984-8 Rashid Karami 1988-90 Michel Aoun/Selim al-Hoss 1990 Selim al-Hoss 1990-2 Umar Karami 1992 Rashid al-Solh 1992- Rafiq al-Hariri # "Lesotho Political Rulers and Leaders",222,0,0,0 [TABLE] Lesotho Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1966-90 Moshoeshoe II 1990-4 Letsie III (abdicated) 1994-6 Moshoeshoe II 1996- Letsie III \BPrime Minister 1966-86 Leabua Jonathan \BChairman of Military Council 1986-91 Justin Metsing Lekhanya 1991-3 Elias Tutsoane Ramaema \BPrime Minister 1993-4 Ntsu Mokhehle \BChairmand of Transitional Council 1994- Hae Phoofolo # "Liberia Political Rulers and Leaders",223,0,0,0 [TABLE] Liberia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1900-4 Garretson Wilmot Gibson 1904-12 Arthur Barclay 1912-20 Daniel Edward Howard 1920-30 Charles Dunbar Burgess King 1930-43 Edwin J Barclay 1943-71 William V S Tubman 1971-80 William Richard Tolbert \BPeople's Redemption Council \BChairman 1980-6 Samuel Kanyon Doe \BPresident 1986-90 Samuel Kanyon Doe 1990-94 Amos Sawyer Acting \BCouncil of State \BChairman 1994-5 David Kpormakor 1995-6 Wilton Sankawulo 1996- Ruth Perry # "Library Classification: Dewey Decimal System",224,0,0,0 [TABLE] Library Classification: Dewey Decimal System \BNumber \BClassification 000 Generalities 010 Bibliographies and catalogues 020 Library science 030 General encyclopedic works 040 (Unassigned) 050 General periodicals 060 General organizations 070 Newspapers and journalism 080 General collections 090 Manuscripts and book rarities 100 Philosophy and related 110 Ontology and methodology 120 Knowledge, cause, purpose, man 130 Pseudo- and parapsychology 140 Specific philosophic viewpoints 150 Psychology 160 Logic 170 Ethics (moral philosophy) 180 Ancient, medieval, Oriental philosophies 190 Modern Western philosophy 200 Religion 210 Natural religion 220 Bible 230 Christian doctrinal theology 240 Christian moral and devotional theology 250 Christian pastoral, parochial etc. 260 Christian social and ecclesiastical theology 270 History and geography of Christian Church 280 Christian denominations and sects 290 Other religions and comparative religion 300 The social sciences 310 Statistical method and statistics 320 Political science 330 Economics 340 Law 350 Public administration 360 Welfare and association 370 Education 380 Commerce 390 Customs and folklore 400 Language 410 Linguistics and non-verbal language 420 English and Anglo-Saxon 430 Germanic languages 440 French, Provenτal, Catalan 450 Italian, Romanian, etc. 460 Spanish and Portuguese 470 Italic languages 480 Classical and Greek 490 Other languages 500 Pure sciences 510 Mathematics 520 Astronomy and allied sciences 530 Physics 540 Chemistry and allied sciences 550 Earth sciences 560 Paleontology 570 Anthropological and biological sciences 580 Botanical sciences 590 Zoological sciences 600 Technology (applied science) 610 Medical sciences 620 Engineering and allied operations 630 Agriculture and agricultural industries 640 Domestic arts and sciences 650 Business and related enterprises 660 Chemical technology, etc. 670 Manufactures 680 Assembled and final products 690 Buildings 700 The arts 710 Civic and landscape art 720 Architecture 730 Sculpture and the plastic arts 740 Drawing and decorative arts 750 Painting and paintings 760 Graphic arts 770 Photography and photographs 780 Music 790 Recreation (recreational arts) 800 Literature and rhetoric 810 American literature in English 820 English and Anglo-Saxon literature 830 Germanic languages literature 840 French, Provenτal, Catalan literature 850 Italian and Romanian literature 860 Spanish and Portuguese literature 870 Italic languages literature 880 Classical and Greek literature 890 Literature of other languages 900 General geography and history, etc. 910 General geography 920 General biography and genealogy 930 General history of ancient world 940 General history of modern Europe 950 General history of modern Asia 960 General history of modern Africa 970 General history of North America 980 General history of South America # "Library Classification: The Library of Congress System",225,0,0,0 [TABLE] Library Classification: The Library of Congress System \BLetters \BClassification A General Works AE Encyclopedias AG General reference books AI Indexes AM Museums AN Newspapers AP Periodicals AS Societies AY Yearbooks, annuals AZ Scholarship and learning B Philosophy and Religion BC Logic BD Metaphysics BF Psychology BH Aesthetics BJ Ethics BL Religion BM Judaism BP Oriental religions BR Christianity BS Bible BT Christian doctrine BV Practical Christianity BX Collections and sermons C Historical Sciences CB History of civilization CC Archaeology CD Archives, diplomatics CE Chronology CJ Numismatics CR Heraldry CS Genealogy CT Biography, collections D-F History and Topography D World history, The World Wars DA Great Britain, excepting Scotland DB Austria-Hungary DC France DD Germany DE Classical antiquity DF Greece DG Italy DH Belgium DJ Holland DK Russia DL Scandinavia DP Spain and Portugal DQ Switzerland DR Turkey, Balkans DS Asia DT Africa DU Australia, Oceania DX Gypsies E-F America, Canada G Geography, Anthropology GA Mathematical geography GB Physical geography GC Oceanography GF Anthropogeography GN Anthropology GR Folklore GT Manners and customs GV Sports and pastimes H Social Sciences, Economics HA Statistics HB Economics HC Economic history and conditions HD Economic history, land industry and labour HE Transport, communication HF Commerce HG Finance HJ Finance, public HM Sociology HN Social history HQ Family, marriage, woman HS Associations HT Communities, classes HV Social pathology HX Socialism, communism J Political Science JA General works JC The State JF Constitutional history and description JK-JL American JN European JQ Asian, African, Australian JS Local government JV Colonization JX International law K Law L Education LA History of education LB Theory and practice LC Special forms LD-LJ Universities and colleges M Music MA Musical scores ML Literature of music MT Musical instruction N Fine Arts NA Architecture NB Sculpture NC Graphic arts ND Painting NE Engraving NK Decoration and ornament O Prose fiction, alphabetically arranged by names of authors P Language and Literature PA Greek and Latin PB Celtic and Gaelic PC Romance languages PD-PF Teutonic languages PG Slavic languages and literatures PH Finno-Ugrian languages and literatures PJ-PL Oriental languages and literatures PM Hyperborean, Indian, and artificial languages and literatures PN General literature PQ French, Italian, Spanish literature PR English literature PS American literature PT German, Scandinavian literatures Q Science QA Mathematics QB Astronomy QC Physics QD Chemistry, see also TP, Chemical Technology QE Geology QH Natural history QK Botany, see also S, Agriculture QL Zoology, see also SF, Farm animals QM Human anatomy QP Physiology QR Bacteriology R Medicine RA Public health RB Pathology RC Practice of medicine RC Surgery RE Ophthalmology RF Otology, rhinology, laryngology RG Gynaecology RJ Pediatrics RK Dentistry RL Dermatology RM Therapeutics RS Materia medica RT Nursing RX Homeopathy S Agriculture SB Field crops, horticulture, see also QK, Botany SD Forestry SF Farm animals, veterinary medicine SH Fish and angling SK Hunting sports T Technology TA General and civil engineering TC Hydraulic engineering TD Municipal and sanitaryengineering, transport engineering TE Roads TF Railways TG Bridges, roofs TH Building construction TJ Mechanical engineering TK Electrical engineering, see also QC, Physics TL Automobile engineering TN Mineral industries TP Chemical technology, see also QD, Chemistry TR Photography TS Manufactures TT Trades TX Domestic science U Military science V Naval science Z Bibliography # "Libya Political Rulers and Leaders",226,0,0,0 [TABLE] Libya Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1951-69 Mohammed Idris al-Mahdi Al-Senussi \BRevolutionary Command Council \BChairman 1969-77 Muammar al-Gaddafi (Qaddifi) \BGeneral Secretariat \BSecretary General 1977-9 Muammar al-Gaddafi 1979-84 Abdul Ati al-Ubaidi 1984-6 Mohammed az-Zaruq Rajab 1986-90 Omar al-Muntasir 1990- Abu Zaid Omar Dourda \BLeader of the Revolution 1969- Muammar al-Gaddafi # "Liechtenstein Political Rulers and Leaders",227,0,0,0 [TABLE] Liechtenstein Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPrince 1858-1929 Johann II 1929-38 Franz von Paula 1938-89 Franz Josef II 1989- Hans Adam II \BPrime Minister 1928-45 Franz Josef Hoop 1945-62 Alexander Friek 1962-70 GΘrard Batliner 1970-4 Alfred J Hilbe 1974-8 Walter Kieber 1978-93 Hans Brunhart 1993 Markus Bⁿchel 1993- Mario Frick # "Literary Prize: Booker Prize (UK)",228,0,0,0 [TABLE] Literary Prize: Booker Prize (UK) \BYear \BAuthor \BNovel 1973 J G Farrell \IThe Siege of Krishnapur\i 1974 Nadine Gordiner \IThe Conservationist\i Stanley Middleton \IHoliday\i 1975 Ruth Prawer Jhabvala \IHeat and Dust\i 1976 David Storey \ISaville\i 1977 Paul Scott \IStaying On\i 1978 Iris Murdoch \IThe Sea The Sea\i 1979 Penelope Fitzgerald \IOffshore\i 1980 William Golding \IRites of Passage\i 1981 Salman Rushdie \IMidnight's Children\i 1982 Thomas Keneally \ISchindler's Ark\i 1983 J M Coetzee \ILife and Times of Michael K\i 1984 Anita Brookner \IHotel du Lac\i 1985 Keri Hulme \IThe Bone People\i 1986 Kingsley Amis \IThe Old Devils\i 1987 Penelope Lively \IMoon Tiger\i 1988 Peter Carey \IOscar and Lucinda\i 1989 Kazuo Ishiguro \IThe Remains of the Day\i 1990 A S Byatt \IPossession\i 1991 Ben Okri \IThe Famished Road\i 1992 Barry Unsworth \ISacred Hunger\i Michael Ondaatje \IThe English Patient\i 1993 Roddy Doyle \IPaddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha\i 1994 James Kelman \IHow Late it Was, How Late\i 1995 Pat Barker \IThe Ghost Road\i # "Literary Prize: Prix Goncourt (France)",229,0,0,0 [TABLE] Literary Prize: Prix Goncourt (France) \BYear \BAuthor \BNovel 1973 Jacques Chessex \IL'Ogre\i 1974 Pascal LainΘ \ILa DentelliΦre\i 1975 ╔mile Ajar \ILa Vie devant soi\i 1976 Patrick Grainville \ILes Flamboyants\i 1977 Didier Decoin \IJohn L'Enfer\i 1978 Patrick Modiano \IRue des boutiques obscures\i 1979 Antonine Maillet \IPelagie-la-Charrette\i 1980 Yves Navarre \ILe Jardin d'acclimation\i 1981 Lucien Bodard \IAnne Marie\i 1982 Dominique Fernandez \IDans la Main de l'ange\i 1983 FrΘdΘrick Tristan \ILes ╔garΘs\i 1984 Marguerite Duras \IL'Amant\i 1985 Yann Queffelec \ILes Noces barbares\i 1986 Michel Host \IValet de Nuit\i 1987 Tahar ben Jalloun \ILa Nuit sacrΘe\i 1988 Erik Orsenna \IL'Exposition coloniale\i 1989 Jean Vautrin \IUn Grand Pas vers le Bon Dieu\i 1990 Jean Rouaud \ILes Champs d'Honneur\i 1991 Pierre Combescot \ILes Filles du Calvaire\i 1992 Patrick Chamoiseau \ITexaco\i 1993 Amin Malouf \ILe Rocher de Tanois\i 1994 Dider van Cauwelaert \IUn Aller Simple\i 1995 Andrei Makine \ILe Testament Franτais\i # "Literary Prize: Pulitzer Prize (USA)",230,0,0,0 [TABLE] Literary Prize: Pulitzer Prize (USA) \BYear \BAuthor \BNovel 1973 Eudora Welty \IThe Optimist's Daughter\i 1975 Michael Shaara \IThe Killer Angels\i 1976 Saul Bellow \IHumboldt's Gift\i 1978 James Alan McPherson \IElbow Room\i 1979 John Cheever \IThe Stories of John Cheever\i 1980 Norman Mailer \IThe Executioner's Song\i 1981 John Kennedy Toole \IA Confederacy of Dunces\i 1982 John Updike \IRabbit is Rich\i 1983 Alice Walker \IThe Color Purple\i 1984 William Kennedy \IIronweed\i 1985 Alison Lurie \IForeign Affairs\i 1986 Larry McMurtry \ILonesome Dove\i 1987 Peter Taylor \IA Summons to Memphis\i 1988 Toni Morrison \IBeloved\i 1989 Anne Tyler \IBreathing Lessons\i 1990 Oscar Hijuelos \IThe Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love\i 1991 John Updike \IRabbit at Rest\i 1992 Jane Smiley \IA Thousand Acres\i 1993 Robert Olen Butler \IA Good Scent from a Strange Mountain\i 1994 E Annie Proulx \IThe Shipping News\i 1995 Carol Shields \IThe Stone Diaries\i # "Lithuania Political Rulers and Leaders",231,0,0,0 [TABLE] Lithuania Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1919-20 Anatas Smetona 1920-6 Aleksandras Stulginskis 1926 Kazys Grinius 1926-40 Anatas Smetona 1940-91 Russian rule 1991-3 Vytautas Landsbergis 1993- Algirdas Brazauskas \BPrime Minister 1918 Augustinas Voldemaras 1918-19 Mykolas èlezevicius 1919 Pranas Dovydailus 1919 Mykolas èlezevicius 1919-20 Ernestas Galvanauskas 1920-2 Kazys Grinius 1922-4 Ernestas Galvanauskas 1924-5 Antanas Tumenas 1925 Vytautas Petrulis 1925-6 Leonas Bistras 1926 Mykolas èlezevicius 1926-9 Augustinas Voldemaras 1929-38 Juozas Tubelis 1938-9 Vladas Mironas 1939 Joans Cernius 1939-40 Antanas Merkys 1940-91 \IRussian rule\i 1991-2 Gediminas Vagnorius 1992 Aleksandras Abisala 1992-3 Bronislovas Lubys 1993-6 Adolfas èlezevicius 1996 Laurynas Stankevicius 1996- Gediminas Vagnorius # "Location and Gravity Pull",232,0,0,0 [TABLE] Location and Gravity Pull \BLocation \BLatitude \BElevation \Bg Equator 0░ 0 m 9.780 m/s\U2\u Pike's Peak 38░50" 4300 m 9.789 m/s\U2\u Denver 39░45" 1650 m 9.796 m/s\U2\u San Francisco 37░35" 100 m 9.800 m/s\U2\u New York 40░45" 0 m 9.803 m/s\U2\u North Pole 90░ 0 m 9.832 m/s\U2\u # "London University Colleges",233,0,0,0 [TABLE] London University College Founded Wye College (Ashford) (controlled by London University since 1900) 1447 Royal Veterinary College 1791 Birkbeck College 1823 University College London 1826 King's College London (merged with Queen Elizabeth College and Chelsea Collage 1985) 1829 School of Pharmacy 1842 Goldsmith's College (controlled by London University since 1904) 1891 London School of Economics and Political Science 1895 Institute of Education (controlled by London University since 1932; school of London University since 1987) 1902 Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine 1907 School of Oriental and African Studies 1916 Royal Holloway and Bedford New College (Egham) (founded through merger of Bedford College and Royal Holloway College) 1985 Queen Mary and Westfield College (founded through merger of Queen Mary College and Westfield College) 1989 # "Lunar Eclipses 1997-2004",234,0,0,0 [TABLE] Lunar Eclipses 1997-2004 \BDate \BYear \BPercentage Eclipsed \BTime of Mid-Eclipse \BWhere Visible 24 Mar 1997 Partial 04.41 C & S America, part of N America, W Africa 16 Sep 1997 Total 18.47 S Africa, E Africa, Australia 28 Jul 1999 Partial 11.34 Pacific, Australia, SE Asia 21 Jan 2000 Total 04.45 N America, part of S America, SW Europe, W Africa 16 Jul 2000 Total 13.57 Pacific, Australia, SW Asia 9 Jan 2001 Total 20.22 Asia, Africa, Europe, part of N America & Australia 5 Jul 2001 Partial 14.57 Australasia, most of Asia, E Africa 16 May 2003 Total 03.41 Africa, Europe, N & S America 8-9 Nov 2003 Total 01.20 Asia, Africa, Europe, N America, part of S America 4 May 2004 Total 20.32 Australia, Africa, part of Europe & Asia 29 Oct 2004 Total 03.05 Europe, N & S America, part of Asia & Africa # "Lunar Seas",235,0,0,0 [TABLE] Lunar Seas \BLatin Name \BEnglish Name Lacus Somniorum Lake of Dreams Mare Australe Southern Sea Mare Crisium Sea of Crises Mare Fecunditatis Sea of Fertility Mare Frigoris Sea of Cold Mare Humboldtianum Humboldt's Sea Mare Humorum Sea of Humours Mare Imbrium Sea of Showers Mare Ingenii Sea of Geniuses Mare Marginis Marginal Sea Mare Moscoviense Moscow Sea Mare Nectaris Sea of Nectar Mare Nubium Sea of Clouds Mare Orientale Eastern Sea Mare Serenitatis Sea of Serenity Mare Smythii Smyth's Sea Mare Spumans Foaming Sea Mare Tranquillitatis Sea of Tranquillity Mare Undarum Sea of Waves Mare Vaporum Sea of Vapours Oceanus Procellarum Ocean of Storms Palus Epidemiarum Marsh of Epidemics Palus Putredinis Marsh of Decay Palus Somnii Marsh of Sleep Sinus Aestuum Bay of Heats Sinus Iridum Bay of Rainbows Sinus Medii Central Bay Sinus Roris Bay of Dew # "Luxembourg Political Rulers and Leaders",236,0,0,0 [TABLE] Luxembourg Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BGrand Dukes and Duchesses 1905-12 William IV 1912-19 Marie-Adelaide 1919-64 Charlotte \Iin exile 1940-4\i 1964- Jean \BPrime Minister 1915 Mathias Mongenast 1915-16 Hubert Loutsch 1916-17 Victor Thorn 1917-18 LΘon Kaufmann 1918-25 Emil Reuter 1925-6 Pierre Prum 1926-37 Joseph Bech 1937-53 Pierre Dupong \Iin exile 1940-4\i 1953-8 Joseph Bech 1958-9 Pierre Frieden 1959-74 Pierre Werner 1974-9 Gaston Thorn 1979-84 Pierre Werner 1984-95 Jacques Santer 1995- Jean-Claude Juncker # "Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of, Political Rulers and Leaders",237,0,0,0 [TABLE] Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of, Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991-5 Kiro Gligorov 1995- Stojan Andov \IActing\i \BPrime Minister 1991-2 Branko Crvenkovski 1992-6 Petar Gosev 1996- Branko Crvenkovski # "Madagascar Political Rulers and Leaders",238,0,0,0 [TABLE] Madagascar Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-72 Philibert Tsiranana 1972-5 Gabriel Ramanantsoa 1975 Richard Ratsimandrava 1975 Gilles Andriamahazo 1975-93 Didier Ratsiraka 1993- Albert Zafy \BPrime Minister 1960-75 \IAs President\i 1975-6 Joδl Rakotomala 1976-7 Justin Rakotoriaina 1977-88 DΘsirΘ Rakotoarijaona 1988-91 Victor Ramahatra 1991-3 Guy Willy Razanamasy 1993-5 Francisque Ravony 1995-6 Emmanuel Rakotovahiny 1996-7 Norbert Ratsirahonana 1997- Pascal Rakotomavo # "Magnetic Discoveries",239,0,0,0 [TABLE] Magnetic Discoveries \BTime \BPeople \BDiscovery 300 BC Unknown The Chinese Book of the Devil Valley Master refers to lodestone lining up with the earth's magnetic field. ?? BC Unknown Discovery in the west that lodestone attracts iron. 270 AD Unknown Chinese use a compass for locating south. 1044 Unknown Chinese describe the use of a compass for navigation. 12th century Unknown Arab physicist "We know that the magnet loves the lodestone, but we do not know whether the lodestone also loves the magnet or is attracted to it against its will." 1269 Petrus Peregrinus (Petrus de Maricourt) Describes his experiments on magnetism to make a motor for a planetarium, describes an improved compass, but wrongly explains how and why the compass acts. 1576 Robert Norman Notes that magnetized steel does not gain weight, and that there was such a thing as magnetic dip. 1600 William Gilbert Publishes De Magnete, explaining his studies from about 1570, and stating clearly that the earth behaves like a magnet. 1635 Henry Gellibrand Reports that the variation between the compass north and true north (magnetic declination) varies from year to year in a given place, in a regular way. 1698 Edmund Halley Tries to improve navigation by finding a way of determining longitude from magnetic declination and magnetic dip. 1749 John Canton Develops a method for making an artificial magnet. 1819 Hans Oersted Magnetic current affects a compass needle (published 1820). 1821 Michael Faraday Creates the first two electrical motors. 1826 Andre Marie Ampere Coins the term 'solenoid'. 1831 Michael Faraday Discovers electromagnetic induction, discovered earlier but not published by Joseph Henry. 1832 Joseph Henry Discovers transformer effect. 1835 Michael Faraday Discovers self-induction, independently of Joseph Henry. 1835 Joseph Henry Invents the electrical relay, patented at this time by Edward Davy, just before Davy emigrated to Australia. 1845 Michael Faraday Discovers the Faraday effect: a magnetic field makes the plane of polarized light rotate. 1873 James Clerk Maxwell Influenced (among other things) by Faraday. 1887 Heinrich Hertz While exploring Maxwell's theory, discovers the waves which we now use for radio and TV. 1895 Pierre Curie Shows the existence of the Curie Point, or Curie temperature. 1966 various authors The earth's magnetic field is shown to reverse, swapping north and south poles. 1981 Blakemore and Frankel Discovery that bacteria have a magnetic sense. # "Magnitude and Brightness",240,0,0,0 [TABLE] Magnitude and Brightness \Bmagnitude difference \BBrightness difference factor 0 1.000 1 2.512 2 6.310 3 15.849 4 39.811 5 100.000 6 251.189 7 630.957 8 1584.893 9 3981.072 10 10000.000 # "Main Crusades to the East",241,0,0,0 [TABLE] Main Crusades to the East Background Leader(s) Outcome First Crusade(1096-9) Proclaimed by Urban II to aid the Greeks against the Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor, liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Seljuk domination, and safeguard pilgrim routes to the Holy Sepulcher. Bohemond I; Godfrey of Bouillon; Raymond, Count of Toulouse; Robert, Count of Flanders; Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy; Stephen, Count of Blois Capture of Nicaea in Anatolia (Jun 1097); Turks vanquished at Battle of Dorylaeum (Jul 1097) capture of Antioch in Syria (Jun 1098), Jerusalem (Jul 1099). Godfrey of Bouillon became ruler of the new Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, and defeated the Fatimids of Egypt near Ascalon in Palestine (Aug 1099). Three other crusader states were founded: Antioch, Edessa, Tripoli. Second Crusade(1147-8) Proclaimed by Eugenius III to aid the crusader stakes after the Muslim reconquest of Edessa (1144). Conrad III of Germany; Louis VII of France German army heavily defeated by Turks near Dorylaeum (Oct 1147), and the French at Laodicea (Jan 1148); Damascus in Syria invested, but siege abandoned after four days (July 1148). The crusaders' military reputation was destroyed, and the Syrian Muslims united against the Latins. Third Crusade(1189-92) Proclaimed by Gregory VIII after Saladin's defeat of the Latins at the Battle of Hattin (July 1187) and his conquest of Jerusalem (Oct 1187). (By 1189 all that remained of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was the port of Tyre.) Frederick I Barbarossa; Philip II Augustus of France; Richard I of England Cyprus conquered the Greeks (May 1191), and established as new crusader kingdom (survived until 1489); capture of Acre in Palestine (Jul 1191); Saladin defeated near Arsuf (Sept 1191); three-year truce guaranteeing safe-conduct of Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem. Most cities and castles of the Holy Land remained in Muslim hands. Fourth Crusade(1202-4) Proclaimed by Innocent III to recover the Holy Places. Boniface of Montferrat Despite papal objections, crusade diverted from Egypt or Palestine (1) to Zara, a Christian town in Dalmatia, conquered for Venetians (Nov 1202); (2) to Byzantium, where embroilment in dynastic struggles led to sack of Constantinople (Apr 1204) and foundation of Latin Empire of Constantinople (survived until 1261). The crusading movement was discredited; the Latins in Palestine and Syria were hardly helped at all; the Byzantine empire never fully recovered; and the opportunity was lost of a united front between the Latins and Greeks against the Muslims. Fifth Crusade(1217-21) Proclaimed by Innocent III when a six-year truce between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Egypt expired. Andrew II of Hungary; John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem; Leopold, Duke of Austria Three indecisive expeditions against Muslims in Palestine (1217); capture of Damietta in Egypt after protracted siege (May 1218-Nov 1219); further conquests attempted, but crusaders forced to relinquish Damietta (Aug 1221) and withdraw. Sixth Crusade(1228-9) Emperor Frederick II, who first took the Cross in 1215, married the heiress to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1225. Excommunicated by Gregory IX for delaying his departure, he finally arrived at Acre in Sept 1228. Frederick II Negotiations with Egyptians secured Jerusalem and other places, including Bethlehem and Nazareth (Feb 1229); Frederick crowned King of Jerusalem in church of Holy Sepulchre (Mar 1229). Jerusalem was held until recaptured by the Khorezmian Turks in 1244. Seventh Crusade(1248-54) Proclaimed by Innocent IV after the fall of Jerusalem and defeat of the Latin army near Gaza by the Egyptians and Khorezmians (1244). Louis IX of France Capture of Damietta (June 1249); defeat at Mansurah (Feb 1250); surrender of crusaders during attempted withdrawal; Damietta relinquished and large ransoms paid (May 1250). Louis spent four years in Palestine, refortifying Acre, Caesarea, Joppa and Sidon, and fruitlessly attempting to regain Jerusalem by alliances with the Mameluks and Mongols. Eighth Crusade(1270-2) Proclaimed after the Mameluk conquest of Arsuf, Caesarea, Haifa (1265), Antioch and Joppa (1268). Charles of Anjou, King of Naples-Sicily; Edward of England (later Edward I) Louis IX of France Attacked Tunisia in N Africa (July 1270); Louis died in Aug; Charles concluded treaty with Tunis and withdrew; Edward negotiated 11-years' truce with Mameluks in Palestine. By 1291 the Latins had been driven from the Holy Land. # "Major Events in History of Genetics",242,0,0,0 [TABLE] Major Events in History of Genetics \BYear \BPeople \BEvent 1694 unknown Claimed to be able to see a "homunculus" inside a spermatozoon. 1831 Robert Brown Announced the discovery of the cell nucleus. 1858 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace Made a joint announcement of the theory of natural selection-that members of a population who are better adapted to the environment survive and pass on their traits. 1859 Charles Darwin Published The Origin of Species. 1866 Gregor Mendel Published the results of his investigations of the inheritance of "factors" in pea plants. 1869 Friedrich Miescher Extracted DNA from pus in discarded bandages. 1875 Eduard Strasburger Reported that nuclei form by division, a process that will be called mitosis by Fleming in 1882. 1883 August Weismann Coined the term "germ plasm", and asserts that male and female contribute equally to inheritance. 1884 Eduard Strasburger Suggested, based on studies of fertilisation, that the nucleus carries the genetic material. 1895 Wilhelm R÷ntgen Discovered x-rays. 1900 Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries and Erich von Tschermak Mendel's principles were independently discovered and verified, marking the beginning of modern genetics. Each repeated the discoveries before finding out about Mendel's work. 1900 Walter Sutton Observed homologous pairs in the chromosomes of a grasshopper. 1902 Walter Sutton Pointed out the interrelationships between cytology and Mendelism, closing the gap between cell morphology and heredity. 1903 Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri Independently confirmed that there is a clear link between the behaviour of the chromosomes and what is known of Mendelian inheritance. 1905 Edmund Wilson and Nellie Stevens Independently described the behaviour of sex chromosomes-XX determines female, XY determines male. 1908 William Bateson First British professor of genetics. 1908 G. H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg Independently proposed the Hardy-Weinberg Law. 1908 Archibald Garrod Proposed that some human diseases are due to "inborn errors of metabolism" that result from the lack of a specific enzyme. 1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan Proposed a theory of sex-linked inheritance for the first mutation discovered in the fruit fly, Drosophila, white eye. This was followed by the gene theory, including the principle of linkage. 1911 Wilhelm Johannsen Distinguished the phenotype of an individual from the genotype. 1912 Lawrence Bragg Took Max von Laue's x-ray diffraction, and finds a way to deduce crystal structure from the patterns produced. 1913 Alfred Sturtevant Used "crossing-over" data to prepare a map of genes on the chromosome, using sex-linked genes in Drosophila. 1915 Frederick Twort (1877 - 1950) Suggested that bacteriophages are viruses which attack bacteria-these are later referred to as "phages". 1916 George Harrison Shull Published the inaugural issue of the journal Genetics. 1918 Sewall Wright Finished analysing the inheritance of coat colours in mammals. He showed that production of the pigment determining coat colour in mammals requires biochemical steps, taking place in fixed temporal order and suggested that each step is mediated by a different, specific enzyme. 1927 Hermann J. Muller (1890 - 1967) Used X-rays to cause artificial gene mutations in Drosophila. He showed that the mutation rate is 1500 times higher when X-rays were used. 1928 Fred Griffith Proposed that some unknown "principle" had transformed the harmless R strain of Diplococcus to the virulent S strain. 1928 Lewis Stadler Showed that ultraviolet radiation can also cause mutations. 1929 R. A. Fisher Published The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, which makes an explicit link between Darwinian evolution and genetics. Fisher, Haldane and Wright created population genetics at about this time. 1931 J. B. S. Haldane Published The Causes of Evolution. 1931 Sewall Wright Proposed the idea of genetic drift. 1931 Harriet B. Creighton, Barbara McClintock Demonstrated the cytological proof for crossing-over in maize. 1934 J. D. Bernal Showed that giant molecules, such as proteins, can be studied using X-ray crystallography. 1938 various workers X-ray diffraction used on crystals of nucleic acids and proteins, the word "biotechnology" is created. 1941 George Beadle and Edward Tatum (1909 - 1975) Irradiated the red bread mould, Neurospora, and proved that the gene produces its effect by regulating particular enzymes. Proposed the one gene one enzyme hypothesis. 1944 Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty Reported that they had purified the transforming principle in Griffith's experiment and that it was DNA. 1944 Frederick Sanger Used chromatography to determine the amino acid sequences in bovine insulin. 1945 Max Delbrⁿck with Salvador Luria (1912 - 1991) Organised a phage course at Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory which was taught for 26 consecutive years. This course was the training ground of the first two generations of molecular biologists. 1946 Edward Tatum and Joshua Lederberg (1925 - ) Showed that bacteria sometimes exchange genetic material directly, in a process they called conjugation. 1947 Barbara McClintock Published the hypothesis of transposable elements ("jumping genes") to explain colour variations in corn. 1950 Erwin Chargaff Discovered a one-to-one ratio of adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine in DNA samples from a variety of organisms. 1950 various Artificial insemination of livestock, a long-time dream of farmers, was successfully accomplished. 1951 Rosalind Franklin Obtained sharp X-ray diffraction photographs of DNA. 1951 Joshua Lederberg and Norton Zinder Showed that bacteria can exchange genes indirectly by "transduction," in which a virus takes bits of DNA from one bacterium and carries the genes into the next cell it infects. 1952 Alfred Hershey (1908 - 1997) and Martha Chase Used phages in their "blender experiments": the protein was labelled with sulphur 35 and the DNA with phosphorus 32 for the final proof that DNA is the molecule of heredity. 1952 William Hayes Demonstrated conjugation in bacteria, a method by which bacteria can exchange genetic information. 1952 Jean Brachet Suggested that RNA has a role to play in protein synthesis. 1953 Francis Crick and James Watson Solved the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule. They were assisted by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. 1955 Seymour Benzer Began mapping a phage, a process that would take five years. 1956 Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat Took apart and reassembled a tobacco mosaic virus. 1957 Francis Crick and George Gamow Worked out the "central dogma," explaining how DNA functions to make protein. Their "sequence hypothesis" says that the DNA sequence specifies the amino acid sequence in a protein. They also suggested that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA to messenger RNA to protein, the central concept of the central dogma. 1958 Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl Used isotopes of nitrogen to prove the semi-conservative replication of DNA. 1958 Arthur Kornberg Purified DNA polymerase I from E. coli, the first enzyme that made DNA in a test tube. 1959 Max Perutz Worked out the complete amino acid sequence for a protein. 1959 Franτois Jacob and Jacques Monod Proposed the role of RNA in transmitting information to the sites of protein synthesis, repressor-operon model. 1961 Marshall Nirenberg Built a strand of RNA, composed entirely of uracil, and determines that the codon for phenylalanine is UUU. 1962 Francis Crick and James Watson Received the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology. 1965 various Plasmids are seen to carry genetic material from one bacterium to another, including the genes for antibiotic resistance. 1966 Marshall Nirenberg and H. Gobind Khorana Led teams that cracked the genetic code-that triplet mRNA codons specify each of the twenty amino acids. 1967 Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa (1905 - 1993) Synthesised a biologically active X174 virus in 1967. For the first time, biochemists produced an active virus in the laboratory. 1967 Mary Weiss and Howard Green Took the first step to sequencing human genes when they announced the use of human cells and mouse cells grown together in one culture. This was called somatic-cell hybridisation. 1970 Hamilton Smith and Kent Wilcox Isolated the first restriction enzyme, HindII, that could cut DNA molecules within specific recognition sites. 1970 Peter Duesberg Peter Vogt Discovered the first oncogene in a virus. This SRC gene has since been implicated in many human cancers. 1970 David Baltimore and Howard Temin Independently discovered "reverse transcriptase" a restriction enzyme that cuts DNA molecules at specific sites. Their work described how viral RNA that infects a host bacteria uses this enzyme to integrate its message into the host's DNA. 1972 Paul Berg and Herbert Boyer Produced the first recombinant DNA molecules. 1973 Bruce Ames Published details of a test to identify chemicals that damage DNA. The Ames Test has since become a widely used method to screen carcinogenic substances. 1973 Joseph Sambrook Led the team at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory that refined DNA electrophoresis by using agarose gel and staining with ethidium bromide. 1973 Annie Chang and Stanley Cohen Showed that a recombinant DNA molecule can be maintained and replicated in E. coli. This was the first recombinant DNA organism. 1975 International meeting at Asilomar, California urged the adoption of guidelines regulating recombinant DNA experimentation. 1975 Kohler and Milstein Fused cells to produce monoclonal antibodies. 1977 Frederick Sanger Developed the chain termination (dideoxy) method for sequencing DNA. 1977 Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson Genentech, the first genetic engineering company is founded, using recombinant DNA methods to make medically important drugs. After this time, more and more discoveries will be credited to companies, rather than to individuals. 1977 Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam Devised a method for sequencing DNA using chemicals rather than enzymes. 1978 David Botstein, Ronald Davis and Mark Skolnick Proposed the use of DNA sequencing to develop gene markers for various types of genetically determined disease. 1980 U. S. Supreme Court Ruled in the Chakrabarty case that genetically altered life forms can be patented. This ruling opened up enormous possibilities for commercially exploiting genetic engineering, which had previously rested solely on the ability of companies to protect trade secrets. 1980 Kary Mullis Invented, with colleagues at Cetus Corporation, a technique for multiplying DNA sequences in vitro by, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 1983 James Gusella Used blood samples collected by Nancy Wexler and her co-workers in Venezuela to demonstrate that the Huntington's chorea gene is on chromosome 4. 1985 Kary B. Mullis Published a paper describing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the most sensitive assay for DNA yet devised. 1988 Philip Leder and Timothy Stewart Received a patent for a mouse genetically altered to be susceptible to cancer, the "Harvard mouse". 1988 HUGO The Human Genome Project began with the goal of determining the entire sequence of DNA composing human chromosomes. 1989 Alec Jeffreys Coined the term "DNA fingerprinting" and was the first to use DNA polymorphisms in paternity, immigration, and murder cases. 1989 Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui Identified the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) on chromosome 7 that, when mutant, causes cystic fibrosis. 1990 A genetically engineered virus, acting as a live vaccine against rabies, was released in Pennsylvania, USA. 1990 Michael Fromm Reported the stable transformation of corn using a high-speed gene gun. 1990 Mary Claire King Reported the discovery of the gene linked to breast cancer in families with a high degree of incidence before age 45. 1993 FlavrSavr tomatoes, genetically engineered for longer shelf life, were marketed. 1993 Kary Mullis Received the Nobel Prize for inventing PCR. 1997 Ian Wilmut Dolly the sheep, the first higher mammal cloned from a single adult cell. 1997 various The first complete genome is published in Nature, the genome of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. # "Major Volcanoes",243,0,0,0 [TABLE] Volcanoes \BName / Location \BHeight (m) \BHeight (ft) \BMajor Eruptions (years) \BLast Eruption (year) Aconcagua (Argentina) 6 960 22 831 Extinct Ararat (Turkey) 5 198 16 915 Extinct Holocene Awu (Sangir Is, Indonesia) 1327 4 355 1711, 1856, 1892, 1968 1992 Bezymianny (Kamchatka, Russia) 2 800 9 186 1955-6 1984 Coseguina (Nicaragua) 847 2780 1835 1835 El Chich≤n (Mexico) 1 349 4 430 1982 1982 Erebus (Antarctica) 4 023 13 200 1947, 1972, 1986 1991 Etna, (Italy) 3 236 10 905 ad 122, 1169, 1329, 1536, 1669, 1928, 1964, 1971, 1986, 1992 1994 Fuji (Japan) 3 776 12 388 1707 1707 Galunggung (Java) 2 180 7 155 1822, 1918 1982 Hekla (Iceland) 1491 4 890 1693, 1845, 1947-8, 1970, 1981 1991 Helgafell (Iceland) 215 706 1973 1973 Jurullo (Mexico) 1330 4 360 1759-74 1774 Katmai (Alaska) 2 298 7 540 1912, 1920, 1921, 1931 1974 Kilauea (Hawaii) 1247 4 090 1823-1924, 1952, 1955, 1960, 1967-74, 1983-7, 1988, 1991, 1992 1994 Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) 5 930 19 450 Extinct Pleistocene Kluychevskoy (Kamchatka, Russia) 4 850 15 910 1700-1966, 1984, 1985 1993 Krakatoa (Sumatra) 818 2 685 1680, 1883, 1927, 1952-3, 1969 1980 La SoufriΦre (St Vincent) 1232 4 040 1718, 1812, 1902, 1971-2 1979 Laki (Iceland) 500 1642 1783 1784 Lamington (Papua New Guinea) 1780 5 840 1951 1956 Lassen Peak (USA) 3 186 10 453 1914-15 1921 Mauna Loa (Hawaii) 4 172 13 685 1859, 1880, 1887, 1919, 1950, 1984 1987 Mayon (Philippines) 2 462 8 075 1616, 1766, 1814, 1897, 1968, 1978 1993 Nyamuragira (Za∩re) 3 056 10 026 1921-38, 1971, 1980, 1984, 1988 1991 Paricutin (Mexico) 3 188 10 460 1943-52 1952 PelΘe (Martinique) 1397 4 584 1902, 1929-32 1932 Pinatubo (Philippines) 1758 5 770 1391, 1991 1992 Popocatepetl (Mexico) 5 483 17 990 1920 1943 Rainer, Mt (USA) 4 392 14 410 1st-c BC, 1820 1882 Ruapehu (New Zealand) 2 796 9 175 1945, 1953, 1969, 1975, 1986, 1995 1996 St Helens, Mt (USA) 2 549 8 364 1800, 1831, 1835, 1842-3, 1857, 1980, 1987 1991 Santorini/ Thera (Greece) 556 1824 1470 BC, 197 BC, AD 46, 1570-3, 1707-11, 1866-70 1950 Stromboli (Italy) 931 3 055 1768, 1882, 1889, 1907, 1930, 1936, 1941, 1950, 1952, 1986, 1990 1994 Surtsey (Iceland) 174 570 1963-7 1967 Taal (Philippines) 1448 4 752 1911, 1965, 1969,1977 1988 Tambora (Sumbawa, Indonesia) 2 868 9 410 1815 1880 Tarawera (New Zealand) 1 149 3 770 1886 1973 Vesuvius (Italy) 1289 4 230 ad 79, 472, 1036, 1631, 1779, 1906 1944 Vulcano (Italy) 502 1650 Antiquity, 1444, 1730-40, 1786, 1873, 1888-90 1890 # "Malawi Political Rulers and Leaders",244,0,0,0 [TABLE] Malawi Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1966-94 Hastings Kamuzu Banda 1994- Baliki Muluzi # "Malaysia Political Rulers and Leaders",245,0,0,0 [TABLE] Malaysia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BChief of State (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) 1957-63 Abdul Rahman 1963-5 Sayyid Harun Putra Jamal-ul-Lail 1965-70 Isma'il Nasir-ud-Din Shah 1970-5 'Abdul-Halim Mu'azzam Shah 1975-9 Yahya Petra Ibrahim 1979-84 Ahmad Shah al-Musta'in 1984-9 Mahmud Iskandar Shah 1989-4 Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah 1994- Ja'afar ibn Abdul Rahman \BPrime Minister \BMalaya 1957-63 Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj \BMalaysia 1963-70 Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj 1970-6 Abdul Razak bin Hussein 1976-9 Haji Hussein bin Onn 1979- Mahathir bin Mohamad # "Maldives Political Rulers and Leaders",246,0,0,0 [TABLE] Maldives Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch (Sultan) 1954-68 Muhammad Farid Didi \BRepublic \BPresident 1968-78 Ibrahim Nasir 1978- Maumoon Abdul Gayoom # "Mali Political Rulers and Leaders",247,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mali Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-8 Modibo Keita 1969-92 Moussa TraorΘ 1992- Alpha Oumar Konare \BPrime Minister 1986-8 Mamadou DembelΘ 1988-91 \INo Prime Minister\i 1991-2 Soumana Sacko 1992-3 Younoussi TourΘ 1993-4 Abdoulaye Sekou Sow 1994- Ibrahim Boubakar Keita # "Malta Political Rulers and Leaders",248,0,0,0 [TABLE] Malta Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1974-6 Anthony Mamo 1976-81 Anton Buttigieg 1982-7 Agatha Barbara 1987-9 Paul Xuereb \IActing\i 1989- Vincent Tabone \BPrime Minister 1962-71 G Borg Olivier 1971-84 Dom Mintoff 1984-7 Carmelo Mifsud Bonnici 1987- Edward Fenech Adami # "Mars Fact Table",249,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mars Fact Table \BMars \BEarth (for comparison) \BRatio (Mars/Earth) \BBulk parameters Mass (10\U24\u kg) 0.6419 5.9736 0.107 Volume (10\U10\u km│) 16.318 108.321 0.151 Equatorial radius (km) 3393 6378 0.532 Polar radius (km) 3373 6356 0.531 Volumetric mean radius (km) 3390 6371 0.532 Core radius (km) 1700 3485 0.488 Ellipticity 0.0065 0.0034 1.912 Mean density (kg/m│) 3393 5520 0.713 Surface gravity (eq.) (m/s▓) 3.69 9.78 0.377 Escape velocity (km/s) 5.03 11.19 0.450 GM (x 10\U6\ukm│/s▓) 0.04283 0.3986 0.107 Bond albedo 0.16 0.385 0.416 Visual geometric albedo 0.150 0.367 0.409 Visual magnitude V(1,0) -1.52 -3.86 - Solar irradiance (W/m▓) 595 1380 0.431 Black-body temperature (K) 216.6 247.3 0.875 Topographic range (km) 36 20 1.800 Moment of inertia (I/MR▓) 0.366 0.3308 1.106 J2 (x 10\U-6\u) 1960.45 1082.63 1.811 \BOrbital parameters Semimajor axis (10\U6\u km) 227.9 149.6 1.524 Sidereal orbit period (days) 686.980 365.256 1.881 Tropical orbit period (days) 686.930 365.242 1.881 Perihelion (10\U6\u km) 206.6 147.1 1.404 Aphelion (10\U6\u km) 249.2 152.1 1.638 Synodic period (days) 779.94 - - Mean orbital velocity (km/s) 24.13 29.79 0.810 Orbit inclination (deg) 1.85 0.00 - Orbit eccentricity 0.0934 0.0167 5.593 Sidereal rotation period (hrs) 24.6229 23.9345 1.029 Equatorial inclination (deg) 23.98 23.44 1.023 # "Marshall Islands Political Rulers and Leaders",250,0,0,0 [TABLE] Marshall Islands Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1979-97 Amata Kabua 1997- Imata Kabua # "Materials and Expansion",251,0,0,0 [TABLE] Materials and Expansion \BMaterial \BExpansion per ░C quartz .0000005 "Invar" steel (30% nickel) .0000009 "Pyrex" glass .000003 timber .000003 - .000005 masonry .000004 - .000007 common glass .000009 platinum .000009 iron .000012 concrete .000012 steel .000013 nickel .000013 copper .000017 brass .000019 silver .000019 tin .000021 aluminium .000025 zinc .000029 lead .000029 # "Mauritania Political Rulers and Leaders",252,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mauritania Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1961-78 Mokhtar Ould Daddah 1979 Mustapha Ould Mohammed Salek 1979-80 Mohammed Mahmoud Ould Ahmed Louly 1980-4 Mohammed Khouna Ould Haydalla 1984- Moaouia Ould Sidi Mohammed Taya \BPrime Minister 1991-6 Mohammed Ould Boubaker 1996- Cheikh el Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna # "Mauritius Political Rulers and Leaders",253,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mauritius Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1992 Veerasamy Ringadoo 1992- Cassam Uteem \BPrime Minister 1968-82 Seewoosagur Ramgoolam 1982-95 Anerood Jugnauth 1995- Navin Ramgoolam # "Meanings of Phobias",254,0,0,0 [TABLE] A to Z of Phobias \BEveryday term \BTechnical term air aero- animals zoo- astral astra- birds ornitho- blood hemato- blushing erythro- carriages amaka- cats ailouro- closed spaces claustro- clouds nepho-, nephelo- cold cheima- (cheimato-) color chromo- comets cometo- contamination miso-, myso- corpses necro- crowds demo- crystals crystallo- darkness achulo- dawn eoso- death thanato- demons demono- disease noso-, patho- dogs cyno- dreams oneiro- drinks poto- duration chrono- dust amatho- electricity elektro- everything pan- (panto-) eyes ommato- failure kakorraphia- fatigue kopo- fears phobo- feathers pterono- fire pyro- flash sela- flogging mastigo- flood antlo- flute aulo- fog homichlo- food sito- fur dora- germs sperma- (spermato-) ghosts phasmo- girls partheno- glass nelo- God theo- gravity baro- heat thermo- heaven ourano- heights acro- hell stygio- (hadeo-) heredity patroio- home oiko- ice kristallo- ideas ideo- infinity apeiro- insanity lysso- (mania-) insects entomo- jealousy zelo- justice dike- light photo- machinery mechano- man anthropo- many things poly- men andro- metals metallo- meteors meteoro- mice muso- microbes bacillo- mirrors eisoptro- money chrometo- motion kineso- music musico- narrowness angino- needles belone- newness neo- Northern Lights Auroro- nudity gymno- (gymnoto-) one thing mono- open spaces agora- pain algo- pins enete- pleasure hedono- points aichuro- poison toxi- poverty penia- punishment poine- reptiles batracho- responsibility hypegia- ridicule katagelo- robberies harpaxo- ruin ate- Satan Satano- sea thalasso- sex geno- shock horme- sin hamartio- sitting thasso- skin dermato- sleep hypno- smell olfacto- smothering pnigero- snakes ophidio- snow chiono- soiling rypo- solitude eremo- sound akoustico- sourness acero- spiders arachno- standing stasi- stars sidero- stealing klepto- stings cnido- strangers xeno- string linono- stuttering lalo- syphilis syphilo- taste geuma- (geumato-) teeth odonto- thirteen triskaideka- thunder bronto- (tonitro-) touch hapto- travel hodo- trembling tremo- vehicles ocho- void keno- walking baso- water hydro- weakness astheno- wind anemo- women gyno- words logo- work ergo- worms helmintho- writing grapho- # "Measurement Conversion Factors: Imperial to Metric",255,0,0,0 [TABLE] Measurement Conversion Factors: Imperial to Metric \BTo Convert From \BTo \BMultiply By \BLength inches millimetres 25.4 inches centimetres 2.54 feet metres 0.3048 yards metres 0.9144 statute miles kilometres 1.6093 nautical miles kilometres 1.852 \BArea square inches square centimetres 6.4516 square feet square metres 0.0929 square yards square metres 0.8361 acres hectares 0.4047 square miles square kilometres 2.5899 \BVolume cubic inches cubic centimetres 16.3871 cubic feet cubic metres 0.0283 cubic yards cubic metres 0.7646 \BCapacity UK fluid ounces litres 0.0284 US fluid ounces litres 0.0296 UK pints litres 0.5682 US pints litres 0.4732 UK gallons litres 4.546 US gallons litres 3.7854 \BWeight ounces (avoirdupois) grams 28.3495 ounces (troy) grams 31.1035 pounds kilograms 0.4536 tons (long) tonnes 1.016 # "Measurement Conversion Factors: Metric to Imperial",256,0,0,0 [TABLE] Measurement Conversion Factors: Metric to Imperial \BTo Convert From \BTo \BMultiply By \BLength millimetres inches 0.0394 centimetres inches 0.3937 metres feet 3.2808 metres yards 1.0936 kilometres statute miles 0.6214 kilometres nautical miles 0.54 \BArea square centimetres square inches 0.155 square metres square feet 10.764 square metres square yards 1.196 hectares acres 2.471 square kilometres square miles 0.386 \BVolume cubic centimetres cubic inches 0.061 cubic metres cubic feet 35.315 cubic metres cubic yards 1.308 \BCapacity litres UK fluid ounces 35.1961 litres US fluid ounces 33.8150 litres UK pints 1.7598 litres US pints 2.1134 litres UK gallons 0.2199 litres US gallons 0.2642 \BWeight grams ounces (avoirdupois) 0.0353 grams ounces (troy) 0.0322 kilograms pounds 2.2046 tonnes tons (long) 0.9842 # "Measurement: Imperial Units and their Metric Equivalents",257,0,0,0 [TABLE] Measurement: Imperial Units and their Metric Equivalents \BImperial Unit \BMetric Equivalent \BLength 1 inch 2.54 cm 1 foot 30.48 cm 1 yard 0.9144 m 1 mile 1.6093 km \BArea 1 square inch 6.45 cm▓ 1 square foot 0.0929 m▓ 1 square yard 0.836 m▓ 1 acre 0.405 ha 1 square mile 259 ha \BVolume 1 cubic inch 16.3871 cm▓ 1 cubic foot 0.028 m▓ 1 cubic yard 0.765 m▓ \BLiquid volume 1 pint 0.57 l 1 quart 1.14 l 1 gallon 4.55 l \BWeight 1 ounce 28.3495 g 1 pound 0.4536 kg 1 stone 6.35 kg 1 hundredweight 50.8 kg 1 ton 1.016 t # "Measurement: Metric Units and their Imperial Equivalents",258,0,0,0 [TABLE] Measurement: Metric Units and their Imperial Equivalents \BMetric Unit \BImperial Equivalent \BLength 1 millimetre 0.03937 in 1 centimetre 0.39 in 1 decimetre 3.94 in 1 metre 39.37 in 1 kilometre 0.62 mi \BArea 1 square millimetre 0.0016 sq in 1 square centimetre 0.155 sq in 1 square decimetre 15.5 sq in 1 square metre 10.76 sq ft 1 hectare 2.47 acres \BVolume 1 cubic centimetre 0.061 cu in 1 cubic decimetre 61.024 cu in 1 cubic metre 35.31 cu ft, 1.308 cu yards \BLiquid volume 1 litre (dm│) 1.76 pt 1 hectolitre 22 gal \BWeight 1 gram 0.035 oz 1 kilogram 2.2046 lb 1 tonne 0.0842 ton # "Mendeleyev's Successful Predictions",259,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mendeleyev's Successful Predictions \BProperty \BPredicted \BActual Eka-aluminium (1871) and Gallium (1875) Atomic weight 68 69.9 Specific gravity 6.0 5.96 Atomic volume 11.5 11.7 Atomic weight 44 43.79 Oxide Eb\D2\d O\D3\d, s.g.3.5 Sc\D2\d O\D3\d, s.g. 3.86 Sulphate Eb\D2\d (SO\D4\d) \D3\d Sc\D2\d (SO\D4\d) \D3\d Atomic weight 72 72.3 Specific gravity 5.5 5.47 Oxide EsO\D2\d GeO\D2\d Chloride EsCl\D4\d, b.p. < 100░C, density 1.9 GeCl\D4\d, b.p. 86░C, density 1.89 # "Mercury Fact Table",260,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mercury Fact Table \BMercury \BEarth (for comparison) \BRatio (Mercury/Earth) \BBulk parameters Mass (10\U24\u kg) 0.3302 5.9736 0.0553 Volume (10\U10\u km\U3\u) 6.085 108.321 0.0562 Equatorial radius (km) 2440 6378 0.383 Polar radius (km) 2440 6356 0.384 Volumetric mean radius (km) 440 6371 0.383 Ellipticity 0.0000 0.0034 0.000 Mean density (kg/m\U3\u) 5427 5520 0.983 Surface gravity (eq.) (m/s\U2\u) 3.70 9.78 0.378 Escape velocity (km/s) 4.3 11.2 0.384 GM (x 10\U6\ukm\U3\u/s\U2\u) 0.02203 0.3986 0.0553 Bond albedo 0.056 0.385 0.145 Visual geometric albedo 0.11 0.367 0.300 Visual magnitude V(1,0) 0.42 -3.86 - Solar irradiance (W/m\U2\u) 3566 1380 2.584 Black-body temperature (K) 442.5 247.3 1.789 Moment of inertia (I/MR\U2\u) 0.33 0.3308 0.998 J2 (x 10\U-6\u) 60.0 1082.63 0.055 \BOrbital parameters Semimajor axis (10\U6\u km) 57.9 149.6 0.387 Sidereal orbit period (days) 87.969 365.256 0.241 Tropical orbit period (days) 87.968 365.242 0.241 Perihelion (10\U6\u km) 46.0 147.1 0.313 Aphelion (10\U6\u km) 69.8 152.1 0.459 Synodic period (days) 115.88 - - Mean orbital velocity (km/s) 47.89 29.79 1.608 Orbit inclination (deg) 7.00 0.00 - Orbit eccentricity 0.2056 0.0167 12.311 Sidereal rotation period (hrs) 1407.6 23.9345 58.785 Equatorial inclination (deg) 0.0 23.44 0.000 # "Meteor Showers (Annual)",261,0,0,0 [TABLE] Meteor Showers (Annual) \BName \BDates of Maximum \BHourly Rate Quadrantids 3-4 January 100 Lyrids 21-22 April 10 Eta Aquarids 5-6 May 35 Delta Aquarids 28-29 July 20 Perseids 12-13 August 75 Orionids 22 October 25 Taurids 4 November 10 Leonids 17-18 November 10 Geminids 13-14 December 75 # "Mexico Political Rulers and Leaders",262,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mexico Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1876-1911 Porfirio Diaz 1911 Francisco Le≤n de la Barra 1911-13 Francisco I Madero 1913-14 Victoriano Huerta 1914 Francisco Carvajal 1914 Venustiano Carranza 1914-15 Eulalio GutiΘrrez \IProvisional\i 1915 Roque Gonzßlez Garza \IProvisional\i 1915 Francisco Lagos Chazaro \IProvisional\i 1917-20 Venustiano Carranza 1920 Adolfo de la Huerta 1920-4 Alvaro Obreg≤n 1924-8 Plutarco Elφas Calles 1928-30 Emilio Portes Gil 1930-2 Pascual Ortφz Rubio 1932-4 Abelardo L Rodrφguez 1934-40 Lazaro Cardenas 1940-6 Manuel Avila Camacho 1946-52 Miguel Alemßn 1952-8 Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 1958-64 Adolfo L≤pez Mateos 1964-70 Gustavo Dφaz Ordaz 1970-6 Luis Echeverrφa 1976-82 JosΘ L≤pez Portillo 1982-8 Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado 1988-94 Carlos Salinas de Gortari 1994- Ernesto Zedillo # "Mir Core Module",263,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mir Core Module \BModule \BMass (Kg) \BLength (m) \BMax. Diameter (m) \BPressurized Volume (Cubic Meters) \BNo. of Solar Arrays/Area (Square Meters) \BPower Output (KW) \BFunction Mir Core 20,900 13.13 4.15 90 3/76 10.1 Habitation, control, life support, thermal control, power, dockin g ports # "Mir Kristall",264,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mir Kristall \BModule \BMass (Kg) \BLength (m) \BMax. Diameter (m) \BPressurized Volume (Cubic Meters) \BNo. of Solar Arrays/Area (Square Meters) \BPower Output (KW) \BFunction Kristall 19,640 11.9 4.35 60.8 2/70 5.5-8.4 Materials production & remote sensing, docking node # "Mir Kvant",265,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mir Kvant \BModule \BMass (Kg) \BLength (m) \BMax. Diameter (m) \BPressurized Volume (Cubic Meters) \BNo. of Solar Arrays/Area (Square Meters) \BPower Output (KW) \BFunction Kvant 1 11,050 5.8 4.15 40 N/A N/A Astronomy, some control & life support, Progress & Soyuz docking # "Mir Kvant-2",266,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mir Kvant-2 \BModule \BMass (Kg) \BLength (m) \BMax. Diameter (m) \BPressurized Volume (Cubic Meters) \BNo. of Solar Arrays/Area (Square Meters) \BPower Output (KW) \BFunction Kvant 2 18,500 12.4 4.35 61.3 2/53 6.9 Remote sensing, life support, EVA airlock # "Mir Missions 1995-97",267,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mir Missions 1995-97 Feb. 15, 1995 Progress M-26 Mar. 14, 1995 Soyuz TM-21 (Mir-18) Apr. 9, 1995 Progress M-27 May 20, 1995 Spektr June 27, 1995 STS-71 Docking 1 July 20, 1995 Progress M-28 Sep. 3, 1995 Soyuz TM-22 (Mir-20) Sep. 11, 1995 Soyuz TM-21 Landing Oct. 8, 1995 Progress M-29 Nov. 12, 1995 STS-74 Docking 2 Dec. 18, 1995 Progress M-30 Feb. 21, 1996 Soyuz TM-23 (Mir-21) Feb. 29, 1996 Soyuz TM-22 Landing Mar. 22, 1996 STS-76 Docking 3 Apr. 23, 1996 Priroda Launch May 5, 1996 Progress M-31 Aug. 1, 1996 Progress M-32 Aug. 17, 1996 Soyuz TM-24 (Mir 22) Sep. 02, 1996 Soyuz TM-23 Return Sep. 16, 1996 STS-79 Docking 4 Nov. 19, 1996 Progress M-33 Jan. 12, 1997 STS-81 Docking 5 Feb. 10, 1997 Soyuz TM-25 (Mir-23) Mar. 2, 1997 Soyuz TM-24 Return Apr. 6, 1997 Progress M-34 May 15, 1997 STS-84 Docking 6 June 27, 1997 Progress M-35 Aug. 5, 1997 Soyuz TM-26 (Mir-24) Aug. 26, 1997 Soyuz TM-25 Return Sep. 18, 1997 STS-86 Docking 7 Nov. 10, 1997 Progress M-36 Jan. 15, 1998 STS-89 Docking 8 Feb. 7, 1998 Soyuz TM-27 (Mir-25) Feb. 15, 1998 Soyuz TM-26 Return Feb. 17, 1998 Progress M-38 May 5, 1998 Progress M-39 May 21, 1998 STS-91 Docking 9 # "Mir Priroda",268,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mir Priroda \BModule \BMass (Kg) \BLength (m) \BMax. Diameter (m) \BPressurized Volume (Cubic Meters) \BNo. of Solar Arrays/Area (Square Meters) \BPower Output (KW) \BFunction Priroda 19,700 ~12 4.35 66 0 0 Remote sensing, earth sciences # "Mir Progress-M",269,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mir Progress-M \BModule \BMass (Kg) \BLength (m) \BMax. Diameter (m) \BPressurized Volume (Cubic Meters) \BNo. of Solar Arrays/Area (Square Meters) \BPower Output (KW) \BFunction Progress-M 7200 7 2.7 7.6 2/10 1.3 Unmanned resupply & logistics # "Mir Spektr",270,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mir Spektr \BModule \BMass (Kg) \BLength (m) \BMax. Diameter (m) \BPressurized Volume (Cubic Meters) \BNo. of Solar Arrays/Area (Square Meters) \BPower Output (KW) \BFunction Spektr 19,640 ~12 4.35 61.9 4/35 6.9 Geophysical sciences, remote sensing, U.S. payloads # "Modern Pentathlon World Championship Winners",271,0,0,0 [TABLE] Modern Pentathlon World Championship Winners \BYear \BIndividual Winner (Men) \BTeam Winner (Men) \BIndividual Winner (Women) \BTeam Winner (Women) Held annually since 1949 with the exception of Olympic years, when the Olympic champions automatically become world champions. 1983 Anatoliy Starostin (USSR) USSR Lynn Chernobrywy (Canada) Great Britain 1984 Daniele Masala (Italy) Italy Svetlana Jakovleva (USSR) USSR 1985 Attila Mizser (Hungary) USSR Barbara Kotowska (Poland) Poland 1986 Carlo Massullo (Italy) Italy Irina Kisselyeva (USSR) Poland 1987 Joel Bouzou (France) Hungary Irina Kisselyeva (USSR) USSR 1988 Janos Martinek (Hungary) Hungary Dorota Idzi (Poland) Poland 1989 Laszlo Fabien (Hungary) Hungary Lori Norwood (USA) Poland 1990 Gianluca Tiberti (Italy) USSR Eva Fjellerup (Denmark) Poland 1991 Arkadiusz Skrzypaszek (Poland) USSR Eva Fjellerup (Denmark) Poland 1992 Arkadiusz Skrzypaszek (Poland) Poland Iwona Kowalewska Poland 1993 Richard Phelps (Great Britain) Hungary Eva Fjellerup (Denmark) Russia 1994 Dimitriy Svatkovski (Russia) France Eva Fjellerup (Denmark) Italy 1995 Dimitriy Svatkovski (Russia) Poland Kerstin Danielsson (Denmark) Poland 1996 Alexander Parygin (Kazakhstan) Poland Janna Dolgacheva-Shubenok (Belarus) Russia Most wins: Individual Men (6), Andras Balczo (Hungary), 1963, 1965-9, 1972. Team Men (18), USSR, 1956-9, 1961-2, 1964, 1969, 1971-4, 1980, 1982-3, 1985, 1990, 1991. # "Moldova Political Rulers and Leaders",272,0,0,0 [TABLE] Moldova Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991- Mircea Snegur \BPrime Minister 1991-2 Valeriu Muravschi 1992-7 Andrei Sangeli 1997- Ion Cebuc # "Monaco Political Rulers and Leaders",273,0,0,0 [TABLE] Monaco Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BHead of State 1889-1922 Albert 1922-49 Louis II 1949- Rainier III \BMinister of State 1991-4 Jacques Dupont 1994- Paul Dijoud # "Mongolia Political Rulers and Leaders",274,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mongolia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPrime Minister 1924-8 Tserendorji 1928-32 Amor 1932-6 Gendun 1936-8 Amor 1939-52 Korloghiin Choibalsan 1952-74 Yumsjhagiin Tsedenbal \BChairman of the Praesidium 1948-53 Gonchighlin Bumatsende 1954-72 Jamsarangiin Sambu 1972-4 Sonomyn Luvsan 1974-84 Yumsjhagiin Tsedenbal 1984- Jambyn Batmunkh \BPresident 1990- Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat \BPremier 1974-84 Jambyn Batmunkh 1984-90 Dumaagiyn Sodnom 1990-2 Dashiyn Byambasuren 1992- Puntsagiyn Jasray # "Monks and Nuns (Middle Ages)",275,0,0,0 [TABLE] Monks and Nuns (Middle Ages) Year Monks and nuns Religious houses 1066 1000 60 1350 18000 1000 1535 10000 850 # "Month Associations",276,0,0,0 [TABLE] Month Associations \BMonth \BGemstone \BFlower In many Western countries, the months are traditionally associated with gemstones and flowers. There is considerable variation. The following combinations are widely recognized in North America and the UK. January Garnet Carnation, Snowdrop February Amethyst Primrose, Violet March Aquamarine, Bloodstone Jonquil, Violet April Diamond Daisy, Sweet Pea May Emerald Hawthorn, Lily of the Valley June Alexandrite, Moonstone, Pearl Honeysuckle, Rose July Ruby Larkspur, Water Lily August Peridot, Sardonyx Gladiolus, Poppy September Sapphire Aster, Morning Glory October Opal, Tourmaline Calendula, Cosmos November Topaz Chrysanthemum December Turquoise, Zircon Holly, Narcissus, Poinsettia # "Month Equivalents",277,0,0,0 [TABLE] Month Equivalents \BGregorian (Basis:Sun) \BJewish (Basis:Moon) \BIslamic (Basis:Moon) \BHindu (Basis:Moon) Gregorian equivalents to other calendars are given in parentheses; the figures refer to the number of solar days in each month. January (31) Tishri (Sep-Oct) (30) Muharram (Sep-Oct) (30) Caitra (Mar-Apr) (29 or 30) February (28 or 29) Heshvan (Oct-Nov) (29 or 30) Safar (Oct-Nov) (29) Vaisakha (Apr-May) (29 or 30) March (31) Kislev (Nov-Dec) (29 or 30) Rabi I (Nov-Dec) (30) Jyaistha (May-Jun) (29 or 30) April (30) Tevet (Dec-Jan) (29) Rabi II (Dec-Jan) (29) Asadha (Jun-Jul) (29 or 30) May (31) Shevat (Jan-Feb) (30) Jumada I (Jan-Feb) (30) Dvitiya Asadha certain leap years June (30) Adar (Feb-Mar) (29 or 30) Jumada II (Feb-Mar) (29) Svrana (Jul-Aug) (29 or 30) July (31) Adar Sheni leap years only Rajab (Mar-Apr) (30) Dvitiya Sravana certain leap years August (31) Nisan (Mar-Apr) (30) Shaban (Apr-May) (29) Bhadrapada (Aug-Sep) (29 or 30) September (30) Iyar (Apr-May) (29) Ramadan (May-Jun) (30) Asvina (Sep-Oct) (29 or 30) October (31) Sivan (May-Jun) (30) Shawwal (Jun-Jul) (29) Karttika (Oct-Nov) (29 or 30) November (30) Tammuz (Jun-Jul) (29) Dhu al-Qadah (Jul-Aug) (30) Margasirsa (Nov-Dec) (29 or 30) December (31) Av (Jul-Aug) (30) Dhu al-Hijjah (Aug-Sep) (29 or 30) Pausa (Dec-Jan) (29 or 30) Elul (Aug-Sep) (29) Magha (Jan-Feb) (29 or 30) Phalguna (Feb-Mar) (29 or 30) # "Moon Fact Table",278,0,0,0 [TABLE] Moon Fact Table \BMoon \BEarth (for comparison) \BRatio (Moon/Earth) \BBulk parameters Mass (10\U24\u kg) 0.07349 5.9736 0.0123 Volume (10\U10\u km│) 2.1973 108.321 0.0203 Equatorial radius (km) 1738 6378 0.2725 Polar radius (km) 1735 6356 0.2730 Volumetric mean radius (km) 1737.5 6371 0.2727 Ellipticity 0.002 0.0034 0.588 Mean density (kg/m│) 3340 5520 0.6051 Surface gravity (eq.) (m/s▓) 1.62 9.78 0.166 Escape velocity (km/s) 2.38 11.19 0.213 GM (x 10\U6\ukm│/s▓) 0.0049 0.3986 0.0123 Bond albedo 0.067 0.385 0.174 Visual geometric albedo 0.12 0.367 0.327 Visual magnitude V(1,0) +0.21 -3.86 - Solar irradiance (W/m▓) 1380 1380 1.000 Black-body temperature (K) 274.5 247.3 1.110 Topographic range (km) 25 20 1.250 Moment of inertia (I/MR▓) 0.394 0.3308 1.191 \BOrbital parameters (for orbit about the Earth) Semimajor axis (10\U6\u km) 0.3844 Perigee (10\U6\u) 0.3633 Apogee (10\U6\u) 0.4055 Revolution period (days) 27.322 Synodic period (days) 29.53 Mean orbital velocity (km/s) 1.023 Orbit inclination (deg) 5.145 Orbit eccentricity 0.0549 Sidereal rotation period (hrs) 655.728 Equatorial inclination (deg) 6.68 # "Morocco Political Rulers and Leaders",279,0,0,0 [TABLE] Morocco Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1957-61 Mohammed V 1961- Hassan II \BPrime Minister 1955-8 Si Mohammed Bekkai 1958 Ahmad Balfrej 1958-60 Abdullah Ibrahim 1960-3 \IAs Monarch\i 1963-5 Ahmad Bahnini 1965-7 \IAs Monarch\i 1967-9 Moulay Ahmed Laraki 1969-71 Mohammed Ben Hima 1971-2 Mohammed Karim Lamrani 1972-9 Ahmed Othman 1979-83 Maati Bouabid 1983-6 Mohammed Karim Lamrani 1986-92 Azzedine Laraki 1992-4 Karim Lamrani 1994- Abdellatif Filali # "Motion Picture Academy Awards Winners",280,0,0,0 [TABLE] Motion Picture Academy Award Winners \BYear \BBest Film (Director) \BBest Actor \BBest Actress 1981 \IChariots of Fire Henry Fonda in Katharine Hepburn in (Hugh Hudson) \IOn Golden Pond \IOn Golden Pond 1982 \IGhandi Ben Kingsley in Meryl Streep in (Richard Attenborough) \IGhandi \ISophie's Choice 1983 \ITerms of Endearment Robert Duval in Shirley MacLaine in (James L Brooks) \ITender Mercies \ITerms of Endearment 1984 \IAmadeus F Murray Abraham in Sally Field in (Milos Forman) \IAmadeus \IPlaces in the Heart 1985 \IOut of Africa William Hurt in Geraldine Page in (Sydney Pollack) \IKiss of the Spider Woman \IThe Trip to Bountiful 1986 \IPlatoon Paul Newman in Marlee Matlin in (Oliver Stone) \IThe Color of Money \IChildren of a Lesser God 1987 \IThe Last Emperor Michael Douglas in Cher in (Bernardo Bertolucci) \IWall Street \IMoonstruck 1988 \IRain Man Dustin Hoffman in Jodie Foster in (Barry Levinson) \IRain Man \IThe Accused 1989 \IDriving Miss Daisy Daniel Day Lewis in Jessica Tandy in (Bruce Beresford) \IMy Left Foot \IDriving Miss Daisy 1990 \IDances with Wolves Jeremy Irons in Kathy Bates in (Kevin Kostner) \IReversal of Fortune \IMisery 1991 \IThe Silence of the Lambs Anthony Hopkins in Jodie Foster in (Jonathan Demme) \IThe Silence of the Lambs \IThe Silence of the Lambs 1992 \IUnforgiven Al Pacino in Emma Thompson in (Clint Eastwood) \IScent of a Woman \IHoward's End 1993 \ISchindler's List Tom Hanks in Holly Hunter in (Steven Spielberg) \IPhiladelphia \IThe Piano 1994 \IForrest Gump Tom Hanks in Jessica Lange in (Robert Zemickis) \IForrest Gump \IBlue Sky 1995 \IBraveheart Nicolas Cage in Susan Sarandon in (Mel Gibson) \ILeaving Las Vegas \IDead Man Walking 1996 \IThe English Patient Geoffrey Rush in Frances McDormand in (Anthony Minghella) \IShine \IFargo # "Motor Cycling Champions",281,0,0,0 [TABLE] Motor Cycling Champions \BYear \BWinner \BWorld Championships, 500 CC Winners First organized in 1949; current titles for 500 cc, 250 cc, 125 cc, 80 cc and Sidecar; Formula One and Endurance world championships also held annually; the most prestigious title is the 500 cc category. 1984 Eddie Lawson (USA) 1985 Freddie Spencer (USA) 1986 Eddie Lawson (USA) 1987 Wayne Gardner (Australia) 1988 Eddie Lawson (USA) 1989 Eddie Lawson (USA) 1990 Wayne Rainey (USA) 1991 Wayne Rainey (USA) 1992 Wayne Rainey (USA) 1993 Kevin Schwantz (USA) 1994 Michael Doohan (Australia) 1995 Michael Doohan (Australia) 1996 Michael Doohan (Australia) Most wins: (8), Giacomo Agostini (Italy), 1966-72, 1975. Most world titles: (15), Giacomo Agostini, 500 cc, 350 cc, 1968-74. \BIsle of Man TT Races, Senior TT Winners The most famous of all motor cycle races; takes place each June; first held 1907; principal race is the Senior TT. 1985 Joey Dunlop (Ireland) 1986 Roger Burnett (Great Britain) 1987 Joey Dunlop (Ireland) 1988 Joey Dunlop (Ireland) 1989 Steve Hislop (Great Britain) 1990 Carl Fogarty (Great Britain) 1991 Steve Hislop (Great Britain) 1992 Steve Hislop (Great Britain) 1993 Phil McCallen (Ireland) 1994 Steve Hislop (Great Britain) 1995 Joey Dunlop (Ireland) 1996 Phil McCallen (Ireland) 1997 Phil McCallen (Ireland) Most Senior TT wins: (7), Mike Hailwood (Great Britain), 1961, 1963-7, 1979. # "Motor Racing Champions",282,0,0,0 [TABLE] Motor Racing Champions \BYear \BWinner \BWorld Championship A Formula One drivers' world championship instituted in 1950; constructor's championship instituted in 1958. 1985 Alain Prost (France) \IMcLaren\i 1986 Alain Prost (France) \IMcLaren\i 1987 Nelson Piquet (Brazil) \IWilliams\i 1988 Ayrton Senna (Brazil) \IMcLaren\i 1989 Alain Prost (France) \IMcLaren\i 1990 Ayrton Senna (Brazil) \IMcLaren\i 1991 Ayrton Senna (Brazil) \IMcLaren\i 1992 Nigel Mansell (Great Britain) \IWilliams-Renault\i 1993 Alain Prost (France) \IWilliams-Renault\i 1994 Michael Schumacher (Germany) \IBenetton-Ford\i 1995 Michael Schumacher (Germany) \IBenetton-Ford\i 1996 Damon Hill (Great Britain) \IWilliams-Renault\i Most wins: Driver (5), Juan Manuel Fangio (Argentina), 1951, 1954-7; Constructor (8) Ferrari, 1961, 1964, 1975-7, 1979, 1982-3. \BLe Mans 24-Hour Race The greatest of all endurance races; first held in 1923. 1985 Klaus Ludwig (West Germany)/ John Winter* (West Germany)/Paolo Barilla (Italy) 1986 Hans Stⁿck (West Germany)/ Derek Bell (Great Britain)/Al Holbert (USA) 1987 Hans Stⁿck (West Germany)/ Derek Bell (Great Britain)/Al Holbert (USA) 1988 Jan Lammers (Netherlands)/ Johnny Dumfries (Great Britain)/Andy Wallace (Great Britain) 1989 Jochen Mass (West Germany)/ Manuel Reuter (West Germany)/ Stanley Dickens (Sweden) 1990 John Nielson (Denmark)/Martin Brundle (Great Britain)/Price Cobb (USA) 1991 Volker Weidler (Germany)/ Johnny Herbert (Great Britain) / Bertrand Gachot (Belgium) 1992 Derek Warwick (Great Britain)/ Mark Blundell (Great Britain)/ Yannick Dalmas (France) 1993 Geoff Brabham (Australia)/ Christophe Bouchut (France)/ Eric Helary (France) 1994 Yannick Dalmas (France)/Mauro Baldi (Italy)/Hurley Haywood(USA) 1995 Yannick Dalms (France)/JJ Lehto (Finland) Masanori Sekiya (Japan) 1996 Manuel Reuter (Germany)/Davey Jones (USA)/Alexander Wurz (Australia) 1997 Michele Alboreto (Italy)/Stefan Johansson (Sweden)/Tom Kristensen (Denmark) *pseudonym Most wins: (6), Jacky Ickx (Belgium), 1969, 1975-7, 1981-2. \BIndianapolis 500 First held in 1911; raced over the Indianapolis Raceway as part of the Memorial Day celebrations at the end of May each year. 1985 Danny Sullivan (USA) 1986 Bobby Rahal (USA) 1987 Al Unser (USA) 1988 Rick Mears (USA) 1989 Emerson Fittipaldi (Brazil) 1990 Arie Luyendyk (Netherlands) 1991 Rick Mears (USA) 1992 Al Unser (USA) 1993 Emerson Fittipaldi (Brazil) 1994 Al Unser (USA) 1995 Jacques Villeneuve (Canada) 1996 Buddy Lazier (USA) 1997 Arie Luydendyk (Netherlands) Most wins: (4), A J Foyt (USA), 1961, 1964, 1967, 1977; Al Unser (USA), 1970-1, 1978; Rick Mears (USA), 1979, 1984, 1988, 1991. \BMonte Carlo Rally The world's leading rally; first held in 1911. 1982 Walter R÷hrl (West Germany) 1983 Walter R÷hrl (West Germany) 1984 Walter R÷hrl (West Germany) 1985 Ari Vatanen (Finland) 1986 Henri Toivonen (Finland) 1987 Mikki Biasion (Italy) 1988 Bruno Saby (France) 1989 Miki Biasion (Italy) 1990 Didier Auriol (France) 1991 Carlos Sainz (Spain) 1992 Didier Auriol (France) 1993 Didier Auriol (France) 1994 Franτois Delecour (France) 1995 Carlos Sainz (Spain) 1996 Patrick Bernardini (France) 1997 Piero Liatti (Italy) Most wins: (4), Sandro Munari (Italy), 1972, 1975-7; Walter R÷hrl (West Germany), 1980 and as above. # "Mountains (Highest)",283,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mountains (Highest) \BName \BHeight* (m) \BHeight*(ft) \BLocation Mt Everest 8 850 29 030 China/Nepal K2 (Mt Godwin-Austen) 8 610 28 250 Kashmir-Jammu Kangchenjunga 8 590 28 170 India/Nepal Lhotse 8 500 27 890 China/Nepal Kangchenjunga, S Peak 8 470 27 800 India/Nepal Makalu I 8 470 27 800 China/Nepal Kangchenjunga, W Peak 8 420 27 620 India/Nepal Llotse E Peak 8 380 27 500 China/Nepal Dhaulagiri 8 170 26 810 Nepal Cho Oyu 8 150 26 750 China/Nepal Manaslu 8 130 26 660 Nepal Nanga Parbat 8 130 26 660 Kashmir-Jammu Annapurna I 8 080 26 500 Nepal Gasherbrum I 8 070 26 470 Kashmir-Jammu Broad-highest 8 050 26 400 Kashmir-Jammu Gasherbrum II 8 030 26 360 Kashmir-Jammu Gosainthan 8 010 26 290 China Broad-middle 8 000 26 250 Kashmir-Jammu Gasherbrum III 7 950 26 090 Kashmir-Jammu Annapurna II 7 940 26 040 Nepal Nanda Devi 7 820 25 660 India Rakaposhi 7 790 25 560 Kashmir Kamet 7 760 25 450 India Ulugh Muztagh 7 720 25 340 Tibet Tirich Mir 7 690 25 230 Pakistan Muz Tag Ata 7 550 24 760 China Communism Peak 7 490 24 590 Tajikistan Pobedy Peak 7 440 24 410 Kyrgysztan Aconcagua 6 960 22 830 Argentina Ojos del Salado 6 910 22 660 Argentina/Chile *Heights are given to the nearest 10 m/ft. # "Mozambique Political Rulers and Leaders",284,0,0,0 [TABLE] Mozambique Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1975-86 Samora Mo∩ses Machel 1986- Joaquim Alberto Chissan≤ \BPrime Minister 1986-94 Mario da Graτa Machungo 1994- Pascoal Mocumbi # "Musical Tempo and Expression Terms",285,0,0,0 [TABLE] Musical Tempo and Expression Terms \BItalian Term \BMeaning Italian terms placed at the head of a piece or section to indicate its tempo and general expression have changed in meaning over the years and are rarely precise. This table gives some indication of how the more common terms are generally understood today. adagio slow agitato agitated allegro lively, fast allegretto rather lively andante 'going'; at a moderate pace andantino a little quicker than andante animato animated, lively appassionato impassioned assai 'very' (allegro assai very fast) brio 'spirit', 'fire' (allegro con brio fast and energetic) cantabile in a singing style dolente sadly energico energetic, vigorous espressivo expressive feroce fierce fuoco 'fire' (con fuoco with fire) furioso furious giocoso light, humerous grave slow, solemn grazioso graceful larghetto fairly slow largo slow, broad legato smoothly leggiero light lento slow maestoso majestic marciale in the style of a march marziale in a military style meno 'less' (meno mosso slower) moderato moderate, at a moderate pace molto 'much', 'very' (molto lento very slow) moto 'motion' (con moto quickly) pesante heavy, ponderous piacevole pleasant, agreeable pi∙ 'more' (pi∙ mosso faster) poco 'little' (poco adagio rather slowly) presto very fast prestissimo faster than presto quasi 'as if ', 'almost' (andante, quasi allegretto) risoluto resolute, in a determined manner scherzando in a jocular style semplice simple, in an unforced style sotto voce extremely quiet strepitoso loud, noisy, boisterous tanto, troppo 'so much', 'too much' (allegro non tanto fast but not very fast; lento ma non troppo slow, but not becoming too slow) veloce rapid vivace lively, very fast vivo vigorous, brisk # "Musical Terms Used Within a Score",286,0,0,0 [TABLE] Musical Terms Used Within a Score \BMusical Term \BMeaning a tempo in time (ie reverting to the original speed) accel. (accelerando) getting gradually faster alla breve in a time signature where minims or semibreves are the metrical units allarg. (allargando) broadening, getting slower and (usually) louder arco with the bow cal. (calando) dying away colla voce 'with the voice', follow closely the singer's tempo col legno 'with the wood'; play a string instrument with the stick of the bow coll ottava, col 8va, col 8: play the written notes together with their octaves con sordino with the mute cresc. (crescendo) becoming louder D C, da capo (al fine) return to the start of the piece or movement (and play to the end marked Fine) decresc. (decrescendo) becoming quieter dim. (diminuendo) becoming quieter dol (dolce) sweetly D S, dal segno return to and repeat from the sign (usually $) f (forte) loud; ff (fortissimo), fff increasing degrees of loudness Fine see D C above fz (forzato) accented gliss. (glissando) slide quickly from one note to another GP 'General pause'; a rest for the whole ensemble MM metronom Maelzel marc. (marcato) stressed, accented mf (mezzo forte) moderately loud mp (mezzo piano) moderately quiet ossia 'or', 'alternatively' ottava, 8va, 8 play a passage an octave higher or lower p (piano) quiet, soft pp (pianissimo), ppp increasing (but imprecise) degrees of softness ped. depress the sustaining (loud) pedal on a piano, release indicated by * pizz. (pizzicato) 'plucked' with the finger, rather than bowed rall. (rallentando) getting slower rinf., rfz, rf getting suddenly louder rit., ritard. (ritardando) getting slower rubato with a freedom of tempo, but not impairing the overall flow of the music segno see D S above senza sordino without the mute sf, sfz, (sforzando, sforzato) strongly accented simile play in the same manner as before smorz. (smorzando) fading away sost. (sostenuto) sustained stacc. (staccato) short and detached string. (stringendo) getting much faster ten. (tenuto) linger slightly on the note tre corde see una corda below una corda depress the soft pedal on the piano, release indicated by tre corde V S (volti subito) turn the page quickly # "Myanmar (Burma) Political Rulers and Leaders",287,0,0,0 [TABLE] Myanmar (Burma) Political Leaders and Rulers \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1948-52 Sao Shwe Thaik 1952-7 Agga Maha Thiri Thudhamma Ba U 1957-62 U Wing Maung 1962 Sama Duwa Sinwa Nawng \BRevolutionary Council 1962-74 Ne Win \BState Council 1974-81 Ne Win 1981-8 U San Yu 1988 U Sein Lwin 1988 Maung Maung 1988-92 Saw Maung 1992- Than Shwe \BPrime Minister 1947-56 Thakin Nu 1956-7 U Ba Swe 1957-8 U Nu 1958-60 Ne Win 1960-2 U Nu 1962-74 Ne Win 1974-7 U Sein Win 1977-8 U Maung Maung Ka 1988 U Tun Tin 1988-92 Saw Maung 1992- Than Shwe # "Name Meanings",288,0,0,0 [TABLE] Name Meanings \BName \BOriginal Meaning Aaron high mountain (Hebrew) Adam redness (Hebrew) Alan ?rock, noble (Celtic) Albert noble bright (Germanic) Alexander defender of men (Greek) Alison French diminutive of Alice; of noble kind Amanda fit to be loved (Latin) Amy loved (French) Andrea female form of Andrew Andrew manly (Greek) Angela messenger, angel (Greek) Ann(e) English form of Hannah Anthony Roman family name April name of the month Arthur ?bear, stone (Celtic) Barbara strange, foreign (Greek) Barry spear, javelin (Celtic) Beatrice bringer of joy (Latin) Benjamin son of my right hand (Hebrew) Bernard bear + brave (Germanic) Beth pet form of Elizabeth Betty pet form of Elizabeth Bill/Billy pet form of William Bob pet form of Robert Brandi variant of Brandy, from the common noun Brandon place name; broom-covered hill (Germanic) Brian ?hill (?Celtic) Candice meaning unknown Carl man, husbandman (Germanic) Carol(e) form of Caroline, Italian female form of Charles Catherine ?pure (Greek) Charles man, husbandman (Germanic) Christine French form of Christina ultimately from Christian; anointed Christopher carrier of Christ (Greek) Claire bright, shining (Latin) Colin form of Nicholas Craig rock (Celtic) Crystal female use of the common noun Daniel God is my judge (Hebrew) Danielle female form of Daniel Darren Irish surname Darryl surname; uncertain origin David ?beloved, friend (Hebrew) Dawn female use of the common noun Dean surname; valley or leader Deborah bee (Hebrew) Dennis of Dionysus (Greek), the god of wine Derek form of Theodoric; ruler of the people (Germanic) Diane French form of Diana; divine (Latin) Donald world mighty (Gaelic) Donna lady (Latin) Doreen from Dora, a short form of Dorothy; gift of God Doris woman from Doris (Greek) Dorothy gift of God (Greek) Ebony female use of the common noun Edward property guardian (Germanic) Eileen Irish form of ?Helen Elizabeth oath/perfection of God (Hebrew) Emily Roman family name Emma all-embracing (Germanic) Eric ruler of all (Norse) Erica female form of Eric Eugenie French form of Eugene; well-born (Greek) Frank pet form of Francis; Frenchman Frederick peaceful ruler (Germanic) Gail pet form of Abigail; father rejoices (Hebrew) Gareth gentle (Welsh) Gary US place name Gavin Scottish form of Gawain; hawk + white (Welsh) Gemma gem (Italian) Geoffrey ?peace (Germanic) George husbandman, farmer (Greek) Graham Germanic place name Hannah grace, favour (Hebrew) Harold army power/ruler (Germanic) Harry pet form of Henry; home ruler (Germanic) Hayley English place name; hay-meadow Heather plant name Helen bright/shining one (Greek) Ian modern Scottish form of John Irene peace (Greek) Jacqueline French female form of Jacques (James) James Latin form of Jacob; one who takes by the heel (Hebrew) Jane from Latin Johanna, female form of John Janet diminutive form of Jane Jason form of Joshua; Jehovah is salvation (Hebrew) Jeffrey US spelling of Geoffrey Jean French form of Johanna, from John Jennifer fair/white + yielding/smooth (Celtic) Jeremy English form of Jeremiah; Jehova exalts (Hebrew) Jessica he beholds (Hebrew) Joan contracted form of Johanna, from John Joanne French form of Johanna, from John John Jehovah has been gracious (Hebrew) Jonathan Jehovah's gift (Hebrew) Joseph Jehovah adds (Hebrew) Joyce ?joyful (?Latin) Julie French female form of Latin Julius; descended from Jove Karen Danish form of Katarina (Catherine) Katherine US spelling of Catherine Kathleen English form of Irish Caitlin (from Catherine) Kelly Irish surname; warlike one Kenneth English form of Gaelic; fair one or fire-sprung Kerry Irish place name Kevin handsome at birth (Irish) Kimberly South African place name Lakisha La + ?Aisha; woman (Arabic) Latoya La + form of Tonya (Antonia) Laura bay, laurel (Latin) Lauren diminutive of Laura Lee Germanic place name; wood, clearing Leslie Scottish place name Lilian lily (Italian) Linda serpent (symbol of wisdom) (Germanic) Lindsay Scottish place name Lisa pet form of Elizabeth Margaret pearl (Greek) Marjorie from Marguerite, French form of Margaret Mark English form of Marcus, from Mars, god of war Martin from Mars, god of war (Latin) Mary Greek form of Miriam (Hebrew); unknown meaning Matthew gift of the Lord (Hebrew) Melissa bee (Greek) Michael like the Lord (Hebrew) Michelle English spelling of French MichΦle, from Michael Nancy pet form of Ann Natalie birthday of the Lord (Latin) Neil champion (Irish) Nicholas victory people (Greek) Nicola Italian female form of Nicholas Nicole French female form of Nicholas Pamela ?all honey (Greek) Patricia noble (Latin) Paul small (Latin) Pauline French female form of Paul Peter stone, rock (Greek) Philip fond of horses (Greek) Rachel ewe (Hebrew) Rebecca ?noose (Hebrew) Richard strong ruler (Germanic) Robert fame bright (Germanic) Ronald counsel + power (Germanic) Ruth ?companion (Hebrew) Ryan Irish surname Sally pet form of Sarah Samantha female form of Samuel; heard/name of God (Hebrew) Sandra pet form from Alexandra Sarah princess (Hebrew) Scott surname from Scotland Sharon the plain (Hebrew) Shaun English spelling of Irish Sean, from John Shirley bright clearing (Germanic) Simon form of Simeon; listening attentively (Hebrew) Stephanie French female form of Stephen Stephen crown (Greek) Stuart steward (Germanic) Susan short form of Susannah; lily (Hebrew) Teresa woman of Theresia (Greek) Thomas twin (Hebrew) Tiffany manifestation of God (Greek) Timothy honouring God (Greek) Trac(e)y ?pet form of Teresa Vera faith (Slavic) Victoria victory (Latin) Vincent conquer (Latin) Virginia maiden (Latin) Walter ruling people (Germanic) Wayne surname; wagon-maker William will + helmet (Germanic) Zoδ life (Greek) # "Namibia Political Rulers and Leaders",289,0,0,0 [TABLE] Namibia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1990- Sam Daniel Nujoma \BPrime Minister 1990- Hage Geingob # "Nato Alphabet",290,0,0,0 [TABLE] Nato Alphabet \BLetter \BCode Name \BPronunciation A Alpha AL-FAH B Bravo BRAH-VOH C Charlie CHAR-LEE D Delta DELL-TAH E Echo ECK-OH F Foxtrot FOKS-TROT G Golf GOLF H Hotel HOH-TELL I India IN-DEE-AH J Juliet JEW-LEE-ETT K Kilo KEY-LOH L Lima LEE-MAH M Mike MIKE N November NO-VEM-BER O Oscar OSS-CAH P Papa PAH-PAH Q Quebec KEY-BECK R Romeo ROW-ME-OH S Sierra SEE-AIR-RAH T Tango TAN-GO U Uniform YOU-NEE-FORM V Victor VIK-TAH W Whiskey WISS-KEY X Xray ECKS-RAY Y Yankee YANG-KEY Z Zulu ZOO-LOO # "Nauru Political Rulers and Leaders",291,0,0,0 [TABLE] Nauru Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1968-86 Hammer de Roburt 1986 Kennan Adeang 1986-9 Hammer de Roburt 1989 Kenas Aroi 1989-95 Bernard Dowiyogo 1995- Lagumot Harris 1996-7 Bernard Dowiyogo 1997- Kinza Clodumar # "Nepal Political Rulers and Leaders",292,0,0,0 [TABLE] Nepal Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1881-1911 Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah 1911-55 Tribhuvana Bir Bikram Shah 1956-72 Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah 1972- Birendra Bir Bikram Shah \BPrime Minister 1885-1901 Bir Sham Sher J B Rama 1902 Dev Sham Sher J B Rama 1903-29 Chandra Sham Sher J B Rana 1929-31 Bhim Cham Sham Sher J B Rana 1931-45 Juddha Sham Sher Rana 1945-8 Padma Sham Sher J B Rana 1948-51 Mohan Sham Sher J B Rana 1951-2 Matrika Prasad Koirala 1952-3 Tribhuvana Bir Bikram Shah 1953-5 Matrika Prasad Koirala 1955-6 Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah 1956-7 Tanka Prasad Acharya 1957-9 \IKing also Prime Minister\i 1959-60 Sri Bishawa Prasad Koirala 1960-3 \INo Prime Minister\i 1963-5 Tulsi Giri 1965-9 Surya Bahadur Thapa 1969-70 Kirti Nidhi Bista 1970-1 \IKing also Prime Minister\i 1971-3 Kirti Nidhi Bista 1973-5 Nagendra Prasad Rijal 1975-7 Tulsi Giri 1977-9 Kirti Nidhi Bista 1979-83 Surya Bahadur Thapa 1983-6 Lokendra Bahadur Chand 1986-90 Marich Man Singh Shrestha 1990 Lokendra Bahadur Chand 1990-1 Krishna Prasad Bhattarai 1991-4 Girija Prasad Koirala 1994-5 Man Mohan Adhikari 1995-7 Sher Bahadur Deupa 1997 Surya Bahadur Thapa # "Neptune Fact Table",293,0,0,0 [TABLE] Neptune Fact Table \BNeptune \BEarth (for comparison) \BRatio (Neptune/Earth) \BBulk parameters Mass (10\U24\u kg) 102.43 5.9736 17.147 Volume (10\U10\u km│) 6254 108.321 57.74 Equatorial radius (km) 24,766 6378 3.883 Polar radius (km) 24,342 6356 3.830 Volumetric mean radius (km) 24,624 6371 3.865 Ellipticity 0.0171 0.0034 5.03 Mean density (kg/m│) 1638 5520 0.297 Surface gravity (eq.) (m/s▓) 11.00 9.78 1.125 Escape velocity (km/s) 23.5 11.19 2.10 GM (x 10\U6\ukm│/s▓) 6.8351 0.3986 17.15 Bond albedo 082 0.385 2.13 Visual geometric albedo 0.41 0.367 1.12 Visual magnitude V(1,0) -6.87 -3.86 - Solar irradiance (W/m▓) 1.47 1380 0.00107 Black-body temperature (K) 33.2 247.3 0.134 J2 (x 10\U-6\u) 4.458. 1082.63 0.004 \BOrbital parameters Semimajor axis (10\U6\u km) 4496.6 149.6 30.06 Sidereal orbit period (days) 60,189.0 365.256 164.79 Tropical orbit period (days) 59,799.9 365.242 163.73 Perihelion (10\U6\u km) 4,458.0 147.1 30.31 Aphelion (10\U6\u km) 4,535.2 152.1 29.82 Synodic period (days) 367.49 - - Mean orbital velocity (km/s) 4.75 29.79 0.159 Orbit inclination (deg) 1.773 0.00 - Orbit eccentricity 0.00858 0.0167 0.514 Sidereal rotation period (hrs) 16.11* 23.9345 0.673 Equatorial inclination (deg) 28.8 23.44 1.229 * Magnetic coordinates (as determined by the Voyager 2 Radio Science experiment) # "Netball World Championship Winners",294,0,0,0 [TABLE] Netball World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner First held in 1963, then every four years. 1967 New Zealand 1971 Australia 1975 Australia 1979 Australia, New Zealand, Trinidad & Tobago (shared) 1983 Australia 1987 New Zealand 1991 Australia 1995 Australia Most wins: (7), Australia, 1963 and as above. # "New Zealand Political Rulers and Leaders",295,0,0,0 [TABLE] New Zealand Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BChief of State: British monarch, represented by Governor-General \BPrime Minister 1856 Henry Sewell 1856 William Fox 1856-61 Edward William Stafford 1861-2 William Fox 1862-3 Alfred Domett 1863-4 Frederick Whitaker 1864-5 Frederick Aloysius Weld 1865-9 Edward William Stafford 1869-72 William Fox 1872 Edward William Stafford 1873 William Fox 1873-5 Julius Vogel 1875-6 Daniel Pollen 1876 Julius Vogel 1876-7 Harry Albert Atkinson 1877-9 George Grey 1879-82 John Hall 1882-3 Frederick Whitaker 1883-4 Harry Albert Atkinson 1884 Robert Stout 1884 Harry Albert Atkinson 1884-7 Robert Stout 1887-91 Harry Albert Atkinson 1891-3 John Ballance 1893-1906 Richard John Seddon \ILib\i 1906 William Hall-Jones \ILib\i 1906-12 Joseph George Ward \ILib/Nat \i 1912 Thomas Mackenzie \INat\i 1912-25 William Ferguson Massey \IRef\i 1925 Francis Henry Dillon Bell \IRef\i 1925-8 Joseph Gordon Coates \IRef\i 1928-30 Joseph George Ward \ILib/Nat\i 1930-5 George William Forbes \IUn\i 1935-40 Michael Joseph Savage \ILab\i 1940-9 Peter Fraser \ILab\i 1949-57 Sidney George Holland \INat\i 1957 Keith Jacka Holyoake \INat\i 1957-60 Walter Nash \ILab\i 1960-72 Keith Jacka Holyoake \INat\i 1972 John Ross Marshall \INat\i 1972-4 Norman Eric Kirk \ILab\i 1974-5 Wallace Edward Rowling \ILab\i 1975-84 Robert David Muldoon \INat\i 1984-9 David Russell Lange \ILab\i 1989-90 Geoffrey Winston Russell Palmer \ILab\i 1990 Michael Kenneth Moore \ILab\i 1990- James Brendan Bolger \INat\i \ILab \ILabour \ILib \ILiberal \INat \INational \IRef \IReform \IUn \IUnited\i # "Nicaragua Political Rulers and Leaders",296,0,0,0 [TABLE] Nicaragua Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1893-1909 JosΘ Santos Zelaya 1909-10 JosΘ Madriz 1910-11 JosΘ Dolores Estrada 1911 Juan JosΘ Estrada 1911-17 Adolfo Dφaz 1912 Luis Mena \IRival President\i 1917-21 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas 1921-3 Riego Manuel Chamorro 1923-4 Martφnez Bartolo 1925-6 Carlos Sol≤rzano 1926 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas 1926-8 Adolfo Dφaz 1926 Juan Bautista Sacasa \IRival President\i 1928-32 JosΘ Marcia Moncada 1933-6 Juan Bautista Sacasa 1936 Carlos Brenes Jarquin 1937-47 Anastasio Somoza Garcφa 1947 Leonardo Argⁿello 1947 Benjamin Lascayo Sacasa 1947-50 Victor Manuel Romßn y Reyes 1950-6 Anastasio Somoza Garcφa 1956-63 Luis Somoza Debayle 1963-6 RenΘ Schick GutiΘrrez 1966-7 Lorenzo Guerrero GutiΘrrez 1967-72 Anastasio Somoza Debayle 1972-4 Triumvirate 1974-9 Anastasio Somoza Debayle 1979-84 \IGovernment Junta of National Reconstruction\i 1984-90 Daniel Ortega Saavedra 1990-6 Violeta Barrios de Chamorro 1996- Arnoldo Aleman Lacayo # "Niger Political Rulers and Leaders",297,0,0,0 [TABLE] Niger Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-74 Hamani Diori 1974-87 Seyni KountchΘ 1987-93 Ali Saibou 1993-6 Mahamane Ousmane 1996- Ibrahim Barre Mainassara \BPrime Minister 1990-1 Aliou Mahamidou 1991-3 Amadou Cheiffou 1993-4 Mahamdou Issoufou 1994-5 Abdoulaye Souley 1995-6 Hama Amadou 1996 Boukary Adji 1996- Amadou Boubacar Cisse # "Nigeria Political Rulers and Leaders",298,0,0,0 [TABLE] Nigeria Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-6 Nnamdi Azikiwe \BPrime Minister 1960-6 Abubakar Tafawa Balewa \BMilitary Government 1966 J T U Aguiyi-Ironsi 1966-75 Yakubu Gowon 1975-6 Murtala R Mohamed 1976-9 Olusegun Obasanjo \BPresident 1979-83 Alhaji Shehu Shagari \BMilitary Government 1983-4 Mohammadu Buhari 1985-93 Ibrahim B Babangida 1993 Ernest Adegunle Shonekan \IInterim\i 1993- Sanni Abacha # "Nobel Prize Winners",299,0,0,0 [TABLE] Nobel Prize Winners \BYear \BPeace \BLiterature \BEconomic Science \BChemistry \BPhysics \BPhysiology / Medicine 1974 Sean MacBride, Eisaku Sato Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich A von Hayek Paul J Flory Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish Albert Claude, George Emil Palade, Christian de Duve 1975 Andrei D Sakharov Eugenio Montale Leonid V Kantorovich, Tjalling C Koopmans John W Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog Aage N Bohr, Ben R Mottelson, L James Rainwater David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard M Temin 1976 Mairead Corrigan, Betty Williams Saul Bellow Milton Friedman William N Lipscomb Burton Richter, Samuel Chao Chung Ting Baruch S Blumberg, Daniel C Gajdusek 1977 Amnesty International Vicente Aleixandre James E Meade, Bertil Ohlin Ilya Prigogine Philip W Anderson, Nevill F Mott, John H van Vleck Rosalyn S Yalow, Roger C L Guillemin, Andrew V Schally 1978 Menachem Begin, Anwar al-Sadat Isaac B Singer Herbert A Simon Peter Mitchell Pjotr L Kapitza, Arno A Penzias, Robert W Wilson Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O Smith 1979 Mother Theresa Odysseus Elytis Arthur Lewis, Theodore W Schultz Herbert C Brown, Georg Wittig Steven Weinberg, Sheldon L Glashow, Abdus Salam Allan M Cormack, Godfrey N Hounsfield 1980 Adolfo PΘrez Esquivel Czeslaw Milosz Lawrence R Klein Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger James W Cronin, Val L Fitch Baruj Benacerraf, George D Snell, Jean Dausset 1981 Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees Elias Canetti James Tobin Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur L Schawlow, Kai M Siegbahn Roger W Sperry, David H Hubel, Torsten N Wiesel 1982 Alfonson Garcφa Robles, Alva Myrdal Gabriel Garcφa Mßrquez George J Stigler Aaron Klug Kenneth G Wilson Sune K Bergstr÷m, Bengt I Samuelsson, John R Vane 1983 Lech Walesa William Golding Gerard Debreu Henry Taube Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, William A Fowler Barbara McClintock 1984 Desmond Tutu Jaroslav Seifert Richard Stone Robert B Merrifield Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer Niels K Jerne, Georges J F K÷hler, CΘsar Milstein 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Claude Simon Franco Modigliani Herbert Hauptman, Jerome Karle Klaus von Klitzing Joseph L Goldstein, Michael S Brown 1986 Elie Wiesel Wole Soyinka James M Buchanan Dudley R Herschbach, Yuan Tseh Lee, John C Polanyi Gerd Binning, Heinrich Rohrer, Ernst Ruska Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini 1987 Oscar Arias Sßnchez Joseph Brodsky Robert M Solow Charles Pedersen, Donald Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn George Bednorz, Alex Mⁿller Susumu Tonegawa 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces Naguib Mahfouz Maurice Allais Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger James Black, Gertrude Elion, George Hitchings 1989 Tenzin Ciyatso (Dalai Lama) Camilo JosΘ Cela Trygve Haavelmo Sidney Altman, Thomas Cech Hans Dehmelt, Wolfgang Pauli, Norman Ramsay J Michael Bishop, Harold E Varmus 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev Octavio Paz Harry M Markovitz, Merton Miller, William Sharpe Elias James Corey James Friedman, Henry Kendall, Richard Taylor Joseph E Murray, E Donnall Thomas 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi Nadine Gordimer Ronald Coase Richard R Ernst Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann 1992 Rigoberta Mench· Derek Walcott Gary S Becker Rudolph Marcus Georges Charpak Edmund H Fisher, Edward K Krebs 1993 Nelson Mandela, FW de Klerk Toni Morrison Douglas C North, Robert W Fogel Kary Mullis, Michael Smith Joseph Taylor, Russell Hulse Richard R Roberts, Phillip A Sharp 1994 Yitzak Rabin, Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres Kenzaburo Oe John Nash, Reinhard Selten, John Harsanyi George A Olah Bertram N Brockhouse, Clifford G Shull Alfred G Gilman, Martin Rodbell 1995 Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences Seamus Heaney Robert E Lucas Jr Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina, Sherwood Rowland Martin Perl, Frederick Reines Edward B Lewis, Christiane Nⁿesslein-Volhard, Eric F Wieschaus # "Northern Ireland Districts",300,0,0,0 [TABLE] Northern Ireland Districts \BDistrict \BArea (km▓) \BArea (sq mi) \BPopulation (1995 est.) \BAdmin. centre \BFormerly part of Antrim 563 217 44 300 Antrim Antrim Ards 369 142 67 200 Newtownards Down Armagh 672 259 51 600 Armagh Armagh Ballymena 638 246 57 200 Ballymena Antrim Ballymoney 419 162 25 200 Ballymoney Antrim Banbridge 444 171 34 300 Banbridge Down Belfast 140 54 283 000 Belfast Antrim Carrickfergus 87 34 34 700 Carrickfergus Antrim Castlereagh 85 33 53 100 Belfast Antrim, Down Coleraine 485 187 51 600 Coleraine Antrim Cookstown 623 240 31 500 Cookstown Tyrone Craigavon 382 147 77 000 Craigavon Antrim, Down, Armagh Derry 382 147 101 000 Derry Londonderry Down 646 249 62 400 Downpatrick Down Dungannon 779 301 49 400 Dungannon Armagh, Tyrone Fermanagh 1 676 647 53 600 Enniskillen Fermanagh Larne 338 131 30 100 Larne Antrim Limavady 587 227 23 500 Limavady Londonderry Lisburn 444 171 102 000 Lisburn Antrim, Down Magherafelt 573 221 37 100 Magherafelt Londonderry Moyle 495 191 14 800 Ballycastle Antrim Newry & Mourne 895 346 74 900 Newry Armagh, Down Newtownabbey 152 59 77 100 Newtownabbey Antrim North Down 73 28 73 800 Bangor Down Omagh 1 129 436 47 400 Omagh Tyrone Strabane 870 336 37 000 Strabane Tyrone # "Norway Political Rulers and Leaders",301,0,0,0 [TABLE] Norway Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BRuler \BMonarch 1872-1905 Oscar II \Iunion with Sweden\i 1905-57 Haakon VII 1957-91 Olaf V 1991- Harald V \BPrime Minister 1898-1902 Johannes Steen 1902-3 Otto Albert Blehr 1903-5 George Francis Hagerup 1905-7 Christian Michelsen 1907-8 J°rgen L°vland 1908-10 Gunnar Knudsen 1910-12 Wollert Konow 1912-13 Jens Bratlie 1913-20 Gunnar Knudsen 1920-1 Otto Bahr Halvorsen 1921-3 Otto Albert Blehr 1923 Otto Bahr Halvorsen 1923-4 Abraham Berge 1924-6 Johan Ludwig Mowinckel 1926-8 Ivar Lykke 1928 Christopher Hornsrud 1928-31 Johan Ludwig Mowinckel 1931-2 Peder L Kolstad 1932-3 Jens Hundseid 1933-5 Johan Ludwig Mowinckel 1935-45 Johan Nygaardsvold 1945-51 Einar Gerhardsen 1951-5 Oscar Torp 1955-63 Einar Gerhardsen 1963 John Lyng 1963-5 Einar Gerhardsen 1965-71 Per Borten 1971-2 Trygve Bratteli 1972-3 Lars Korvald 1973-6 Trygve Bratteli 1976-81 Odvσr Nordli 1981 Gro Harlem Brundtland 1981-6 Kσre Willoch 1986-9 Gro Harlem Brundtland 1989-90 Jan P Syse 1990-6 Gro Harlem Brundtland 1996- Thorbjoern Jagland # "Ocean Animals and Populations",302,0,0,0 [TABLE] Ocean Animals and Populations \BSpecies \BPast Population \BRecent Population \BDeclines Blue Whale 200,000 2,000 Right Whale 200,000 3,000 Bowhead Whale 120,000 6,000 Humpback Whale 125,000 10,000 Sei Whale 200,000 25,000 Fin Whale 470,000 110,000 Northern Sea Lion 154,000 66,000 Juan Fernandez Fur Seal 4,000,000 600 \BRecoveries Pacific Gray Whale 10,000 21,000 Dugong 30,000 55,000 Walrus 50,000 280,000 Galapagos Fur Seal near extinction 30,000 Antarctic Fur Seal near extinction 1,530,000 \BExtinctions Atlantic Gray Whale extinct, c. 1730 Steller's Sea Cow extinct, c. 1768 Sea Mink extinct, c. 1880 # "Oceans: General Data",303,0,0,0 [TABLE] Oceans: General Data \BName \BArea (km\U2\u) \BArea (sq mi) \B% of World Total \BAv depth (m) \BAv depth (ft) \BGreatest depth \BGreatest depth (m) \BGreatest depth (ft) Arctic 13 986 000 5 400 000 3 1330 4 300 Eurasia Basin 5 122 16 804 Atlantic 82 217 000 32000 000 24 3 700 12 100 Puerto Rico Trench 8 648 28 372 Indian 73 426 000 28 350 000 20 3 900 12 800 Java Trench 7 725 25 344 Pacific 181300 000 70 000 000 46 4 300 14 100 Marianas Trench 11040 36 220 # "Olympic Games Leading Medal Winners (1996 Summer Olympics)",304,0,0,0 [TABLE] Olympic Games Leading Medal Winners (1996 Summer Olympics) \BNation \BGold \BSilver \BBronze \BTotal Listed in order of most gold medals USA 44 32 25 101 Russia 26 21 16 63 Germany 20 18 27 65 China 16 22 12 50 France 15 7 15 37 Italy 13 11 12 35 Australia 9 9 22 40 Cuba 9 8 8 25 Ukraine 9 2 12 23 South Korea 7 15 5 27 Poland 7 5 5 17 Hungary 7 4 10 21 Spain 5 6 6 17 Netherlands 5 5 10 20 Romania 4 7 9 20 Greece 4 4 0 8 Czech Republic 4 3 4 11 Switzerland 4 3 0 7 Denmark 4 1 1 6 Turkey 4 1 1 6 Canada 3 11 8 22 Bulgaria 3 7 5 15 Japan 3 6 5 14 Kazakhstan 3 4 4 11 Brazil 3 3 9 15 New Zealand 3 2 1 6 South Africa 3 1 1 5 Ireland 3 0 1 4 Sweden 2 4 2 8 Norway 2 2 3 7 Belgium 2 2 2 6 Nigeria 2 1 3 6 North Korea 2 1 2 5 Algeria 2 0 1 3 Ethiopia 2 0 1 3 Great Britain 1 8 6 15 # "Olympic Games Venues",305,0,0,0 [TABLE] Olympic Games Venues \BDate \BSummer Games \BWinter Games First modern Olympic Games took place in 1896, founded by Frenchman Baron de Coubertin; held every four years; women first competed in 1900. First separate Winter Games celebration in 1924. 1896 Athens, Greece - 1900 Paris, France - 1904 St Louis, USA - 1908 London, UK - 1912 Stockholm, Sweden - 1920 Antwerp, Belgium - 1924 Paris, France Chamonix, France 1928 Amsterdam, Holland St Moritz, Switzerland 1932 Los Angeles, USA Lake Placid, New York, USA 1936 Berlin, Germany Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 1948 London, UK St Moritz, Switzerland 1952 Helsinki, Finland Oslo, Norway 1956 Melbourne, Australia Cortina, Italy 1960 Rome, Italy Squaw Valley, California, USA 1964 Tokyo, Japan Innsbruck, Austria 1968 Mexico City, Mexico Grenoble, France 1972 Munich, Germany Sapporo, Japan 1976 Montreal, Canada Innsbruck, Austria 1980 Moscow, Russia Lake Placid, New York, USA 1984 Los Angeles, USA Sarajevo, Yugoslavia 1988 Seoul, South Korea Calgary, Canada 1992 Barcelona, Spain Albertville, France 1994 Lillehammer, Norway 1996 Atlanta, USA Nagano, Japan 2000 Sydney, Australia *As from 1994, the Winter Games take place at the midway point between the Summer Games. Olympic Games were also held in 1906 to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the birth of the modern Games. The 1956 equestrian events were held at Stockholm, Sweden, due to quarantine laws in Australia. # "Oman Political Rulers and Leaders",306,0,0,0 [TABLE] Oman Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BSultan 1888-1913 Faisal Bin Turki 1913-32 Taimur Bin Faisal 1932-70 Said III Bin Taimur 1970- Qaboos Bin Said # "Organohalogens and Their Uses",307,0,0,0 [TABLE] Organohalogens and Their Uses \Bname \Bstructure \Buses and notes chloroform CHCl\D3\d early anaesthetic carbon tetrachloride CCl\D4\d solvent, formerly a dry cleaning agent 1,1,1-trichloroethane Cl\D3\d C-CH\D3\d solvent in "white-outs" - absorbed through the skin, as dangerous as carbon tetrachloride iodoform CHI\D3\d melts at 119░C Freon 11 (r) CCl\D3\dF propellant and refrigerant Freon 12 (r) CCl\D2\d F\D2\d boiling point -30░C, used as a propellant and refrigerant Freon 114 (r) CClF\D2\d CClF\D2\d very stable and odourless, used as a propellant in shaving creams and perfumes bromotrifluoromethane CBrF\D3\d used in low toxicity fire extinguishers Teflon (r) (PTFE) -(CF\D2\d - CF\D2\d)- cookware and bearings (polytetrafluoroethylene) Scotchguard (r) undisclosed organofluorine repels oil and grease from treated fabrics # "Orienteering World Championship Winners",308,0,0,0 [TABLE] Orienteering World Championship Winners \BYear \BIndividual Winner (Men) \BIndividual Winner (Women) \BRelay Winner (Men) \BRelay Winner (Women) First held in 1966; takes place every two years (to 1978, and since 1979). 1968 Karl Johansson (Sweden) Ulla Lindqvist (Sweden) Sweden Norway 1970 Stig Berge (Norway) Ingrid Hadler (Norway) Norway Sweden 1972 Age Hadler (Norway) Sarolta Monspart (Finland) Sweden Finland 1974 Bernt Frilen (Sweden) Mona Norgaard (Denmark) Sweden Sweden 1976 Egil Johansen (Norway) Lia Veijalainen (Finland) Sweden Sweden 1978 Egil Johansen (Norway) Anne Berit Eid (Norway) Norway Finland 1979 Oyvin Thon (Norway) Outi Bergonstrom (Finland) Sweden Finland 1981 Oyvin Thon (Norway) Annichen Kringstad (Norway) Norway Sweden 1983 Morten Berglia (Norway) Annichen Kringstad Svensson (Norway) Norway Sweden 1985 Kari Sallinen (Finland) Annichen Kringstad Svensson (Norway) Norway Sweden 1987 Kent Olsson (Sweden) Arja Hannus (Sweden) Norway Norway 1989 Peter Thoresen (Norway) Marita Skogum (Sweden) Norway Sweden 1991 J÷rgen Mσrtensson (Sweden) Katalin Olah (Hungary) Switzerland Sweden 1993 Allan Mogensen (Denmark) Marita Skogum (Sweden) Norway Sweden 1995 J÷rgen Mσrtensson (Sweden) Katalin Olah Switzerland Finland Most wins: Men (2), Age Hadler (Norway), 1966 1972 Egil Johansen (Norway), Oyvin Thon (Norway), as above. Women (3), Annichen Kringstad (Norway), as above. Relay Men (7), Norway, as above. Relay Women (9) Sweden (10), 1966 and as above. # "Oven Temperatures",309,0,0,0 [TABLE] Oven Temperatures \BGas Mark \BElectricity (║C) \BElectricity (║F) \BRating 1/2 120 250 Slow 1 140 275 2 150 300 3 170 325 4 180 350 Moderate 5 190 375 6 200 400 Hot 7 220 425 8 230 450 Very hot 9 260 500 # "Oxford University Colleges",310,0,0,0 [TABLE] Oxford University College Founded University College 1249 Balliol 1263 Merton 1264 St Edmund Hall 1278 Exeter 1314 Oriel 1326 Queen's 1340 New College 1379 Lincoln 1427 All Souls 1438 Magdalen 1458 Brasenose 1509 Corpus Christi 1517 Christ Church 1546 Trinity 1554 St John's 1555 Jesus 1571 Wadham 1612 Pembroke 1624 Worcester 1714 St Catherine's 1868 Keble 1870 Hertford 1874 Lady Margaret Hall 1878 Somerville 1879 St Hugh's 1886 St Hilda's\U1\u 1893 St Peter's 1929 Nuffield\U2\u 1937 St Antony's\U2\u 1950 St Anne's 1952 Linacre\U2\u 1962 Wolfson\U2\u 1965 St Cross\U2\u 1965 Green\U2\u 1979 Rewley House\U2\u 1990 \U1\uWomen's colleges \U2\uGraduate colleges \U3\uContinuing and part-time education college # "Pakistan Political Rulers and Leaders",311,0,0,0 [TABLE] Pakistan Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1956-8 Iskander Mirza 1958-69 Mohammad Ayub Khan 1969-71 Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan 1971-3 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1973-8 Fazal Elahi Chawdry 1978-88 Mohammad Zia Ul-Haq 1988-93 Gulam Ishaq Khan 1993- Farooq Ahmed Leghan \BPrime Minister 1947-51 Liaquat Ali Khan 1951-3 Khawaja Nazimuddin 1953-5 Mohammad Ali 1955-6 Chawdry Mohammad Ali 1956-7 Hussein Shahid Suhrawardi 1957 Ismail Chundrigar 1957-8 Malik Feroz Khan Noon 1958 Mohammad Ayoub Khan 1958-73 \INo Prime Minister\i 1973-7 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1977-85 \INo Prime Minister\i 1985-8 Mohammad Khan Junejo 1988 Mohammad Aslam Khan Khattak 1988-90 Benazir Bhutto 1990 Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi 1990-3 Nawaz Sharif 1993-6 Benazir Bhutto 1996-7 Malik Meraj Khalid 1997- Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif # "Panama Political Rulers and Leaders",312,0,0,0 [TABLE] Panama Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1904-8 Manuel Amador Guerrero 1908-10 JosΘ Domingo de Obaldia 1910 Federico Boyd 1910 Carlos Antonio Mendoza 1910-12 Pablo Arosemena 1912 Rodolfo Chiari 1912-16 Belisario Porras 1916-18 Ram≤n Maximiliano ValdΘs 1918 Pedro Antonio Diaz 1918 Cirilo Luis Urriola 1918-20 Belisario Porras 1920 Ernesto T Lefevre 1920-4 Belisario Porras 1924-8 Rodolfo Chiari 1928 Tomßs Gabriel Duque 1928-31 Florencio Harmodio Arosemena 1931 Harmodio Arias 1931-2 Ricardo Joaquφn Alfaro 1932-6 Harmodio Arias 1936-9 Juan Dem≤stenes Arosemena 1939 Ezequiel Fernßndez JaΘn 1939-40 Augusto Samuel Boyd 1940-1 Arnulfo Arias Madrid 1941 Ernesto JaΘn Guardia 1941 JosΘ Pezet 1941-5 Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia 1945-8 Enrique Adolfo JimΘnez Brin 1948-9 Domingo Diaz Arosemena 1949 Daniel Chanis 1949 Roberto Francisco Chiari 1949-51 Arnulfo Arias Madrid 1951-2 Alcibiades Arosemena 1952-5 JosΘ Antonio Rem≤n 1955 JosΘ Ram≤n Guizado 1955-6 Ricardo Manuel Arias Espinosa 1956-60 Ernesto de la Guardia 1960-4 Roberto Francisco Chiari 1964-8 Marco A Robles 1968 Arnulfo Arias Madrid 1968 \IMilitary Junta\i 1968-9 Omar Torrijos Herrera 1969-78 Demetrio Basilio Lakas 1978-82 Aristides Royo 1982-4 Ricardo de la Esoriella 1984 Jorge Enrique Illueca Sibauste 1984-5 Nicolßs Ardito Barletta 1985-8 Eric Arturo Delvalle 1988-9 Manuel Solφs Palma 1989-94 Guillermo Endara Gallimany 1994- Ernesto PΘrez Balladares # "Papua New Guinea Political Rulers and Leaders",313,0,0,0 [TABLE] Papua New Guinea Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPrime Minister 1975-80 Michael T Somare 1980-2 Julius Chan 1982-5 Michael T Somare 1985-8 Paias Wingti 1988-92 Rabbie Namiliu 1992-4 Paias Wingti 1994-7 Julius Chan 1997- Bill Skate # "Paraguay Political Rulers and Leaders",314,0,0,0 [TABLE] Paraguay Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1898-1902 Emilio Aceval 1902 Hector Carballo 1902-4 Juan Antonio Escurra 1904-5 Juan Gaona 1905-6 Cecilio Bßez 1906-8 Benigno Ferreira 1908-10 Emiliano Gonzßlez Navero 1910-11 Manuel Gondra 1911 Albino Jara 1911 Liberato Marcial Rojas 1912 Pedro Pe±a 1912 Emiliano Gonzßlez Navero 1912-16 Eduardo Schaerer 1916-19 Manuel Franco 1919-20 JosΘ P Montero 1920-1 Manuel Gondra 1921 FΘlix Paiva 1921-3 Eusebio Ayala 1923-4 Eligio Ayala 1924 Luis Alberto Riart 1924-8 Eligio Ayala 1928-31 JosΘ Particio Guggiari 1931-2 Emiliano Gonzßlez Navero 1932 JosΘ Particio Guggiari 1932-6 Eusebio Ayala 1936-7 Rafael Franco 1937-9 FΘlix Paiva 1939-40 JosΘ FΘlix Estigarribia 1940-8 Higino Morφ±igo 1948 Juan Manuel Frutos 1948-9 Juan Natalicio Gonzßlez 1949 Raimundo Rol≤n 1949 Felipe Molas L≤pez 1949-54 Federico Chaves 1954 Tomßs Romero Pareira 1954-89 Alfredo Stroessner 1989-93 AndrΘs Rodrφguez 1993- Juan Carlos Wasmosy # "Patron Saints of Occupations",315,0,0,0 [TABLE] Patron Saints of Occupations \BOccupation \BPatron Saint Accountants Matthew Actors Genesius, Vitus Advertisers Bernadino of Siena Architects Thomas (Apostle) Artists Luke, Angelico Astronauts Joseph (Cupertino) Astronomers Dominic Athletes Sebastian Authors Francis de Sales Aviators Our Lady of Loreto Bakers Honoratus Bankers Bernardino (Feltre) Barbers Cosmas and Damian Blacksmiths Eligius Bookkeepers Matthew Book trade John of God Brewers Amand, Wenceslaus Builders Barbara, Thomas (Apostle) Butchers Luke Carpenters Joseph Chemists Cosmas and Damian Comedians Vitus Cooks Lawrence, Martha Dancers Vitus Dentists Apollonia Doctors Cosmas and Damain, Luke Editors Francis de Sales Farmers Isidore Firemen Florian Fishermen Andrew, Peter Florists Dorothy, ThΘrΦse of Lisieux Gardeners Adam, Fiacre Glassworkers Luke, Lucy Gravediggers Joseph (Arimathea) Grocers Michael Hotelkeepers Amand, Julian the Hospitaler Housewives Martha Jewellers Eligius Journalists Francis de Sales Labourers James, John Bosco Lawyers Ivo, Thomas More Librarians Jerome, Catherine of Alexandria Merchants Francis of Assisi Messengers Gabriel Metalworkers Eligius Midwives Raymond Nonnatus Miners Anne, Barbara Motorists Christopher Musicians Cecilia, Gregory the Great Nurses Camillus de Lellis, John of God Philosophers Thomas Aquinas, Catherine of Alexandria Poets Cecilia, David Policemen Michael Postal workers Gabriel Priests Jean-Baptiste Vianney Printers John of God Prisoners Leonard Radio workers Gabriel Sailors Christopher, Erasmus, Francis of Paola Scholars Thomas Aquinas Scientists Albert the Great Sculptors Luke, Louis Secretaries Genesius Servants Martha, Zita Shoemakers Crispin, Crispinian Singers Cecilia, Gregory Soldiers George, Joan of Arc, Martin of Tours, Sebastian Students Thomas Aquinas Surgeons Luke, Cosmas and Damian Tailors Homobonus Tax collectors Matthew Taxi drivers Fiacre Teachers Gregory the Great, John Baptist de la Salle Theologians Augustine, Alphonsus Liguori, Thomas Aquinas Television workers Gabriel Undertakers Dismas, Joseph of Arimathea Waiters Martha # "Peru Political Rulers and Leaders",316,0,0,0 [TABLE] Peru Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1899-1903 Eduardo L≤pez de la Roma±a 1903-4 Manuel Candamo 1904 Serapio Calder≤n 1904-8 JosΘ Pardo y Barreda 1908-12 Augusto B Leguφa 1912-14 Guillermo Billinghurst 1914-15 Oscar R Benavides 1915-19 JosΘ Pardo y Barreda 1919-30 Augusto B Leguφa 1930 Manuel Ponce 1930-1 Luis M Sßnchez Cerro 1931 Leoncio Elφas 1931 Gustavo A JimΘnez 1931 David Samanez Ocampo 1931-3 Luis M Sßnchez Cerro 1933-9 Oscar R Benavides 1939-45 Manuel Prado 1945-8 JosΘ Luis Bustamante y Rivero 1948-56 Manuel A Odrφa 1956-62 Manuel Prado 1962-3 Military Junta 1963-8 Fernando Bela·nde Terry 1968-75 \IMilitary Junta\i (Juan Velasco Alvarado) 1975-80 \IMilitary Junta\i (Francisco Morales Berm·dez) 1980-5 Fernando Bela·nde Terry 1985-90 Alan Garcφa PΘrez 1990- Alberto Keinya Fujimori \BPrime Minister 1991-2 Alfonso de los Heros 1992-3 Oscar de la Puente Raygada 1993-4 Alfonso Bustamente y Bustamente 1994-5 Efrain Goldenberg Schreiber 1995-6 DantΘ Cordova Blanco 1996- Alberto Pandolfi Arbulu # "Phase II International Space Station",317,0,0,0 [TABLE] Phase II International Space Station \BPlanned Launch Date \BFlight \BDelivered Elements November, 1997 1A/R FGB (Launched on Russian Proton launch vehicle) December, 1997 2A (STS-88) Node 1 (1 storage rack), PMA1, PMA2 April, 1998 1 R Service Module May, 1998 2 R Soyuz 3-Person Permanent Human Capability July, 1998 3A (STS-92) Z1 Truss, CMGs, Ku-band, S-band equipment, PMA3, EVAs (Spacelab pallet) November, 1998 4A (STS-94) P6, PV Array (4 battery sets) / EATCS radiators, S-band equipment December, 1998 5A (STS-95) Lab (5 Lab Sys racks) January, 1999 6A (STS-96) 6 Lab Sys racks (on MPLM), UHF, SSRMS (on Spacelab pallet) Microgravity Capability March, 1999 UF-1 (STS-97) ISPRs, 3 Storage racks (on MPLM), 2 PV battery sets (Spacelab pallet), 2 OTDs (on Sidewall) April, 1999 7A (STS-98) Airlock, HP gas (3 O2, 1 N2) (on Spacelab pallet) # "Phase III International Space Station",318,0,0,0 [TABLE] Phase III International Space Station \BPlanned Launch Date \BFlight \BDelivered Elements May, 1999 4R Docking Compartment 1 (DC1) June, 1999 8A (STS-99) S0, MT, GPS, Umbilicals, A/L Spur August, 1999 UF-2 (STS-100) 1 Lab Sys, ISPRs, 3 Storage Racks (on MPLM), MBS September, 1999 9A (STS-101) S1 (3 rads), TCS, CETA (1), S-band November, 1999 9A.1 (STS-102) Science Power Platform with 4 Solar Arrays January, 2000 11A (STS-104) P1 (3 Rads), TCS, CETA (1), UHF February, 2000 12A (STS-105) P3/4, PV Array (4 battery sets), 2 ULCAs March, 2000 10A (STS-106) Node 2 (4 DDCU racks), NTA (on Sidewall) April, 2000 3R Universal Docking Module (UDM) May, 2000 5R Docking Compartment 2 (DC2) June, 2000 1J/A (STS-108) JEM ELM PS (5 JEM Sys, 2 ISPR, 1 Storage Rack), P5 w/Radiator OSE 1 O2 Tank (on SLP) August, 2000 13A (STS-109) S3/4, PV Array (4 battery sets), 4 PAS November, 2000 1J (STS-110) JEM PM (4 JEM Sys racks), JEM RMS December, 2000 UF3 (STS-111) ISPRs, 1 Storage Rack (on MPLM) January, 2001 UF4 (STS-112) AMS, Express Pallet, ATA, 1 O2 Tank, SPDM (on Spacelab Pallet) March, 2001 9R Docking & Stowage Module May, 2001 2J/A (STS-114) JEM EF, ELM-ES, 4 PV battery sets (on Spacelab Pallet) May, 2001 8R Research Module 1 (RM-1) June, 2001 14A (STS-115) 4 SPP Solar Arrays (on EDO Pallet), Cupola (on SLP), Port Rails (on SLP) September, 2001 UF5 (STS-116) ISPRs (on MPLM), Express Pallet November, 2001 2E (STS-117) 2 U.S. Storage, 7 JEM racks, ISPRs (on MPLM), S5 December, 2001 15A (STS-118) S6, PV Array (4 battery sets), Stbd MT/CETA rails December, 2001 10R Research Module 2 (RM-2) February, 2002 F6 (STS-119) ISPRs, 1 Storage Rack (on MPLM) February, 2002 11R Life Support Module 1 (LSM 1) March, 2002 12R Life Support Module 2 (LSM 2) April, 2002 16A (STS-120) Hab (6 Hab racks) April, 2002 13R Research Module 3 (RM-3) May, 2002 17A (STS-121) 1 Lab Sys, 8 Hab Sys racks (on MPLM), 1 O2 tank, 2 PV battery sets (on SLP) June, 2002 18A CTV 1 (Launch Vehicle TBD) June, 2002 19A (STS-122) 3 Hab Sys, 11 U.S. Storage racks (on MPLM) (6-Person Permanent Human Presence Capability) November, 2002 UF7 Centrifuge Accommodations Module (CAM) Late 2002 or Early 2003 1E Columbus Orbital Facility (COF) # "Philippines Political Rulers and Leaders",319,0,0,0 [TABLE] Philippines Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident \BCommonwealth 1935-44 Manuel Luis Quezon \BJapanese Occupation 1943-4 JosΘ P Laurel \BCommonwealth 1944-6 Sergio Osme±a \BFirst Republic 1946-8 Manuel A Roxas 1948-53 Elpidio Quirino 1953-7 Ramon Magsaysay 1957-61 Carlos P Garcia 1961-5 Diosdado Macapagal 1965-72 Ferdinand E Marcos \BMartial Law 1972-81 Ferdinand E Marcos \BNew Republic 1981-6 Ferdinand E Marcos 1986-92 Corazon Aquino 1992- Fidel Ramos # "Phobia Terms and Meanings",320,0,0,0 [TABLE] A to Z of Phobias \BTechnical term \BEveryday term acero- sourness achulo- darkness acro- heights aero- air agora- open spaces aichuro- points ailouro- cats akoustico- sound algo- pain amaka- carriages amatho- dust andro- men anemo- wind angino- narrowness anthropo- man antlo- flood apeiro- infinity arachno- spiders astheno- weakness astra- astral ate- ruin aulo- flute Auroro- Northern Lights bacillo- microbes baro- gravity baso- walking batracho- reptiles belone- needles bronto- (tonitro-) thunder cheima- (cheimato-) cold chiono- snow chrometo- money chromo- color chrono- duration claustro- closed spaces cnido- stings cometo- comets crystallo- crystals cyno- dogs demo- crowds demono- demons dermato- skin dike- justice dora- fur eisoptro- mirror elektro- electricity enete- pins entomo- insects eoso- dawn eremo- solitude ergo- work erythro- blushing geno- sex geuma- (geumato-) taste grapho- writing gymno- (gymnoto-) nudity gyno- women hamartio- sin hapto- touch harpaxo- robbers hedono- pleasure hemato- blood helmintho- worms hodo- travel homichlo- fog horme- shock hydro- water hypegia- responsibility hypno- sleep ideo- ideas kakorraphia- failure katagelo- ridicule keno- void kineso- motion klepto- stealing kopo- fatigue kristallo- ice lalo- stuttering linono- string logo- words lysso- (mania) insanity mastigo- flogging mechano- machinery metallo- metals meteoro- meteors miso- (myso-) contamination mono- one thing musico- music muso- mice necro- corpses nelo- glass neo- newness nepho- (nephelo-) clouds noso- (patho-) disease ocho- vehicles odonto- teeth oiko- home olfacto- smell ommato- eyes oneiro- dreams ophidio- snakes ornitho- birds ourano- heaven pan- (panto-) everything partheno- girls patroio- heredity penia- poverty phasmo- ghosts phobo- fears photo- light pnigero- smothering poine- punishment poly- many things poto- drink pterono- feathers pyro- fire rypo- soiling Satano- Satan sela- flash sidero- stars sito- food sperma- (spermato-) germs stasi- standing stygio- (hadeo-) hell syphilo- syphilis thalasso- sea thanato- death thasso- sitting theo- God thermo- heat toxi- poison tremo- trembling triskaideka- thirteen zelo- jealousy zoo- animals xeno- strangers # "Planet-like Moons",321,0,0,0 [TABLE] Planet-like Moons Name Radius (km) Density Distance from parent planet (km) Pluto 1150 2.050 NA Triton 1353 2.054 354 800 (from Neptune) Europa 1569 2.990 670 900 (from Jupiter) Moon 1738 3.340 384 390 (from Earth) Io 1815 3.530 421 600 (from Jupiter) Callisto 2400 1.851 1 883 000 (from Jupiter) Mercury 2435 5.427 NA Titan 2575 1.881 1 222 000 (from Saturn) Ganymede 2631 1.940 1 070 000 (from Jupiter) Mars 3395 3.933 NA Earth 6378 5.520 NA # "Planetary Data",322,0,0,0 [TABLE] Planetary Data \BPlanet \BDistance from sun maximum (million km) \BDistance from sun maximum (million mi) \BDistance from sun minimum (million km) \BDistance from sun minimum (million mi) \BSidereal period \BAxial rotation (equatorial) \BDiameter (equatorial) km \BDiameter (equatorial) mi Mercury 69.4 43.0 46.8 29.0 88 d 58 d 16h 4 878 3 031 Venus 109.0 67.6 107.6 66.7 224.7 d 243 d 12 104 7 521 Earth 152.6 94.6 147.4 91.4 365.26 d\U1\u 23 h 56 m 12 756 7 927 Mars 249.2 154.5 207.3 128.5 687 d 24 h 37 m 23 s 6 794 4 222 Jupiter 817.4 506.8 741.6 459.8 11.86 y 9 h 50 m 30 s 142 800 88 800 Saturn 1512 937.6 1346 834.6 29.46 y 10 h 14 m 120 000 74 600 Uranus 3011 1867 2740 1699 84.01 y 16-28 h\U2\u 51 000 31 600 Neptune 4543 2817 4466 2769 164.79 y 18-20 h\U2\u 49 500 30 800 Pluto 7364 4566 4461 2766 248.5 y 6 d 9 h 2 300 1 430 \U1\u 365 d 5 h 48 m 46 s. \U2\u Different latitudes rotate at different speeds. y: years d: days h: hours m: minutes s: seconds km: kilometres mi: miles # "Planetary Satellites",323,0,0,0 [TABLE] Planetary Satellites \BName \BYear discovered \BDistance from planet (km) \BDistance from planet (mi) \BDiameter (km) \BDiameter (mi) \BEarth Moon - 384 000 238 850 3 476 2 155 \BMars Phobos 1877 938 000 583 000 27 17 Deimos 1877 2 346 000 1458 000 15 9 \BJupiter Metis 1979 127 000 79 000 40 25 Adrastea 1979 129 000 80 000 24 15 Amalthea 1892 180 000 112 000 270 168 Thebe 1979 222 000 138 000 100 60 Io 1610 422 000 262 000 3 630 2 260 Europa 1610 671 000 417 000 3 140 1950 Ganymede 1610 1070 000 665 000 5 260 3 270 Callisto 1610 1883 000 1170 000 4 800 3 000 Leda 1974 11100 000 6 900 000 20 12 Himalia 1904 11480 000 7 134 000 186 110 Lysithea 1938 11720 000 7 283 000 40 25 Elara 1905 11740 000 7 295 000 80 50 Ananke 1951 21200 000 13 174 000 30 19 Carme 1938 22 600 000 14 044 000 40 25 Pasiphae 1908 23 500 000 14 603 000 50 30 Sinope 1914 23 700 000 14 727 000 40 25 \BSaturn Pan 1990 134 000 83 000 10 6 Atlas 1980 138 000 86 000 40 25 Prometheus 1980 139 000 86 000 100 60 Pandora 1980 142 000 88 000 100 60 Epimetheus 1980 151000 94 000 140 90 Janus 1966 151000 94 000 200 120 Mimas 1789 186 000 116 000 390 240 Enceladus 1789 238 000 148 000 500 310 Calypso 1980 295 000 183 000 30 19 Telesto 1980 295 000 183 000 24 15 Tethys 1684 295 000 183 000 1050 650 Dione 1684 377 000 234 000 1120 700 Helene 1980 378 000 235 000 36 22 Rhea 1672 527 000 327 000 1530 950 Titan 1655 1222 000 759 000 5 150 3 200 Hyperion 1848 1481000 920 000 400 250 Iapetus 1671 3 560 000 2 212 000 1460 910 Phoebe 1898 12 950 000 8 047 000 220 137 \BUranus Miranda 1948 130 000 81000 480 300 Ariel 1851 191000 119 000 1160 720 Umbriel 1851 266 000 165 000 1170 730 Titania 1787 436 000 271000 1600 1000 Oberon 1787 583 100 362 000 1600 1000 A further ten satellites at distances from 50 000 to 86 000 km, and with diameters 15-170 km, were discovered in 1986. \BNeptune Triton 1846 355 000 221000 3 800 2 400 Nereid 1949 5 510 000 3 424 000 300 190 A further six satellites at distances from 48 000 to 118 000 km, and with diameters 50-400 km, were discovered in 1989. \BPluto Charon 1978 19 100 000 11 900 000 1200 745 # "Poland Political Rulers and Leaders",324,0,0,0 [TABLE] Poland Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BChief of State 1945-7 Boleslaw Bierut Acting 1947-52 Boleslaw Bierut 1952-64 Aleksander Zawadzki 1964-8 Edward Ochab 1968-70 Marian Spychalski 1970-2 J≤zef Cyrankiewicz 1972-85 Henryk Jablonski 1985-90 Wojciech Jaruzelski \IPresident 1989\i 1990-5 Lech Walesa\I President\i 1995- Alexander Kwasniewski \BPremier 1947-52 J≤zef Cyrankiewicz 1952-4 Boleslaw Bierut 1954-70 J≤zef Cyrankiewicz 1970-80 Piotr Jecoszewicz 1980 Edward Babiuch 1980-1 J≤zef Pinkowski 1981-5 Wojciech Jaruzelski 1985-8 Zbigniew Messner 1988-9 Mieczyslaw Rakowski 1989 Czeslaw Kiszczak 1989-91 Tadeusz Mazowiecki 1991 Jan Krzysztof Bielecki 1991-2 Jan Olszewski 1992 Waldemar Pawlak 1992-3 Hanna Suchocka 1993-5 Waldemar Pawlak 1995-6 Jozef Olesky 1996- Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz \BFirst Secretary 1945-8 Wladyslaw Gomulka 1948-56 Boleslaw Bierut 1956 Edward Ochab 1956-70 Wladyslaw Gomulka 1970-80 Edward Gierek 1980-1 Stanislaw Kania 1981-9 Wojciech Jaruzelski 1989-90 Mieczyslaw Rakowski # "Polo Champions",325,0,0,0 [TABLE] Polo Champions \BYear \BWinner \BCowdray Park Gold Cup First held in 1956, replacing the Champion Cup; the British Open Championship for club sides; so named because played at Cowdray Park, Sussex. 1986 Tramontana 1987 Tramontana 1988 Tramontana 1989 Tramontana 1990 Hildon 1991 Tramontana 1992 Black Bears 1993 Maple Leaf 1994 Ellerston Blacks 1995 Ellerston Whites 1996 CS Brooks Most wins: (5), Stowell Park, 1973-4, 1976, 1978, 1980; Tramontana, as above. # "Popes of the Catholic Church",326,0,0,0 [TABLE] Popes of the Catholic Church \BPeriod \BPope Antipope refers to a pontiff set up in opposition to one asserted to be canonically chosen. until c. 64 Peter 64-c. 76 Linus c. 76-c. 90 Anacletus c. 90-c. 99 Clement I c. 99-c. 105 Evaristus c. 105-c. 117 Alexander I c. 117-c. 127 Sixtus I c. 127-c. 137 Telesphorus c. 137-c. 140 Hyginus c. 140-c. 154 Pius I c. 154-c. 166 Anicetus c. 166-c. 175 Soter 175-89 Eleutherius 189-98 Victor I 198-217 Zephyrinus 217-22 Callistus I 217-c. 235 Hippolytus \IAntipope\i 222-30 Urban I 230-5 Pontian 235-6 Anterus 236-50 Fabian 251-3 Cornelius 251-c. 258 Novatian \IAntipope\i 253-4 Lucius I 254-7 Stephen I 257-8 Sixtus II 259-68 Dionysius 269-74 Felix I 275-83 Eutychianus 283-96 Caius 296-304 Marcellinus 308-9 Marcellus I 310 Eusebius 311-14 Miltiades 314-35 Sylvester I 336 Mark 337-52 Julius I 352-66 Liberius 355-65 Felix II \IAntipope\i 366-84 Damasus I 366-7 Ursinus \IAntipope\i 384-99 Siricius 399-401 Anastasius I 402-17 St Innocent I 417-18 St Zosimus 418-22 Boniface I 418-19 Eulalius \IAntipope\i 422-32 Celestine I 432-40 Sixtus III 440-61 Leo I 'the Great' 461-8 Hilarus 468-83 Simplicius 483-92 Felix III (II) 492-6 St Gelasius I 496-8 Anastasius II 498-514 (Coelius) Symmachus 498, 501-5 Laurentius \IAntipope\i 514-23 Hormisdas 523-6 John I 526-30 Felix IV (III) 530-2 Boniface II 530 Dioscorus \IAntipope\i 533-5 John II 535-6 Agapetus I 536-7 Silverius 537-55 Vigilius 556-61 Pelagius I 561-74 John III 575-9 Benedict I 579-90 Pelagius II 590-604 St Gregory I 'the Great' 604-6 Sabinianus 607 Boniface III 608-15 Boniface IV 615-18 Deusdedit or Adeodatus I 619-25 Boniface V 625-38 Honorius I 640 Severinus 640-2 John IV 642-9 Theodore I 649-55 St Martin I 654-7 St Eugenius I╣ 657-72 Vitalian 672-6 Adeodatus II 676-8 Donus 678-81 Agatho 682-3 Leo II 684-5 Benedict II 685-6 John V 686-7 Cono 687 Theodore \IAntipope\i 687-92 Paschal \IAntipope\i 687-701 Sergius I 701-5 John VI 705-7 John VII 708 Sisinnius 708-15 Constantine 715-31 St Gregory II 731-41 St Gregory III 741-52 St Zacharias 752 Stephen II \I(not consecrated)\i 752-7 Stephen II (III) 757-67 Paul I 767-9 Constantine II \IAntipope\i 768 Philip \IAntipope\i 768-72 Stephen III (IV) 772-95 Adrian I 795-816 Leo III 816-17 Stephen IV (V) 817-24 Paschal I 824-7 Eugenius II 827 Valentine 827-44 Gregory IV 844 John \IAntipope\i 844-7 Sergius II 847-55 Leo IV 855-8 Benedict III 855 Anastasius Bibliothecarius \IAntipope\i 858-67 St Nicholas I 'the Great' 867-72 Adrian II 872-82 John VIII 882-4 Martin II (Marinus I) 884-5 Adrian III 885-91 Stephen V (VI) 891-6 Formosus 896 Boniface VI 896-7 Stephen VI (VII) 897 Romanus 897 Theodore II 898-900 John IX 900-3 Benedict IV 903 Leo V 903-4 Christopher \IAntipope\i 904-11 Sergius III 911-13 Anastasius III 913-14 Lando 914-28 John X 928 Leo VI 928-31 Stephen VII (VIII) 931-5 John XI 936-9 Leo VII 939-42 Stephen IX 942-6 Martin III (Marinus II) 946-55 Agapetus II 955-64 John XII (Octavian) 963-5 Leo VIII 964-6 Benedict V 965-72 John XIII 973-4 Benedict VI 974, 984-5 Boniface VII \IAntipope\i 974-83 Benedict VII 983-4 John XIV 985-96 John XV 996-9 Gregory V 997-8 John XVI \IAntipope\i 999-1003 Sylvester II 1003 John XVII 1004-9 John XVIII 1009-12 Sergius IV 1012-24 Benedict VIII 1012 Gregory \IAntipope\i 1024-32 John XIX 1032-44 Benedict IX 1045 Sylvester III 1045 Benedict IX \I(second reign)\i 1045-6 Gregory VI 1046-7 Clement II 1047-8 Benedict IX \I(third reign)\i 1048 Damasus II (Poppo) 1048-54 Leo IX (Bruno of Toul) 1055-7 Victor II (Gebhard of Hirschberg) 1057-8 Stephen IX (X) (Frederick of Lorraine) 1058-9 Benedict X (John of Tusculum) \IAntipope\i 1059-61 Nicholas II (Gerard of Burgundy) 1061-73 Alexander II (Anselm of Lucca) 1061-72 Honorius II (Peter Cadalus) \IAntipope\i 1073-85 Gregory VII (St Hildebrand) 1080,1084-1100 Clement III (Guibert of Ravenna) \IAntipope\i 1086-7 Victor III (Desiderius) 1088-99 Urban II (Odo of Chatillon) 1099-1118 Paschal II (Raneiro da Bieda) 1100-2 Theodoric \IAntipope\i 1102 Albert \IAntipope\i 1105-11 Sylvester IV \IAntipope\i 1118-19 Gelasius II (John of Gaeta) 1118-21 Gregory VIII (Maurice of Braga) \IAntipope\i 1119-24 Callistus II (Guy of Burgundy) 1124-30 Honorius II (Lamberto dei Fagnani) 1124 Celestine II \IAntipope\i 1130-43 Innocent II (Gregory Parareschi) 1130-8 Anacletus II \IAntipope\i 1138 Victor IV▓ \IAntipope\i 1143-4 Celestine II (Guido di Castello) 1144-5 Lucius II (Gherardo Caccianemici) 1145-53 Eugenius III (Bernardo Paganelli) 1153-4 Anastasius IV (Corrado della Subarra) 1154-9 Adrian IV (Nicholas Breakspear) 1159-81 Alexander III (Orlando Bandinelli) 1159-64 Victor IV▓ (Ottaviano di Monticelli) \IAntipope\i 1164-8 Paschal III (Guido of Crema) \IAntipope\i 1168-78 Callistus III (John of Struma) \IAntipope\i 1179-80 Innocent III (Lando da Sessa) 1181-5 Lucius III (Ubaldo Allucingoli) 1185-7 Urban III (Uberto Crivelli) 1187 Gregory VIII (Alberto di Morra) 1187-91 Clement III (Paolo Scolari) 1191-8 Celestine III (Giacinto Boboni-Orsini) 1198-1216 Innocent III (Lotario de'Conti) 1216-27 Honorius III (Cancio Savelli) 1227-41 Gregory IX (Ugolino di Segni) 1241 Celestine IV (Goffredo Castiglione) 1243-54 Innocent IV (Sinibaldo de' Fieschi) 1254-61 Alexander IV (Rinaldo di Segni) 1261-4 Urban IV (Jacques PantalΘon) 1265-8 Clement IV (Guy le Gros Foulques) 1271-6 Gregory X (Tebaldo Visconti) 1276 Innocent V (Pierre de Champagni) 1276 Adrian V (Ottoboni Fieschi) 1276-7 John XXI│ (Pietro Rebuli-Giuliani) 1277-80 Nicholas III (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini) 1281-5 Martin IV (Simon de Brie) 1285-7 Honorius IV (Giacomo Savelli) 1288-92 Nicholas IV (Girolamo Masci) 1294 Celestine V (Pietro di Morrone) 1294-1303 Boniface VIII (Benedetto Castani) 1303-4 Benedict XI (Niccolo Boccasini) 1305-14 Clement V (Raymond Bertrand de Got) 1316-34 John XXII (Jacques DuΦse) 1328-30 Nicholas V (Pietro Rainalducci) \IAntipope\i 1334-42 Benedict XII (Jacques Fournier) 1342-52 Clement VI (Pierre Roger de Beaufort) 1352-62 Innocent VI (╔tienne Aubert) 1362-70 Urban V (Guillaume de Grimoard) 1370-8 Gregory XI (Pierre Roger de Beaufort) 1378-89 Urban VI (Bartolomeo Prignano) 1378-94 Clement VII (Robert of Geneva) \IAntipope\i 1389-1404 Boniface IX (Pietro Tomacelli) 1394-1423 Benedict XIII (Pedro de Luna) \IAntipope\i 1404-6 Innocent VII (Cosmato de' Migliorati) 1406-15 Gregory XII (Angelo Correr) 1409-10 Alexander V (Petros Philargi) \IAntipope\i 1410-15 John XXIII (Baldassare Cossa) \IAntipope\i 1417-31 Martin V (Oddone Colonna) 1423-9 Clement VIII (Gil Sanchez Mu±os) \IAntipope\i 1425-30 Benedict XIV (Bernard Garnier) \IAntipope\i 1431-47 Eugenius IV (Gabriele Condulmer) 1439-49 Felix V (Amadeus VIII of Savoy) \IAntipope\i 1447-55 Nicholas V (Tommaso Parentucelli) 1455-8 Callistus III (Alfonso de Borja) 1458-64 Pius II (Enea Silvio de Piccolomini) 1464-71 Paul II (Pietro Barbo) 1471-84 Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere) 1484-92 Innocent VIII (Giovanni Battista Cibo) 1492-1503 Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) 1503 Pius III (Francesco Todoeschini-Piccolomini) 1503-13 Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere) 1513-21 Leo X (Giovanni de' Medici) 1522-3 Adrian VI (Adrian Dedel) 1523-34 Clement VII (Giulio de' Medici) 1534-49 Paul III (Allessandro Farnese) 1550-5 Julius III (Gianmaria del Monte) 1555 Marcellus II (Marcello Cervini) 1555-9 Paul IV (Giovanni Pietro Caraffa) 1559-65 Pius IV (Giovanni Angelo Medici) 1566-72 Pius V (Michele Ghislieri) 1572-85 Gregory XIII (Ugo Buoncompagni) 1585-90 Sixtus V (Felice Peretti) 1590 Urban VII (Giambattista Castagna) 1590-1 Gregory XIV (Niccolo Sfondrati) 1591 Innocent IX (Gian Antonio Facchinetti) 1592-1605 Clement VIII (Ippolito Aldobrandini) 1605 Leo XI (Alessandro de' Medici-Ottaiano) 1605-21 Paul V (Camillo Borghese) 1621-3 Gregory XV (Alessandro Ludovisi) 1623-44 Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini) 1644-55 Innocent X (Giambattista Pamfili) 1655-67 Alexander VII (Fabio Chigi) 1667-9 Clement IX (Julio Rospigliosi) 1670-6 Clement X (Emilio Altieri) 1676-89 Innocent XI (Benedetto Odescalchi) 1689-91 Alexander VIII (Pietro Vito Ottoboni) 1691-1700 Innocent XII (Antonio Pignatelli) 1700-21 Clement XI (Gian Francesco Albani) 1721-4 Innocent XIII (Michelangelo dei Conti) 1724-30 Benedict XIII (Pietro Francesco Orsini) 1730-40 Clement XII (Lorenzo Corsini) 1740-58 Benedict XIV (Prospero Lambertini) 1758-69 Clement XIII (Carlo Rezzonico) 1769-74 Clement XIV (Lorenzo Ganganelli) 1775-99 Pius VI (Giovanni Angelo Braschi) 1800-23 Pius VII (Luigi Barnaba Chiaramonti) 1823-9 Leo XII (Annibale della Genga) 1829-30 Pius VIII (Francesco Saveno Castiglioni) 1831-46 Gregory XVI (Bartolomeo Alberto Capellari) 1846-78 Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti) 1878-1903 Leo XIII (Vincenzo Gioacchino Pecci) 1903-14 Pius X (Giuseppe Sarto) 1914-22 Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa) 1922-39 Pius XI (Achille Ratti) 1939-58 Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli) 1958-63 John XXIII (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli) 1963-78 Paul VI (Giovanni Battista Montini) 1978 John Paul I (Albino Luciani) 1978- John Paul II (Karol Jozef Wojtyla) # "Portugal Political Rulers and Leaders",327,0,0,0 [TABLE] Portugal Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident \BFirst Republic 1910-11 Te≤filo Braga 1911-15 Manuel JosΘ de Arriaga 1915 Te≤filo Braga 1915-17 Bernardino Machado 1917-18 Sid≤nio Pais 1918-19 JoΓo do Canto e Castro 1919-23 Ant≤nio JosΘ de Almeida 1923-5 Manuel Teixeira Gomes 1925-6 Bernardino Machado \BNew State 1926 \IMilitary Junta\i (JosΘ Mendes Cabeτadas) 1926 \IMilitary Junta\i (Manuel de Oliveira Gomes da Costa) 1926-51 Ant≤nio Oscar Fragoso Carmona 1951-8 Francisco Craveiro Lopes 1958-74 AmΘrico de Deus Tomßs \BSecond Republic 1974 \IMilitary Junta\i (Ant≤nio Spφnola) 1974-6 \IMilitary Junta\i (Francisco da Costa Gomes) \BThird Republic 1976-86 Ant≤nio dos Santos Ramalho Eanes 1986-96 Mßrio Soares 1996- Jorge Sampaio \BPrime Minister 1932-68 Ant≤nio de Oliveira Salazar 1968-74 Marcelo Caetano 1974 Adelino da Palma Carlos 1974-5 Vasco Gonτalves 1975-6 JosΘ Pinheiro de Azevedo 1976-8 Mßrio Soares 1978 Alfredo Nobre da Costa 1978-9 Carlos Alberto de Mota Pinto 1979 Maria de Lurdes Pintasilgo 1980-1 Francisco de Sß Carneiro 1981-3 Francisco Pinto Balsemπo 1983-5 Mßrio Soares 1985-95 Anφbal Cavaτo Silva 1995- Ant≤nio Guterres # "Powerboat Racing World Championship Winners",328,0,0,0 [TABLE] Powerboat Racing World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner Instituted in 1982; held in many categories, with Formula One and Formula Two being the principal competitions; Formula One discontinued in 1986; Formula Two became known as Formula Grand Prix, then reverted to Formula One in 1990. \BFormula One Winners 1984 Renato Molinari (Italy) 1985 Bob Spalding (Great Britain) 1986 Gene Thibodaux (USA) 1990 John Hill (Great Britain) 1991 Jonathan Jones (Great Britain) 1992 Fabrizio Bocca (Italy) 1993 Guido Capellina (Italy) 1994 Guido Capellina (Italy) 1995 Guido Capellina (Italy) 1996 Guido Capellina (Italy) Most wins: (3) Guido Capellina (Italy), as above. \BFormula Two/Formula Grand Prix winners 1982 Michael Werner (West Germany) 1983 Michael Werner (West Germany) 1984 John Hill (Great Britain) 1985 John Hill (Great Britain) 1986 Jonathan Jones (Great Britain) and Buck Thornton (USA) (shared) 1987 Bill Seebold (USA) 1988 Chris Bush (USA) 1989 Jonathan Jones (Great Britain) 1990 John Hill (Great Britain) 1991 Jonathan Jones (Great Britain) Most wins: (3), John Hill (Great Britain), as above; Jonathan Jones (Great Britain), as above. # "Pregnancy Lengths",329,0,0,0 [TABLE] Length of pregnancy in some mammals Animal Gestation period (average number of days) camel 406 cat 62 cow 280 chimpanzee 237 dog 62 dolphin 276 elephant, African 640 ferret 42 fox 52 giraffe 395-425 goat 151 guinea pig 68 hamster 16 hedgehog 35-40 horse 337 human 266 hyena 110 kangaroo 40 lion 108 mink 50 monkey, rhesus 164 mouse 21 opossum 13 orangutan 245-275 pig 113 rabbit 32 rat 21 reindeer 215-245 seal, northern fur 350 sheep 148 skunk 62 squirrel, grey 44 tiger 105-109 whale 365 # "Project Gemini Missions",330,0,0,0 [TABLE] Project Gemini Missions \BFlight \BAstronauts \BLaunch/Landing \BOrbits \BDuration Gemini 3 Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom, John W. Young March 23, 1965/ March 23, 1965 3 4 hours, 53 minutes Gemini IV James A. McDivitt, Edward H. White II June 3, 1965/June 7, 1965 62 97 hours, 56 minutes, 11 seconds Gemini V L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., Charles "Pete" Conrad, Jr. August 21, 1965/August 29, 1965 120 190 hours, 55 minutes, 14 seconds Gemini VI Walter M. Schirra, Jr., Thomas P. Stafford December 15, 1965/December 16, 1965 16 25 hours, 51 minutes, 24 seconds Gemini VII Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr. December 4, 1965/ December 18, 1965 206 330 hours, 35 minutes, 31 seconds Gemini VIII Neil A. Armstrong, David R. Scott March 16, 1966/March 16, 1966 6.5 10 hours, 41 minutes, 26 seconds Gemini IX-A Thomas P. Stafford, Eugene A. Cernan June 3, 1966/June 6, 1966 45 72 hours, 20 minutes, 50 seconds Gemini X John W. Young, Michael Collins July 18, 1966/ July 21, 1966 43 70 hours, 46 minutes, 39 seconds Gemini XI Charles "Pete" Conrad, Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Jr. September 12, 1966/September 15, 1966 44 71 hours, 17 minutes, 8 seconds Gemini XII James A. Lovell, Jr., Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr. November 11, 1966/November 15, 1966 59 94 hours, 34 minutes, 31 seconds # "Project Mercury Missions",331,0,0,0 [TABLE] Project Mercury Missions \BFlight \BName \BAstronaut \BDate \BOrbits \BDuration Mercury Redstone 3 Freedom 7 Alan B. Shepard, Jr. May 5, 1961 0 15 Minute Suborbital flight Mercury Redstone 4 Liberty Bell 7 Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom July 21, 1961 0 15 Minute Suborbital flight Mercury Atlas 6 Friendship 7 John H. Glenn. Jr. February 30,1962 3 Four hours, 55 minutes Mercury Atlas 7 Aurora 7 M. Scott Carpenter May 24, 1962 3 Four hours, 56 minutes Mercury Atlas 8 Sigma 7 Walter M. Schirra, Jr. October 3, 1962 6 Nine hours, 13 minutes Mercury Atlas 9 Faith 7 L. Gordon Cooper, Jr. May 15-16, 1963 22 34 Hours # "Qatar Political Rulers and Leaders",332,0,0,0 [TABLE] Qatar Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BEmir \IFamily name: al-Thani\i 1876-1905 Ahmad I 1905-13 Qasim 1913-49 Abdullah 1949-60 Ali 1960-72 Ahmad Bin Ali 1972-95 Khalifah Bin Hamad 1995- Hamad bin Khalifa \BPrime Minister 1996- Abdulla bin Khalifa # "Rackets World Championship Winners",333,0,0,0 [TABLE] Rackets World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner Organized on a challenge basis, the first champion in 1820 was Robert Mackay (Great Britain). 1973-4 Howard Angus (Great Britain) 1975-81 William Surtees (USA) 1981-4 John Prenn (Great Britain) 1984-6 William Boone (Great Britain) 1986-8 John Prenn (Great Britain) 1988-9 James Male (Great Britain) 1990 Neil Smith (USA) 1991 James Male (Great Britain) 1992 Shannon Hazel (USA) 1993-1994 Neil Smith (USA) 1995 James Male (Great Britain) Longest reigning champion: 18 years, Geoffrey Atkins. - # "Radioactivity Units Table",334,0,0,0 [TABLE] Radioactivity Units Name Definition Unit Old unit activity rate of disintegrations Bq Ci (curie) absorbed dose energy deposited in object, divided by mass of object Gy rad dose equivalent absorbed dose x RBE Sv rem \BRBE \BRadiation 20 alpha 10 neutron 1 beta, gamma, X-ray # "Real Tennis World Championship Winners",335,0,0,0 [TABLE] Real Tennis World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner Organized on a challenge basis; the first world champion was M Clerge (France) c.1740, regarded as the first world champion of any sport. Women's championship first held in 1985, and then every two years. \BMen 1916-28 Fred Covey (Great Britain) 1928-55 Pierre Etchebaster (France) 1955-7 James Dear (Great Britain) 1957-9 Albert Johnson (Great Britain) 1959-69 Northrup Knox (USA) 1969-72 Pete Bostwick (USA) 1972-5 Jimmy Bostwick (USA) 1976-81 Howard Angus (Great Britain) 1981-7 Chris Ronaldson (Great Britain) 1987-94 Wayne Davies (Australia) 1994 Robert Fahey (Australia) Longest reigning champion: 33 years, Edmond Barre (France), 1829-62. \BWomen 1985 Judy Clarke (Australia) 1987 Judy Clarke (Australia) 1989 Penny Fellows (Great Britain) 1991 Penny Lumley (nΘe Fellows) (Great Britain) 1993 Sally Jones (Great Britain) 1994 Penny Lumley (Great Britain) 1995 Penny Lumley (Great Britain) # "Republic of Korea (South Korea) Political Rulers and Leaders",336,0,0,0 [TABLE] Republic of Korea (South Korea) Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1948-60 Syngman Rhee 1960 Ho Chong Acting 1960 Kwak Sang-hun Acting 1960 Ho Chong Acting 1960-3 Yun Po-sun 1963-79 Park Chung-hee 1979-80 Choi Kyu-hah 1980 Park Choong-hoon Acting 1980-8 Chun Doo-hwan 1988-93 Roh Tae-woo 1993- Kim Young-sam \BPrime Minister 1948-50 Lee Pom-sok 1950 Shin Song-mo Acting 1950-1 John M Chang 1951-2 Ho Chong Acting 1952 Lee Yun-yong Acting 1952 Chang Taek-sang 1952-4 Paik Too-chin 1954-6 Pyon Yong-tae 1956-60 Syngman Rhee 1960 Ho Chong 1960-1 John M Chang 1961 Chang To-yong 1961-2 Song Yo-chan 1962-3 Kim Hyun-chul 1963-4 Choe Tu-son 1964-70 Chung Il-kwon 1970-1 Paik Too-chin 1971-5 Kim Jong-pil 1975-9 Choi Kyu-hah 1979-80 Shin Hyun-hwak 1980 Park Choong-hoon Acting 1980-2 Nam Duck-woo 1982 Yoo Chang-soon 1982-3 Kim Sang-hyup 1983-5 Chin Lee-chong 1985-8 Lho Shin-yong 1988 Lee Hyun-jae 1988-90 Kang Young-hoon 1990-1 Ro Jai-bong 1991-2 Chung Won-shik 1992-3 Hyung Soong-jang 1993 Hwang in-sung 1993-4 Lee Hoi Chang 1994 Lee Yung Duk 1994-5 Lee Hong-koo 1995- Lee Soo-sung # "Rhine Canals Data",337,0,0,0 [TABLE] Rhine Canals Canal system Length km/mi Built Rhine-Rhone 349/217 1784-1833 Rhine-Marne 314/195 1838-1853 Dortmund-Ems 266/165 1892-1899 Rhine-Herne 39/24 1907-1914 Rhine-Maine-Danube 171/106 1921-1992 The Dortmund-Ems and Rhine-Herne canals link the Rhine and the Ruhr valleys to the German port of Emden. # "Rivers (Longest)",338,0,0,0 [TABLE] Rivers (Longest) \BName \BOutflow \BLength* (km) \BLength* (mi) Nile- Kagera- Ruvuvu- Ruvusu- Luvironza Mediterranean Sea (Egypt) 6 690 4160 Amazon- Ucayali- Tambo- Ene- Apurimac Atlantic Ocean (Brazil) 6 570 4 080 Mississippi- Missouri- Jefferson- Beaverhead- Red Rock Gulf of Mexico (USA) 6 020 3 740 Chang Jiang (Yangtze) E China Sea (China) 5 980 3 720 Yenisey- Angara- Selenga- Ider Kara Sea (Russia) 5 870 3 650 Amur- Argun- Kerulen Tartar Strait (Russia) 5 780 3 590 Ob- Irtysh Gulf of Ob, Kara Sea (Russia) 5 410 3 360 Plata- Parana- Grande Atlantic Ocean (Argentina / Uruguay) 4 880 3 030 Huang Ho (Yellow) Yellow Sea (China) 4 840 3 010 Congo (Zaire)- Lualaba Atlantic Ocean (Angola - Za∩re) 4 630 2 880 Lena Laptev Sea (Russia) 4 400 2 730 Mackenzie- Slave- Peace- Finlay Beaufort Sea (Canada) 4 240 2 630 Mekong S China Sea (Vietnam) 4 180 2 600 Niger Gulf of Guinea (Nigeria) 4 100 2 550 *Lengths are given to the nearest 10 km/mi, and include the river plus tributaries comprising the longest watercourse. # "Rollerskating World Championship Winners",339,0,0,0 [TABLE] Rollerskating World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner (Men-Combined) \BWinner (Women-Combined) \BWinner (Pairs) \BWinner (Dance) Figure skating world championships were first organized in 1947. 1985 Michele Biserni (Italy) Chiara Sartori (Italy) John Arishita/ Tammy Jeru (USA) Martin Hauss/ Andrea Steudte (West Germany) 1986 Michele Tolomini (Italy) Chiara Sartori (Italy) John Arishita/Tammy Jeru (USA) Scott Myers/ Anna Danks (USA) 1987 Kevin Carroll (USA) Chiara Sartori (Italy) Fabio Trevisani/ Monica Mezzardi (Italy) Rob Ferendo/ Lori Walsh (USA) 1988 Sandro Guerra (Italy) Rafaella Del Vinaccio (Italy) Fabio Trevisani/Monica Mezzardi (Italy) Peter Wulf/ Michela Mitzlaf (West Germany) 1989 Sandro Guerra (Italy) Rafaella Del Vinaccio (Italy) David DeMotte/ Nicky Armstrong (USA) Greg Goody/ Jodee Viola (USA) 1990 Samo Kokorovec (Italy) Rafaella Del Vinaccio (Italy) Larry McGrew/ Tammy/Jeru (USA) Greg Goody/ Jodee Viola (USA) 1991 Sandro Guerra (Italy) Rafaella Del Vinaccio (Italy) Larry McGrew/Tammy Jeru (USA) Greg Goody/ Jodee Viola (USA) 1992 Sandro Guerra (Italy) Rafaella Del Vinaccio (Italy) Patrick Venerucci/ Maura Ferri (Italy) Doug Wait/ Deanna Monaham (USA) 1993 Samo Kokorovec (Italy) Letitia Tinghi (Italy) Patrick Venerucci/ Maura Ferri (Italy) Doug Wait/ Deanna Monaham (USA) 1994 Steven Findlay (USA) April Dayney (USA) Patrick Venerucci/ Beatrice Pallazzi Rossi (Italy) Tim Patten/ Lisa Friday (USA) 1995 Jason Sutcliffe (Australia) Letitia Tinghi (Italy) Patrick Venerucci/ Beatrice Pallazzi Rossi (Italy) Tim Patten/ Lisa Friday (USA) 1996 Francesco Ceresola Guisy Loncani (Italy) Patrick Venerucci/ Beatrice Pallazzi Rossi (Italy) Axel Haber/ Swansi Gebauer (Germany) Most wins: Men-Combined (5), Karl-Heinz Losch (West Germany), 1958-9, 1961-2, 1966. Women-Combined: (5), Rafaella Del Vinaccio (Italy), as above. Pairs: (6), Tammy Jeru,1983, 1984, and as above. Dance: (3), Jane Puracchio (USA), 1973, 1975-6; Dan Littel/Florence Arsenault, 1977-9; Greg Goody/Jodee Viola (USA), as above. # "Romania Political Rulers and Leaders",340,0,0,0 [TABLE] Romania Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1881-1914 Carol I 1914-27 Ferdinand I 1927-30 Michael Prince 1930-40 Carol II 1940-7 Michael I \BRepublic \BPresident 1947-8 Mihai Sadoveanu \IInterim\i 1948-52 Constantin I Parhon 1952-8 Petru Groza 1958-61 Ion Georghe Maurer 1961-5 Georghe Gheorghiu-Dej 1965-7 Chivu Stoica 1967-89 Nicolae Ceausescu 1989-96 Ion Iliescu 1996- Emil Constanti-nescu \BGeneral Secretary 1955-65 Georghe Gheorghiu-Dej 1965-89 Nicolae Ceausescu \BPrime Minister 1900-1 Petre P Carp 1901-6 Dimitrie A Sturdza 1906-7 Gheorge Grigore Cantacuzino 1907-9 Dimitrie A Sturdza 1909 Ionel Bratianu 1909-10 Mihai Pherekyde 1910-11 Ionel Bratianu 1911-12 Petre P Carp 1912-14 Titu Maiorescu 1914-18 Ionel Bratianu 1918 Alexandru Averescu 1918 Alexandru Marghiloman 1918 Constantin Coanda 1918 Ionel Bratianu 1919 Artur Vaitoianu 1919-20 Alexandru Vaida-Voevod 1920-1 Alexandru Averescu 1921-2 Take Ionescu 1922-6 Ionel Bratianu 1926-7 Alexandru Averescu 1927 Ionel Bratianu 1927-8 Vintila I C Bratianu 1928-30 Juliu Maniu 1930 Gheorghe C Mironescu 1930 Juliu Maniu 1930-1 Gheorghe C Mironescu 1931-2 Nicolae Iorga 1932 Alexandru Vaida-Voevod 1932-3 Juliu Maniu 1933 Alexandru Vaida-Voevod 1933 Ion G Duca 1933-4 Constantin Angelescu 1934-7 Gheorghe Tatarescu 1937 Octavian Goga 1937-9 Miron Cristea 1939 Armand Calinescu 1939 Gheorghe Argesanu 1939 Constantine Argetoianu 1939-40 Gheorghe Tatarescu 1940 Ion Gigurtu 1940-4 Ion Antonescu 1944 Constantin Sanatescu 1944-5 Nicolas Radescu 1945-52 Petru Groza 1952-5 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 1955-61 Chivu Stoica 1961-74 Ion Gheorghe Maurer 1974-80 Manea Manescu 1980-3 Ilie Verdet 1983-9 Constantin Dascalescu 1989-91 Petre Roman 1991-2 Theodor Stolojan 1992-6 Nicolae Vacaroiu 1996- Victor Ciorbea # "Rowing Champions",341,0,0,0 [TABLE] Rowing Champions \BYear \BWinner \BWorld Championships First held for men in 1962 and for women in 1974; Olympic champions assume the role of world champion in Olympic years; principal events are the single sculls. \BSingle sculls: men 1986 Peter-Michael Kolbe (West Germany) 1987 Thomas Lange (East Germany) 1988 Thomas Lange (East Germany) 1989 Thomas Lange (East Germany) 1990 Yuri Janson (USSR) 1991 Thomas Lange (Germany) 1992 Thomas Lange (Germany) 1993 Derek Porter (Canada) 1994 Andre Willms (Germany) 1995 Iztok Cop (Slovenia) 1996 Xeno Mⁿller (Switzerland) Most wins: (5), Thomas Lange (Germany), as above. \BSingle sculls: women 1986 Jutta Hampe (East Germany) 1987 Magdelena Georgieva (Bulgaria) 1988 Jutta Behrendt (East Germany) 1989 Elisabeta Lipa (Romania) 1990 Brigit Peter (East Germany) 1991 Silke Laumann (Canada) 1992 Elisabeta Lipa (Romania) 1993 Jana Phieme (Germany) 1994 Trine Hansen (Denmark) 1995 Maria Brandin (Sweden) 1996 Yekaterina Khodotovich (Belarus) Most wins: (5), Christine Hahn (nΘe Scheiblich) (East Germany), 1974-8. \BUniversity Boat Race An annual contest between the crews from the Oxford and Cambridge University rowing clubs; first contested in 1829; the current course is from Putney to Mortlake. 1985 Oxford 1986 Cambridge 1987 Oxford 1988 Oxford 1989 Oxford 1990 Oxford 1991 Oxford 1992 Oxford 1993 Cambridge 1994 Cambridge 1995 Cambridge 1996 Cambridge 1997 Cambridge Wins: 73, Cambridge; 68, Oxford; 1 dead-heat (1877). \BDiamond Sculls Highlight of Henley Royal Regatta held every July; first contested in 1884. 1985 Steve Redgrave (Great Britain) 1986 Bjarne Eltang (Denmark) 1987 Peter-Michael Kolbe (West Germany) 1988 Hamish McGlashan (Australia) 1989 Vaclav Chalupa (Czechoslovakia) 1990 Eric Verdonk (New Zealand) 1991 Wim van Belleghem (Belgium) 1992 Rorie Henderson (Great Britain) 1993 Thomas Lange (Germany) 1994 Xeno Muller (Switzerland) 1995 Juri Jannson (Estonia) 1996 Merlin Vervoom (Netherlands) 1997 Greg Searle (Great Britain) Most wins: (6), Stuart Mackenzie (Great Britain), 1957-62, Guy Nickalls (Great Britain), 1888-91, 1893-4. # "Rugby Union Champions",342,0,0,0 [TABLE] Rugby Union Champions \BYear \BWinner \BWorld Cup The first Rugby Union World Cup was staged in 1987. 1987 New Zealand 1991 Australia 1995 South Africa \BFive Nations championship A round-robin competition involving England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and France; first contested in 1884. 1985 Ireland 1986 France and Scotland 1987 France 1988 France and Wales 1989 France 1990 Scotland 1991 England 1992 England 1993 France 1994 Wales 1995 England 1996 England 1997 France Most outright wins: (22), Wales, 1893, 1900, 1902, 1905, 1908-9, 1911, 1922, 1931, 1936, 1950, 1952, 1956, 1965-6, 1969, 1971, 1975-6, 1978-9, 1994. # "Russia Political Rulers and Leaders",343,0,0,0 [TABLE] Russia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991- Boris Yeltsin \BPrime Minister 1992- Viktor Chernomyrdin # "Rwanda Political Rulers and Leaders",344,0,0,0 [TABLE] Rwanda Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1962-73 GrΘgoire Kayibanda 1973-94 JuvΘnal Habyarimana 1994-5 ThΘodore Sindikubwabo \IInterim\i 1995- Pasteur Bizimunga \BPrime Minister 1991-2 Sylvestre Nsanzimana 1992-3 Dismas Nsengiyaremye 1993-4 Agathe Uwilingiymana 1994-5 Jean Kambanda \IActing\i 1995- Pierre-Celestin Rwigyema # "Saint Christopher and Nevis Political Rulers and Leaders",345,0,0,0 [TABLE] Saint Christopher and Nevis Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BChief of State: British monarch, represented by Governor-General \BPrime Minister 1983-5 Kennedy Alphonse Simmonds 1995- Denzil Douglas # "Saint Lucia Political Rulers and Leaders",346,0,0,0 [TABLE] Saint Lucia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BChief of State: British monarch, represented by Governor-General \BPrime Minister 1979 John George Melvin Compton 1979-81 Allan Louisy 1981-3 Winston Francis Cenac 1983-96 John George Melvin Compton 1996- Vaughan Lewis # "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Political Rulers and Leaders",347,0,0,0 [TABLE] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BChief of State: British monarch, represented by Governor-General \BPrime Minister 1979-84 Milton Cato 1984- James Fitzallen Mitchell # "Saints' Days",348,0,0,0 [TABLE] Saints' Days \BDay \BSaint The official recognition of Saints, and the choice of a Saint's Day, varies greatly between different branches of Christianity, calendars, and localities. Only major variations are included below, using the following abbreviations: (C:Coptic, E:Eastern, G:Greek, W: Western) \BJanuary 1 Basil (E), Fulgentius, Telemachus 2 Basil and Gregory of Nazianzus (W), Macarius of Alexandria, Seraphim of Sarov 3 GeneviΦve 4 Angela of Foligno 5 Simeon Stylites (W) 7 Cedda, Lucian of Antioch (W), Raymond of Penyafort 8 Atticus (E), Gudule, Severinus 9 Adrian the African 10 Agatho, Marcian, Paul of Thebes (W) 12 Ailred, Benedict Biscop 13 Hilary of Poitiers 14 Kentigern (Mungo) 15 Macarius of Egypt, Maurus, Paul of Thebes (E) 16 Honoratus 17 Antony the Great 19 Wulfstan 20 Euthymius, Fabian, Sebastian (W) 21 Agnes, Fructuosus, Maximus (E), Meinrad 22 Timothy (G), Vincent of Saragossa 23 Ildefonsus 24 Babylas (W), Francis de Sales 25 Gregory of Nazianzus (E) 26 Paula, Timothy and Titus, Xenophon (E) 27 Angela Merici 28 Ephraem Syrus (E), Paulinus of Nola, Thomas Aquinas 29 Gildas 31 John Bosco, Marcella \BFebruary 1 Bride, Pionius 3 Anskar, Blaise (W), Simeon (E), Werburga 4 Gilbert of Sempringham, Isidore of Pelusium, Phileas 5 Agatha, Avitus 6 Dorothy, Paul Miki and companions, Vedast 8 Theodore (G), Jerome Emiliani 9 Appolonia, Teilo 10 Scholastica 11 Benedict of Aniane, Blaise (E), Caedmon, Gregory II 12 Julian, Meletius 13 Agabus (W), Catherine dei Ricci, Priscilla (E) 14 Cyril and Methodius (W), Valentine (W) 16 Flavian (E), Pamphilus (E), Valentine (G) 18 Bernadette (France), Colman, Flavian (W), Leo I (E) 20 Wulfric 21 Pietro Damian 23 Polycarp 25 Ethelbert, Tarasius, Walburga 26 Alexander Nevsky (W), Porphyrius 27 Leander 28 Oswald of York \BMarch 1 David 2 Chad, Simplicius 3 Ailred 4 Casimir 6 Chrodegang 7 Perpetua and Felicity 8 Felix, John of God, Pontius 9 Frances of Rome, Gregory of Nyssa, Pacian 10 John Ogilvie, Macarius of Jerusalem, Simplicius 11 Constantine, Oengus, Sophronius 12 Gregory (the Great) 13 Nicephorus (W) 14 Benedict of Nursia (E) 15 Clement Hofbauer, Zacharias (W) 17 Gertrude of Nivelles, Joseph of Arimathea (W), Patrick 18 Anselm of Lucca, Cyril of Jerusalem, Edward the Martyr 19 Joseph 20 Cuthbert, John of Parma, Martin of Braga 21 Serapion of Thmuis 22 Catherine of Sweden, Nicholas of Fluδ 23 Turibius de Mongrovejo 30 John Climacus \BApril 1 Hugh of Grenoble, Mary of Egypt (E), Melito 2 Francis of Paola, Mary of Egypt (W) 3 Richard of Chichester 4 Isidore of Seville 5 Juliana of LiΦge, Vincent Ferrer 7 Hegesippus, Jean Baptiste de la Salle 8 Agabus (E) 10 Fulbert 11 Gemma Galgani, Guthlac, Stanislaus 12 Julius I, Zeno 13 Martin I 15 Aristarchus, Pudus (E), Trophimus of Ephesus 17 Agapetus (E), Stephen Harding 18 Mme Acarie 19 Alfheah, Leo IX 21 Anastasius (E), Anselm, Beuno, Januarius (E) 22 Alexander Nevsky (C) 23 Adelbert, George 24 Egbert, Fidelis of Sigmaringen, Mellitus 25 Mark, Phaebadius 27 Zita 28 Peter Chanel, Vitalis and Valeria 29 Catherine of Siena, Hugh of Cluny, Peter Martyr, Robert of Molesme 30 James (the Great) (E), Pius V \BMay 1 Asaph, Joseph the Worker, Walburga 2 Athanasius 3 Phillip and James (the Less) (W) 4 Gotthard 5 Hilary of Arles 7 John of Beverley 8 John (E), Peter of Tarantaise 10 Antoninus, Comgall, John of Avila, Simon (E) 11 Cyril and Methodius (E), Mamertus 12 Epiphanius, Nereus and Achilleus, Pancras 14 Matthias (W) 16 Brendan, John of Nepomuk, Simon Stock 17 Robert Bellarmine, Paschal Baylon 18 Erik, John I 19 Dunstan, Ivo, Pudens (W), Pudentiana (W) 20 Bernardino of Siena 21 Helena (E) 22 Rita of Cascia 23 Ivo of Chartres 24 Vincent of LΘrins 25 Aldhelm, Bede, Gregory VII, Mary Magdalene de Pazzi 26 Philip Neri, Quadratus 27 Augustine of Canterbury 28 Bernard of Menthon 30 Joan of Arc \BJune 1 Justin Martyr, Pamphilus 2 Erasmus, Marcellinus and Peter, Nicephorus (G), Pothinus 3 Charles Lwanga and companions, Clotilde, Kevin 4 Optatus, Petrock 5 Boniface 6 Martha (E), Norbert 7 Paul of Constantinople (W), Willibald 8 William of York 9 Columba, Cyril of Alexandria (E), Ephraem Cyrus (W) 11 Barnabas, Bartholomew (E) 12 Leo III 13 Antony of Padua 15 Orsisius, Vitus 17 Alban, Botulph 19 Gervasius and Protasius, Jude (E), Romuald 20 Adalbert, Alban 21 Alban of Mainz, Aloysius Gonzaga 22 John Fisher and Thomas More, Niceta, Pantaenus (C), Paulinus of Nola 23 Etheldreda (Audrey) 24 Birth of John the Baptist 25 Prosper of Aquitaine 27 Cyril of Alexandria (W), Ladislaus 28 Irenaeus 29 Peter and Paul 30 First Martyrs of the Church of Rome \BJuly 1 Cosmas and Damian (E), Oliver Plunket 3 Anatolius, Thomas 4 Andrew of Crete (E), Elizabeth of Portugal, Ulrich 5 Antony Zaccaria 6 Maria Goretti 7 Palladius, Pantaenus 8 Kilian, Aquila and Prisca (W) 11 Benedict of Nursia (W), Pius I 12 John Gualbert, Veronica 13 Henry II, Mildred, Silas (W) 14 Camillus of Lellis, Deusdedit, Nicholas of the Holy Mountain (E) 15 Bonaventure, Jacob of Nisibis, Swithin, Vladimir 16 Eustathius, Our Lady of Mt Carmel 17 Ennodius, Leo IV, Marcellina, Margaret (E), Scillitan Martyrs 18 Arnulf, Philastrius 19 Macrina, Symmachus 20 Aurelius, Margaret of Antioch (W) 21 Lawrence of Brindisi, Praxedes 22 Mary Magdalene 23 Apollinaris, Bridget of Sweden 25 Anne and Joachim (E), Christopher, James (the Great) (W) 26 Anne and Joachim (W) 27 Pantaleon 28 Innocent I, Samson, Victor I 29 Lupus, Martha (W), Olaf 30 Peter Chrysologus, Silas (G) 31 Giovanni Colombini, Germanus, Joseph of Arimathea (E), Ignatius Loyola \BAugust 1 Alphonso Liguori, Ethelwold 2 Eusebius of Vercelli, Stephen I 4 Jean-Baptise Vianney 6 Hormisdas 7 Cajetan, Sixtus II and companions 8 Dominic 9 Matthias (G) 10 Laurence, Oswald of Northumbria 11 Susanna; Clare 13 Maximus (W), Pontian and Hippolytus, Radegunde 14 Maximilian Kolbe 15 Arnulf, Tarsicius 16 Roch, Simplicianus, Stephen of Hungary 17 Hyacinth 18 Helena (W) 19 John Eudes, Sebaldus 20 Bernard of Clairvaux, Oswin, Philibert 21 Jane Frances de Chantal, Pius X 23 Rose of Lima, Sidonius Apollinaris 24 Bartholomew (W), Ouen 25 Joseph Calasanctius, Louis, Menas of Constantinople 26 Blessed Dominic of the Mother of God, Ninian, Titus (E) Zephyrinus 27 Caesarius, Monica 28 Augustine of Hippo 29 Beheading of John the Baptist, Sabina 30 Fiacre Pammachius 31 Aidan, Paulinus of Trier \BSeptember 1 Giles, Simeon Stylites (E) 2 John the Faster (E) 3 Gregory (the Great) 4 Babylas (E), Boniface I 5 Zacharias (E) 9 Peter Claver, Sergius of Antioch 10 Finnian, Nicholas of Tolentino, Pulcheria 11 Deiniol, Ethelburga, Paphnutius 13 John Chrysostom (W) 15 Catherine of Genoa, Our Lady of Sorrows 16 Cornelius, Cyprian of Carthage, Euphemia, Ninian 17 Robert Bellarmine, Hildegard, Lambert, Satyrus 19 Januarius (W), Theodore of Tarsus 20 Agapetus (W), Eustace (W) 21 Matthew (W) 22 Maurice 23 Adamnan, Conception of John the Baptist, Linus 25 Finbar, Sergius of Rostov 26 Cosmas and Damian (W), Cyprian of Carthage, John the Evangelist (E) 27 Frumentius (W), Vincent de Paul 28 Exuperius, Wenceslaus 29 Michael and All Angels (Michaelmas Day) 30 Jerome, Otto \BOctober 1 Remigius, Romanos, Teresa of Lisieux 2 Ledger (Leggier) 3 Thomas de Cantaloupe 4 Amman, Francis of Assisi, Pertains 6 Bruno of Cologne, Thomas (G) 9 Demetrius (W), Denis, Dionysius of Paris, James (the Less) (E), John Leonardi 10 Francis Borgia, Paulinus of York 11 Atticus (E), Bruno, Ethelburga Nectarius the Great 12 Wilfrid 13 Edward the Confessor 14 Callistus I, Cosmas Melodus (E) 15 Lucian of Antioch (E), Teresa of Avila 16 Gall, Hedwig, Lullus 17 Ignatius of Antioch, Marguerite Marie Alacoque (W), Victor 18 Luke 19 John de BrΘboeuf and Isaac Jogues and companions, Paul of the Cross, Peter of Alcßntara 21 Hilarion, Ursula 22 Abercius 23 John of Capistrano, James (the Just) 24 Anthony Claret, Raphael 25 Crispin and Crispinian, Forty Martyrs of England and Wales, Gaudentius 26 Demetrius (E) 28 Firmilian (E), Simon and Jude 30 Serapion of Antioch 31 Wolfgang \BNovember 1 All Saints, Cosmas and Damian (E) 2 All Souls, Eustace (E), Victorinus 3 Hubert, Malachy, Martin de Porres, Pirminius, Winifred 4 Carlo Borromeo, Vitalis and Agricola 5 Elizabeth (W) 6 Illtyd, Leonard, Paul of Constantinople (E) 7 Willibrord 8 Elizabeth (E), Willehad 9 Simeon Metaphrastes (E) 10 Justus, Leo I (W) 11 Martin of Tours (W), Menas of Egypt, Theodore of Studios 12 Josaphat, Martin of Tours (E), Nilus the Ascetic 13 Abbo, John Chrysostom (E), Nicholas I 14 Dubricius, Gregory Palamas (E) 15 Albert the Great, Machutus 16 Edmund Rich, Eucherius, Gertrude (the Great), Margaret of Scotland, Matthew (E) 17 Elizabeth of Hungary, Gregory Thaumaturgus, Gregory of Tours, Hugh of Lincoln 18 Odo, Romanus 19 Mechthild, Nerses 20 Edmund the Martyr 21 Gelasius 22 Cecilia 23 Amphilochius, Clement I (W), Columban, Felicity, Gregory of Agrigentum 25 Catherine of Alexandria, Clement I (E), Mercurius, Mesrob 26 Siricius 27 Barlam and Josaphat 28 Simeon Metaphrastes 29 Cuthbert Mayne 30 Andrew, Frumentius (G) \BDecember 1 Eligius 2 Chromatius 3 Francis Xavier 4 Barbara, John of Damascus, Osmund 5 Clement of Alexandria, Sabas 6 Nicholas 7 Ambrose 10 Miltiades 11 Damasus, Daniel 12 Jane Frances de Chantal, Spyridion (E), Vicelin 13 Lucy, Odilia 14 John of the Cross, Spyridion (W) 16 Adelaide, Eusebius 18 Adjutor, Frumentius (C) 20 Ignatius of Antioch (G) 21 Peter Canisius, Thomas 22 Anastasia (E), Chrysogonus (E), Francesca Cabrini 23 John of Kanty 26 Stephen (W) 27 John the Evangelist (W), Fabiola, Stephen (E) 29 Thomas α Becket, Trophimus of Arles 31 Sylvester (W) # "San Marino Political Rulers and Leaders",349,0,0,0 [TABLE] San Marino Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader Chief of State: two Captains Regent, selected by the Great and General Council for a 6-month period. \BSecretary of State 1986- Gabriele Gatti # "Saturn Fact Table",350,0,0,0 [TABLE] Saturn Fact Table \BSaturn \BEarth (for comparison) \BRatio (Saturn/Earth) \BBulk parameters Mass (10\U24\u kg) 568.46 5.9736 95.162 Volume (10\U10\u km│) 82,713 108.321 763.59 Equatorial radius (1 bar level) (km) 60,268 6378 9.449 Polar radius (1 bar level) (km) 54,364 6356 8.553 Volumetric mean radius (km) 58,232 6371 9.140 Ellipticity 0.0980 0.0034 28.82 Mean density (kg/m│) 687 5520 0.124 Surface gravity (eq.) (m/s▓) 8.96 9.78 0.916 Escape velocity (km/s) 35.5 11.19 3.172 GM (x 10\U6\ukm│/s▓) 37.931 0.3986 95.16 Bond albedo 0.75 0.385 1.95 Visual geometric albedo 0.47 0.367 1.28 Visual magnitude V(1,0) -8.88 -3.86 - Solar irradiance (W/m▓) 15.0 1380 0.011 Black-body temperature (K) 63.9 247.3 0.258 Moment of inertia (I/MR▓) 0.210 0.3308 0.635 J2 (x 10\U-6\u) 16,298 1082.63 15.054 \BOrbital parameters Semimajor axis (10\U6\u km) 1427.0 149.6 9.539 Sidereal orbit period (days) 10,759.22 365.256 29.457 Tropical orbit period (days) 10,746.94 365.242 29.424 Perihelion (10\U6\u km) 1347.6 147.1 9.161 Aphelion (10\U6\u km) 1506.4 152.1 9.904 Sidereal orbit period (days) 365.256 29.423 - Synodic period (days) 378.09 - - Mean orbital velocity (km/s) 9.66 29.79 0.324 Orbit inclination (deg) 2.489 0.00 - Orbit eccentricity 0.05565 0.0167 3.332 Sidereal rotation period (hrs) 10.500* 23.9345 0.439 Equatorial inclination (deg) 26.73 23.44 1.140 *Saturnian System III coordinates # "Saudi Arabia Political Rulers and Leaders",351,0,0,0 [TABLE] Saudi Arabia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch \IFamily name: al-Saud\i 1932-53 Abdulaziz ibn Abdur-Rahman 1953-64 Saud ibn Abdulaziz 1964-75 Faisal ibn Abdulaziz 1975-82 Khalid ibn Abdulaziz 1982-96 Fahd ibn Abdulaziz 1996 Abdullah ibn Abdulaziz \IActing\i 1996- Fahd ibn Abdulaziz # "Scientific Word Compositions",352,0,0,0 [TABLE] Scientific Word Compositions a without atom, asexual, aperiodic, anosmia aqua water aquatic, aquaplane, aqueduct, hydro water hydrogen, hydrophone, hydroplane, hydroponic astro star astronomy, astronautics, astrology bio life biology, biometry, biosphere chrono time chronology, chronometer, synchronous syn, sym same symphony, synchronous, synoptic cryo cold cryogenics, cryostat, cryoscopic dyna power dynamo, dynamite, hydrodynamics cyte cell osteocyte, granulocyte, leucocyte, lymphocyte derm skin hypodermic, dermal, epidermis, dermatitis duct carry aqueduct, conductor, duct geo earth geology, geography, geomorphology iso- same isotope, isobar, isotherm leuco- white leucocyte, leucotomy, leukemia haem blood leukemia, haemorrhage, haemophilia micro small microscope, microtubule, microphone neo new neoteny, Neolithic, neon, neologism photo light photograph, photometer, phototaxis phono sound telephone, symphony, hydrophone semi half semicircular, semiconductor tele distant telephone, television, telegraphy thermo hot, heat thermometer, thermal, thermopile graph, graphy write geography, biography, geography logy word, study hydrology, astrology, biology phobia fear hydrophobia, photophobia, arachnophobia meter, metry measure telemetry, hygrometer, radiometer morph shape anthropomorphic, morphology, anthropo human anthropomorphic, anthropology, misanthropy phile, philia love, like hydrophilic, halophilic, thermophilic halo salt halogen, halophilic, halophyte gen maker hydrogen, generator, oxygen phone, phono sound, hear telephone, microphone, phonology micro small microphone, microscope, microtome phyte plant gametophyte, phytology, saprophyte plasty moulding, forming galvanoplasty, plastic, angioplasty scope see telescope, endoscope, microscope, static, stasis still hydrostatics, electrostatic, thermostat taxis move towards geotaxis, phototaxis, chemotaxis therm, thermy heat thermometer, thermal, thermodynamics tome, tomy cut atom, microtome, tomography tope, topo place isotope, topology, topography # "Scotland Local Councils",353,0,0,0 [TABLE] Scotland Local Councils \BName \BArea (km\U2\u) \BArea sq mi) \BPopulation (1993) \BAdmin Centre Aberdeen City 186 72 218 220 Aberdeen Aberdeenshire 6 318 2 439 223 630 Aberdeen Angus 2 181 842 111 020 Forfar Argyll and Bute 6 930 2 675 90 550 Lochgilphead Clackmannanshire 157 61 48 660 Alloa Dumfries and Galloway 6 439 2 485 147 900 Dumfries Dundee City 65 25 153 710 Dundee East Ayrshire 1 252 483 123 820 Kilmarnock East Dunbartonshire 172 66 110 220 Kirkintilloch East Lothian 6 778 2 616 85 640 Haddington East Renfrewshire 173 67 86 780 Giffnock Edinburgh, City of 262 101 441 620 Edinburgh Falkirk 299 115 142 610 Falkirk Fife 1 323 511 132 256 Glenrothes Glasgow, City of 175 68 623 850 Glasgow Highland 25 784 9 953 206 900 Inverness Inverclyde 162 63 89 990 Greenock Midlothian 356 137 79 910 Dalkeith Moray 2 238 864 86 250 Elgin North Ayrshire 884 341 139 020 Irvine North Lanarkshire 474 183 326 750 Motherwell Orkney 992 383 19 760 Kirkwall Perth and Kinross 5 311 2 050 130 470 Perth Renfrewshire 261 101 176 970 Paisley Scottish Borders 4 734 1 827 105 300 Newton St. Boswells Shetland 1 438 555 22 830 Lerwick South Ayrshire 1 202 464 113 960 Ayr South Lanarkshire 1 771 684 307 100 Hamilton Stirling 2 196 848 81 630 Stirling West Dunbartonshire 162 63 97 790 Dunbarton Western Isles 3 133 1 209 29 410 Stornoway West Lothian 425 164 146 730 Livingston # "Seas (Largest)",354,0,0,0 [TABLE] Seas (Largest) \BName \BArea (km▓)* \BArea (sq mi)* Coral Sea 4 791 000 1850 200 Arabian Sea 3 863 000 1492 000 S China (Nan) Sea 3 685 000 1423 000 Caribbean Sea 2 515 000 971 000 Mediterranean Sea 2 510 000 967 000 Bering Sea 2 304 000 890 000 Bay of Bengal 2 172 000 839 000 Sea of Okhotsk 1590 000 614 000 Gulf of Mexico 1543 000 596 000 Gulf of Guinea 1533 000 592 000 Barents Sea 1405 000 542 000 Norwegian Sea 1383 000 534 000 Gulf of Alaska 1327 000 512 000 Hudson Bay 1232 000 476 000 Greenland Sea 1205 000 465 000 Arafura Sea 1037 000 400 000 Philippine Sea 1036 000 400 000 Sea of Japan 978 000 378 000 E Siberian Sea 901 000 348 000 Kara Sea 883 000 341 000 E China Sea 664 000 256 000 Andaman Sea 565 000 218 000 North Sea 520 000 201000 Black Sea 508 000 196 000 Red Sea 453 000 175 000 Baltic Sea 414 000 160 000 Celebes Sea 280 000 110 000 Arabian/Persian Gulf 240 000 93 600 St Lawrence Gulf 238 300 92 000 Oceans are excluded. * Areas are rounded to nearest 1000 km▓/sq mi. # "Seasons",355,0,0,0 [TABLE] Seasons \BN Hemisphere \BS Hemisphere \BDuration Spring Autumn From vernal/autumnal equinox (c. 21 Mar) to summer/winter solstice (c. 21 Jun) Summer Winter From summer/winter solstice (c. 21 Jun) to autumnal/spring equinox (c. 23 Sept) Autumn Spring From autumnal/spring equinox (c. 23 Sept) to winter/summer solstice (c. 21 Dec) Winter Summer From winter/summer solstice (c. 21 Dec) to vernal/autumnal equinox (c. 21 Mar) # "Senegal Political Rulers and Leaders",356,0,0,0 [TABLE] Senegal Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-80 LΘopold SΘdar Senghor 1981- Abdou Diouf \BPrime Minister 1991- Habib Thiam # "Seychelles Political Rulers and Leaders",357,0,0,0 [TABLE] Seychelles Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1976-7 James R Mancham 1977- France-Albert RenΘ # "Shakespeare's Plays",358,0,0,0 [TABLE] Shakespeare: the plays \BEarly comedies \BWritten \BWell-known characters The Comedy of Errors 1590-94 Antipholus, Dromio, Andriana Love's Labour's Lost 1590-94 Armado, Berowne, Costard The Two Gentelmen of Verona 1592-3 Proteus, Valentine, Julia, Sylvia The Taming of the Shrew 1592 Petruchio, Katharina, Sly \BHistories Henry VI Part I 1589-90 Henry, Talbot, Joan of Arc Henry VI Part II 1590-91 Henry, Margaret, Jack Cade Henry VI Part III 1590-91 Henry, Margaret, Richard of Gloucester Richard III 1592-3 Richard, Margaret, Clarence, Anne King John 1595-7 John, Constance, Arthur, Bastard Richard II 1595 Richard, John of Gaunt, Bolingbroke Henry IV Part I 1596 Henry, Hal, Hotspur, Falstaff Henry IV Part II 1597 Henry, Hal, Falstaff, Mistress Quickly Henry V 1599 Henry (formerly Hal), Pistol, Nym, Katherine Henry VIII 1613 Henry, Katherine, Wolsey \BMiddle Comedies A Midsummer Night's Dream 1595 Oberon, Titania, Puck, Bottom The Merchant of Venice 1596-8 Bassanio, Portia, Shylock, Jessica The Merry Wives of Windsor 1597 Falstaff, Mistress, Quickly, Shallow As You Like It 1599 Rosalind, Orlando, Touchstone, Jacques Twelfth Night 1600-2 Orsino, Olivia, Viola, Malvolio, Feste, Sir Andrew Aguecheck \BDark Comedies Much Ado About Nothing 1598 Beatrice, Benedick, Dogberry, Verges All's Well That Ends Well 1602-3 Bertram, Helena, Parolles Measure for Measure 1604-5 Duke, Angelo, Isabella, Mariana \BTragedies Romeo and Juliet 1595-6 Romeo, Juliet, Mercutio, the Nurse Hamlet 1600-1 Hamlet, Ophelia, the Ghost, the Grave-Digger Othello 1604 Othello, Desdemona, Iago, Cassio King Lear 1605-6 Lear, Cordelia, the Fool, Kent, Edgar/Poor Tom Macbeth 1605-6 Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, Banquo/Ghost, the Three Witches \BGreek and Roman plays Titus Andronicus 1590-94 Andronicus, Aaron, Lavinia Julius Caesar 1599 Caesar, Brutus, Cassius, Antony Troilus and Cressida 1601-2 Troilus, Cressida, Pandarus Timon of Athens 1605-9 Timon, Apemantus Antony and Cleopatra 1606-7 Antony, Cleopatra, Enobarbus Coriolanus 1607-8 Coriolanus, Volumnia \BLate comedies Pericles 1607-8 Pericles, Marina Cymbeline 1609-10 Imogen, Iachimo The Winter's Tale 1611 Leontes, Perdita, Florizel, Autolycus The Tempest 1613 Prospero, Miranda, Ferdinand, Ariel, Caliban # "Shooting Olympic Games Champions",359,0,0,0 [TABLE] Shooting Olympic Games Champions \BYear \BWinner The Olympic competition is the highlight of the shooting calendar. \BFree pistol: men 1992 Konstantin Loukachik (Unified Team) 1996 Boris Korkorev (Russia) \BRapid fire pistol: men 1992 Ralf Schumann (Germany) 1996 Ralf Schumann (Germany) \BSmall bore rifle: three position - men 1992 Grachya Petikiane (Unified Team) 1996 Jean-Pierre Amat (France) \BRunning game target: men 1992 Michael Jakosits (Germany) 1996 Yang Ling (China) \BSmall bore rifle: prone - men 1992 Lee Eun-chul (South Korea) 1996 Christian Klees (Germany) \BAir rifle: men 1992 Yuri Fedkin (Unified Team) 1996 Artem Khadzhibekov (Russia) \BAir pistol: men 1992 Wang Yifu (China) 1996 Roberto Di Donna (Italy) \BTrap: men and women 1992 Petr Hrdlicka (Czeckoslovakia) 1996 Michael Diamond (Australia) \BDouble trap: men 1996 Mark Russell (Australia) \BDouble trap: women 1996 Kim Rhodes (USA) \BSkeet: men 1992 Zhang Shan (China) 1996 Ennion Falco (Italy) \BSport pistol: women 1992 Marina Logvinenko (Unified Team) 1996 Li Duihong (China) \BAir rifle: women 1992 Yeo Kab-soon (South Korea) 1996 Renata Mauer \BSmall bore rifle: women 1992 Launi Melli (USA) 1996 Alexandra Ivosev (Yugoslovia) \BAir pistol: women 1992 Marina Logvinenko (Unified Team) 1996 Olga Klochneva (Russia) # "Shuttle Flights 1981-97",360,0,0,0 [TABLE] Shuttle Flights 1981-97 Mission Orbiter Crew (Size) Dates Length (Days) Orbits (Numbers) Main Payload 84 STS-84 Atlantis 7u/7d 5/15-24/97 9.22 145 Mir Docking/6, SpaceHab-DM, Crew Exchange (Linenger / Foale) 83 STS-83 Columbia 7 4/4-8/97 3.98 63 Microgravity Science Lab MSL-1; rtd. 12 d. early - fuel cell problem 82 STS-82 Discovery 7 2/11-21/97 9.98 150 Hubble Servicing Mission 2 81 STS-81 Atlantis 6 1/12-22/97 10.14 160 Mir Docking/5, SpaceHab-DM, Crew Exchange (Blaha / Linenger) 80 STS-80 Columbia 5 11/20-12/07/96 17.66 278 WSF-3, ORFEUS-SPAS 79 STS-79 Atlantis 6 9/16-9/26/96 10.14 159 Mir Docking/4, SpaceHab, Crew Exchange (Lucid / Blaha) 78 STS-78 Columbia 7 6/20-7/07/96 16.91 271 Life / Microgravity Spacelab, SAREX-II 77 STS-77 Endeavour 6 5/19-5/29/96 10.03 161 IAE, SpaceHab-4, SPARTAN, TEAMS 76 STS-76 Atlantis 6u/5d 3/22-3/31/96 9.22 144 Mir-Docking/3, SpaceHab 75 STS-75 Columbia 7 2/22-3/9/96 15.74 250 Tether Sat, USMP-3, OARE 74 STS-72 Endeavour 6 1/11-1/20/96 8.92 141 SFU-Retrieval, OAST Flyer, EVAs 73 STS-74 Atlantis 5 11/8-11/20/95 8.19 128 2nd Mir linkup, del. docking module, solar arrays, etc. 72 STS-73 Columbia 7 10/20-11/5/95 15.91 255 USML-2, Educ. experiments 71 STS-69 Endeavour 5 9/7-18/95 10.85 170 Wake Shld.Fac./2d flt., SPARTAN, 30th Shuttle-EVA 70 STS-70 Discovery 5 7/13-22/95 8.93 143 TDRSS-G, crystal growth & biological exp. 69 STS-71 Atlantis 7 up/8 down 6/27-7/7/95 9.80 153 1st Mir Docking / Crew Exchange, 100th U.S. Human Spaceflight, SL-M 68 STS-67 Endeavour 7 3/2-18/95 16.63 262 2nd UV Astronomy Spacelab (ASTRO-2), Middeck 67 STS-63 Discovery 6 2/3-11/95 8.27 129 "Near-Mir", SPACEHAB / 3, 2d Cosmonaut, SPARTAN-4 66 STS-66 Atlantis 6 11/3-14/94 10.94 174 ATLAS-3, CRISTA / SPAS, ESCAPE-2, etc. 65 STS-68 Endeavour 6 9/30-10/11/94 11.24 182 Space Radar Lab-2, GAS, stamps, secondary plds. 64 STS-64 Discovery 6 9/9-20/94 10.95 176 Laser-Exp. LITE, SPARTAN-3, SAFER (EVA), ROMPS 63 STS-65 Columbia 7 7/8-23/94 14.75 235 International Microgravity Laboratory IML-2. etc. 62 STS-59 Endeavour 6 4/9-20/94 11.24 182 Space Radar Lab-1, CONCAP-IV, GAS, NIH-Expmts. 61 STS-62 Columbia 5 3/4-18/94 13.97 223 Microgravity USMP-2, OAST-2, SSBUV/A, DEE 60 STS-60 Discovery 6 2/3-11/94 8.30 130 Wake Shield Facility, Spacehab 2, Cosmonaut 59 STS-61 Endeavour 7 12/2-13/93 10.83 162 Repair + 1st Servicing of Hubble Telescope 58 STS-58 Columbia 7 10/18-11/1/93 14 224 2nd Spacelab for Life Sciences (SLS-2) 57 STS-51 Discovery 5 9/12-22/93 9.84 157 Adv.Comsat ACTS / TOS, ORFEUS-SPAS, EVA 56 STS-57 Endeavour 6 6/21-7/1/93 9.99 158 1st SPACEHAB, EURECA retrieval, GAS, EVA 55 STS-55 Columbia 7 4/26-5/6/93 9.99 158 2nd German Spacelab mission (D2) 54 STS-56 Discovery 5 4/8-17/93 9.26 147 2nd Atmosph. miss. ATLAS-2, SPARTAN-2 53 STS-54 Endeavour 5 1/13-19/93 5.99 95 Sixth TDRS(F), Diff.X-ray-Expmt. DXS, EVA 52 STS-53 Discovery 5 12/2-9/92 7.31 116 Last DOD mission, DOD sat., laser expmt. 51 STS-52 Columbia 6 10/22-11/1/92 9.87 157 LAGEOS-Sat., materials exptms. USMP, &c. 50 STS-47 Endeavour 7 9/12-20/92 7.94 126 First Japanese Spacelab (SL-J) 49 STS-46 Atlantis 7 7/31-8/8/92 7.97 126 EURECA platform, tether experiment TSS-1 48 STS-50 Columbia 7 6/25-7/9/92 13.81 220 US Microgravity Laboratory USML-1 47 STS-49 Endeavour 7 5/7-16/92 8.89 140 Intelsat-VI recovery and redeployment 46 STS-45 Atlantis 7 3/24-4/2/92 8.92 142 1st Earth Atmosphere mission ATLAS-1 45 STS-42 Discovery 7 1/22-30/92 8.05 128 International Microgravity Laboratory IML-1 44 STS-44 Atlantis 6 11/24-12/1/91 6.95 108 DOD satellite, contaminations research 43 STS-48 Discovery 5 9/12-18/91 5.35 81 Upper atmosphere satellite UARS launched 42 STS-43 Atlantis 5 8/2-11/91 8.89 140 Tracking / Data Relais Satellite TDRS-E 41 STS-40 Columbia 7 6/5-14/91 9.09 145 1st Spacelab for Life Sciences (SLS-1) 40 STS-39 Discovery 7 4/28-5/6/91 8.31 133 Infrared Astronomy experiments 39 STS-37 Atlantis 5 4/5-11/91 5.98 92 Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) launched 38 STS-35 Colimbia 7 12/2-11/90 8.96 143 UV Astronomy Spacelab ASTRO 37 STS-38 Atlantis 5 11/15-20/90 4.92 79 Seventh DOD mission 36 STS-41 Discovery 5 10/6-10/90 4.02 65 Solar Polar probe Ulysses launched 35 STS-31 Discovery 5 4/24-29/90 5.05 76 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) launched 34 STS-36 Atlantis 5 2/28-3/4/90 4.44 68 Sixth DOD mission 33 STS-32 Columbia 5 1/9-20/90 10.86 171 1 comsat, retrieval & return of LDEF facility 32 STS-33 Discovery 5 11/22-27/89 5 78 Fifth DOD mission 31 STS-34 Atlantis 5 10/18-23/89 4.98 79 Jupiter probe Galileo launched 30 STS-28 Columbia 5 8/8-13/89 5.04 80 Fourth DOD mission 29 STS-30 Atlantis 5 5/4-8/89 4.04 64 Venus probe Magellan launched 28 STS-29 Discovery 5 3/13-18/89 4.98 79 Data Relais Satellite TDRS-D, experiments 27 STS-27 Atlantis 5 12/2-6/88 4.38 68 Third DOD mission 26 STS-26 Discovery 5 9/29-10/3/88 4.04 63 Tracking/Data Relais Satellite TDRS-C 25 51-L Challenger 7 1/28/86 - - Loss of vehicle and crew of seven 24 61-C Columbia 7 1/12-18/86 6.08 97 1 comsat, material & astronomy experiments 23 61-B Atlantis 7 11/26-12/3/85 6.88 108 3 comsats, space structures assembly test 22 61-A Challenger 8 10/30-11/6/85 7.03 111 1st German Spacelab mission (D1) 21 51-J Atlantis 5 10/3-7/85 4.07 63 Second DOD mission 20 51-I Discovery 5 8/27-9/3/85 7.10 111 3 comsats, EVA to repair Syncom IV sat. 19 51-F Challenger 7 7/29-8/6/85 7.94 126 Spacelab 2 18 51-G Discovery 7 6/17-24/85 7.07 111 3 communications satellites 17 51-B Challenger 7 4/29-5/6/85 7 110 Spacelab 3 16 51-D Discovery 7 4/12-19/85 6.98 109 2 comsats, EVA to repair Syncom IV sat. 15 51-C Discovery 5 1/24-27/85 3.90 47 First military (DOD) mission 14 51-A Discovery 5 11/8-16/84 7.98 126 2 comsats, 2 satellite retrievals / recoveries 13 41-G Challenger 7 10/5-13/84 8.23 132 Environmental satellite ERBS 12 41-D Discovery 6 8/30-9/5/84 7 96 3 communications satellites 11 41-C Challenger 5 4/6-13/84 6.96 107 1st repair i/space (SMM), LDEF deployment 10 41-B Challenger 5 2/3-11/84 7.96 127 2 comsats, first EVA testing of MMU jetpack 9 STS-9 Columbia 6 11/28-12/8/83 10.33 166 First Spacelab Mission (SL-1) 8 STS-8 Challenger 5 8/30-9/5/83 6.04 97 1 communications satellite 7 STS-7 Challenger 5 6/18-24/83 6.13 97 2 comsats, German platform SPAS-1 6 STS-6 Challenger 4 4/4-9/83 5.04 80 Tracking & Data Relais Sat. (TDRS), first EVA 5 STS-5 Columbia 4 11/11-16/82 5.10 81 2 communications satellites (comsats) 4 STS-4 Columbia 2 6/27-7/4/82 7.04 112 Last orbital test flight, begin of operations 3 STS-3 Columbia 2 3/22-30/82 8 129 3rd orbital test flight, first experiments 2 STS-2 Columbia 2 11/12-14/81 2.25 36 Test of Canadian robot arm (RMS) 1 STS-1 Columbia 2 4/12-14/81 2.25 36 First orbital test flight # "Shuttle/Mir Missions 1995-98",361,0,0,0 [TABLE] Shuttle/Mir Missions 1995-98 \BLaunch \BMission \BOrbiter \BDuration (Days) \BCrew \BPayload June 29,1995 STS-71 Atlantis 9+ 7u/8d MIR 1/Spacelab-Mir November 12,1995 STS-74 Atlantis 10 5 MIR 2 March 22, 1996 STS-76 Atlantis 9+1 6u/5d MIR 3/Spacehab SM September16, 1996 STS-79 Atlantis 9+1 6 MIR 4/Spacehab DM January 12, 1997 STS-81 Atlantis 9+1 6 MIR 5/Spacehab DM May 15, 1997 STS-84 Atlantis 9+1 6 MIR 6/Spacehab DM September18, 1997 STS-86 Atlantis 9+1 5u/6d MIR 7/Spacehab DM January 15, 1998 STS-89 Discovery 9+1 6 MIR 8/Spacehab DM May 21, 1998 STS-91 Discovery 9+1 5u/6d MIR 9 / AMS / Spacehab SM # "SI (International System of Units) Prefixes",362,0,0,0 [TABLE] SI (International System of Units) Prefixes \BFactor \BPrefix \BSymbol 10\U18\u exa E 10\U15\u peta P 10\U12\u tera T 10\U9\u giga G 10\U6\u mega M 10\U3\u kilo k 10\U2\u hecto h 10\U1\u deca da 10\U-1\u deci d 10\U-2\u centi c 10\U-3\u milli m 10\U-6\u micro m 10\U-9\u nano n 10\U-12\u pico p 10\U-15\u femto f 10\U-18\u atto a # "Sierra Leone Political Rulers and Leaders",363,0,0,0 [TABLE] Sierra Leone Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1971 Christopher Okero Cole 1971-85 Siaka Probin Stevens 1985-92 Joseph Saidu Momoh \BChairman 1992-6 Valentine Strasser 1996 \IMilitary Rule\i 1996- Ahmad Tejan Kabbah \BPrime Minister \BCommonwealth 1961-4 Milton Margai 1964-7 Albert Michael Margai 1967 Siaka Stevens 1967 David Lansana 1967 Ambrose Genda 1967-8 \INational Reformation Council\i (Andrew Saxon-Smith) 1968 John Bangura 1968-71 Siaka Stevens \BRepublic 1971-5 Sorie Ibrahim Koroma 1975-8 Christian Alusine Kamara Taylor 1978- \INo Prime Minister\i # "Singapore Political Rulers and Leaders",364,0,0,0 [TABLE] Singapore Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident (Yang di-Pertuan Negara) 1959-70 Yusof bin Ishak 1970-81 Benjamin Henry Sheares 1981-5 Chengara Veetil Devan Nair 1985-93 Wee Kim Wee 1993- Ong Teng Cheong \BPrime Minister 1959-90 Lee Kuan Yew 1990- Goh Chok Tong # "Slovak Republic Political Rulers and Leaders",365,0,0,0 [TABLE] Slovak Republic Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1993- Michal Kovac \BPrime Minister 1993-4 Vladimir Meciar 1994- Jozef Moravcik # "Slovenia Political Rulers and Leaders",366,0,0,0 [TABLE] Slovenia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991- Milan Kucan \BPrime Minister 1991-2 Lozje Peterle 1992- Janez Drnovsek # "Snooker Champions",367,0,0,0 [TABLE] Snooker Champions \BYear \BWinner \BWorld Professional Championship Instituted in the 1926-7 season; a knockout competition open to professional players who are members of the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association; played at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield. 1985 Dennis Taylor (Northern Ireland) 1986 Joe Johnson (England) 1987-9 Steve Davis (England) 1990 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1991 John Parrott (England) 1992 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1993 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1994 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1995 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1996 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) Most wins: (15), Joe Davis (England), 1927-40, 1946. \BBenson & Hedges Masters The most important non-ranking tournament. 1985-6 Cliff Thorburn (Canada) 1987 Dennis Taylor (Northern Ireland) 1988 Steve Davis (England) 1989-94 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1995 Ronnie O'Sullivan (England) 1996 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1997 Steve Davis (England) Most wins: (7), Stephen Hendry (Scotland), as above. \BNew Skoda Grand Prix Originally the Professional Players Tournament; under present name since 1993; a ranking tournament since its inauguration. 1985 Steve Davis (England) 1986 Jimmy White (England) 1987 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1988-9 Steve Davis (England) 1990-1 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1992 Jimmy White (England) 1993 Peter Ebdon (England) 1994 John Higgins (Scotland) 1995 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1996 Mark Williams (Wales) Most wins:(4),Stephen Hendry (Scotland), as above. \BInternational Open A ranking tournament since 1984. Originally the Mercantile Credit Classic. 1984 Steve Davis (England) 1985 Willie Thorne (England) 1986 Jimmy White (England) 1987-8 Steve Davis (England) 1989 Doug Mountjoy (Wales) 1990 Steve James (England) 1991 Jimmy White (England) 1992 Steve Davis (England) 1993 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1994 John Parrot (England) 1995 John Higgins (Scotland) 1996 John Higgins (Scotland) 1997 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) Most wins: (5), Steve Davis (England), 1980 and as above. \BRoyal Life Assurance UK A ranking tournament since 1984; under present name since 1992. 1983 Alex Higgins (Northern Ireland) 1984-7 Steve Davis (England) 1988 Doug Mountjoy (Wales) 1989-90 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1991 John Parrott (England) 1992 Jimmy White (England) 1993 Jimmy White (England) 1994 Ronnie O'Sullivan (England) 1995 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1996 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) Most wins: (6), Steve Davis (England),1980-1 and as above. \BBritish Open A ranking tournament since 1985. 1984 Steve Davis (England) 1985 Silvino Francisco (South Africa) 1986 Steve Davis (England) 1987 Jimmy White (England) 1988 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1989 Tony Meo (England) 1990 Bob Chaperon (Canada) 1991 Stephen Hendry (Scotland) 1992 Jimmy White (England) 1993 Steve Davis (England) 1994 Ronnie O'Sullivan (England) 1995 John Higgins (Scotland) 1996 Nigel Bond (England) 1997 Mark Williams (Wales) Most wins: (5), Steve Davis (England),1981-2 and as above. \BWorld Amateur Championship First held in 1963; originally took place every two years, but annual since 1984. 1984 O B Agrawal (India) 1985 Paul Mifsud (Malta) 1986 Paul Mifsud (Malta) 1987 Darren Morgan (Wales) 1988 James Wattana (Thailand) 1989 Ken Doherty (Ireland) 1990 Stephen O'Connor (Ireland) 1991 Noppodol Noppachorn (Thailand) 1992 Neil Moseley (England) 1993 Neil Moseley (England) 1994 Mohammed Yusuf (Pakistan) 1995 Sackai Sim-ngan (Thailand) 1996 Stuart Bingham (England) Most wins: (2), Gary Owen (England), 1963, 1966; Ray Edmonds (England), 1972, 1974; Paul Mifsud (Malta), as above; Neil Mosley (England), as above. # "Softball World Championship Winners",368,0,0,0 [TABLE] Softball World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner First held for women in 1965 and for men the following year; now held every four years. \BMen 1966 USA 1968 USA 1972 Canada 1976 Canada, New Zealand, USA (shared) 1980 USA 1984 New Zealand 1988 USA 1992 Canada Most wins: (5), USA, as above. \BWomen 1965 Australia 1970 Japan 1974 USA 1978 USA 1982 New Zealand 1986 USA 1990 USA 1995 USA Most wins: (5), USA, as above. # "Solar Eclipses 1997-2004",369,0,0,0 [TABLE] Solar Eclipses 1997-2004 \BDate \BYear \BExtent of Eclipse \BVisible from parts of\U1\u 9 March 1997 Total C & N Asia, Arctic 26 February 1998 Total Mid-Pacific, C America, N Atlantic 22 August 1998 Annular\U2\u Indonesia, S Pacific, Indian Ocean 16 February 1999 Annular Indian Ocean, Australia 11 August 1999 Total N Atlantic, N Europe, Middle East, N India 21 June 2001 Total S America, S Atlantic, C & S Africa 14 December 2001 Annular N & C America 10-11 June 2002 Annular E Asia, N Pacific, N America 4 December 2002 Total S Africa, Australia 31 May 2003 Annular N Europe, N Asia, N America, Arctic \U1\uThe eclipse begins in the first area named. \U2\u In an annular eclipse a ring-shaped part of the Sun remains visible. No eclipses occur in 2004. # "Solomon Islands Political Rulers and Leaders",370,0,0,0 [TABLE] Solomon Islands Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BChief of State: British monarch, represented by Governor-General \BPrime Minister 1978-82 Peter Kenilorea 1982-4 Solomon Mamaloni 1984-6 Peter Kenilorea 1986-9 Ezekiel Alebua 1989-93 Solomon Mamaloni 1993-4 Francis Billy Hilly 1994- Solomon Mamaloni # "Somalia Political Rulers and Leaders",371,0,0,0 [TABLE] Somalia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1961-7 Aden Abdallah Osman 1967-9 Abdirashid Ali Shermarke \BSupreme Revolutionary Council 1969-80 Mohammed Siad Barre \BRepublic 1980-91 Mohammed Siad Barre 1991- Ali Mahdi Mohammed \BPrime Minister 1961-4 Abdirashid Ali Shermarke 1964-7 Abdirizak Haji Hussein 1967-9 Mohammed Haji Ibrahim Egal 1987-90 Mohammed Ali Samater 1990-1 Mohammed Hawadie Madar 1991- Umar Arteh Ghalib # "Sound Intensity",372,0,0,0 [TABLE] \BSound Intensity Level \BSource \BSound Intensity Level (db) jet aircraft 120 heavy machinery 90 busy street 70 conversation 50 whisper 20 # "South Africa Political Rulers and Leaders",373,0,0,0 [TABLE] South Africa Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BGovernor-General 1910-14 Herbert John, Viscount Gladstone 1914-20 Sydney, Earl Buxton 1920-4 Arthur, Duke of Connaught 1924-31 Alexander, Earl of Athlone 1931-7 George Herbert Hyde Villiers 1937-43 Patrick Duncan 1943-5 Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet 1945-51 Gideon Brand Van Zyl 1951-9 Ernest George Jansen 1959 Lucas Cornelius Steyn 1959-61 Charles Robberts Swart \BRepublic \BPresident 1961-7 Charles Robberts Swart 1967 Theophilus Ebenhaezer D÷nges 1967-8 Jozua Franτois NandΘ 1968-75 Jacobus Johannes FouchΘ 1975-8 Nicolaas Diederichs 1978-9 Balthazar Johannes Vorster 1979-84 Marais Viljoen 1984-9 Pieter Willem Botha 1989-94 Frederick Willem de Klerk 1994- Nelson Mandela \BPrime Minister 1910-19 Louis Botha \ISAf\i 1919-24 Jan Christiaan Smuts \ISAf\i 1924-39 James Barry Munnick Hertzog \INat\i 1939-48 Jan Christiaan Smuts \IUn\i 1948-54 Daniel Franτois Malan \INat\i 1954-8 Johannes Gerardus Strijdom \INat\i 1958-66 Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd \INat\i 1966-78 Balthazar Johannes Vorster \INat\i 1978-84 Pieter Willem Botha \INat\i 1984- \INo Prime Minister\i \INat \INational \ISAf \ISouth African Party \IUn \IUnited\i # "South African Provinces",374,0,0,0 [TABLE] South African Provinces \BName \BArea (km▓) \BArea (sq mi) \BState Capital Eastern Cape 170 616 65 858 Bisho Mpumalanga 81 816 31 581 Nelspruit KwaZulu Natal 91 481 35 312 Pietermaritzburg/Ulundi North-West 118 710 45 822 Mmabatho Northern Cape 363 389 140 268 Kimberley Northern Transvaal 119 606 46 168 Pietersburg Free State 129 437 49 963 Bloemfontein Gauteng 18 760 7 241 Johannesburg/Pretoria Western Cafe 129 386 49 943 Cape Town # "Soyuz-TM",375,0,0,0 [TABLE] Soyuz-TM \BModule \BMass (Kg) \BLength (m) \BMax. Diameter (m) \BPressurized Volume (Cubic Meters) \BNo. of Solar Arrays/Area (Square Meters) \BPower Output (KW) \BFunction Soyuz TM 7,100 7 2.7 10 2/10 1.3 Crew transport (max. 3 persons up/down) # "Space Exploration: Major Space Astronomy Events/Missions",376,0,0,0 [TABLE] Space Exploration: Major Space Astronomy Events/Missions \BName of Event/Mission \BCountry/Agency \BDate of Launch \BDescription Sputnik 1 USSR 4 Oct 1957 First Earth satellite Sputnik 2 USSR 3 Nov 1957 Biosatellite Explorer 1 USA 31 Jan 1958 Discovery of Earth's radiation belts Luna 1 USSR 2 Jan 1959 Escaped Earth gravity; discovery of the solar wind Vanguard 2 USA 17 Feb 1959 First Earth photo Luna 2 USSR 12 Sep 1959 Lunar impact Luna 3 USSR 4 Oct 1959 First lunar photo (dark side) TIROS 1 USA 1 Apr 1960 Weather satellite Transit 1B USA 13 Apr 1960 Navigation satellite ECHO 1 USA 12 Aug 1960 Communications satellite Sputnik 5 USSR 19 Aug 1960 Orbited animals Vostok 1 USSR 12 Apr 1961 First manned orbital flight (Yuri Gagarin) Mercury USA 20 Feb 1962 First US manned orbital flight (John Glenn) Mariner 2 USA 26 Aug 1962 Venus flyby Mars 1 USSR 1 Nov 1962 Mars flyby Vostok 6 USSR 16 June 1963 First woman in orbit (Valentina Terechkova) Ranger 7 USA 28 Jul 1964 First close-up TV pictures of lunar surface Mariner 4 USA 28 Nov 1964 Mars flyby pictures Voskhod 2 USSR 18 Mar 1965 First spacewalk (AA Leonov) Venera 3 USSR 16 Nov 1965 Venus impact Luna 9 USSR 31 Jan 1966 Lunar soft landing; first picture from the lunar surface Gemini 8 USA 16 Mar 1966 Manned docking Luna 10 USSR 31 Mar 1966 Lunar orbiter Surveyor 3 USA 17 Apr 1967 Lunar surface sampler Cosmos 186/188 USSR 22/28 Oct 1967 Automatic docking Zond 5 USSR 14 Sep 1968 Animals moon orbit OAO 2 USA 1968 First orbiting astronomical observatory Apollo 8 USA 21 Dec 1968 Manned lunar orbit Apollo 11 USA 16 Jul 1969 First person on the moon (Neil Armstrong) Copernicus USA 1970 First far ultra-violet observatory Venera 7 USSR 17 Aug 1970 Venus soft landing Mars 2 USSR 19 May 1971 Mars orbit Mars 3 USSR 28 May 1971 Mars soft landing Pioneer 10 USA 3 Mar 1972 Jupiter flyby; crossed Pluto orbit; escaped Solar System Skylab USA 1973 High resolution images of solar corona in X-rays Pioneer 11 USA 6 Apr 1973 Saturn flyby Mariner 10 USA 3 Nov 1973 First detailed picture of Mercury Venera 9 USSR 8 Jun 1975 Venus orbit; first picture of Venusian surface Apollo/Soyuz USA/USSR 15 Jul 1975 First manned international cooperative mission Viking 1, 2 USA Aug/Sep 1975 First pictures taken on the Martian surface Voyager 1, 2 USA Aug/Sep 1977 First images of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune IUE USA/UK/ESA* 1978 First international space observatory ISEE C USA 12 Aug 1978 Comet intercept STS 1 USA 12 Apr 1981 First launch of \IColumbia\i space shuttle STS 6 USA 4 Apr 1983 First launch of \IChallenger\i Soyuz T 9 USSR 27 Jun 1983 Construction in space STS 9 USA 28 Nov 1983 First flight of the ESA spacelab STS 41 D USA 30 Aug 1984 First launch of \IDiscovery\i STS 51 A USA 8 Nov 1984 Recovery of satellites 'Westar 6' and 'Palapa B2' Vega 1 USSR 15 Dec 1984 Halley flyby STS 51 J USA 3 Oct 1985 First launch of \IAtlantis\i Giotto ESA 1986 First high resolution image of Halley's nucleus STS 26 USA 29 Sep 1988 First launch after \IChallenger\i disaster Magellan USA 5 May 1989 Global radar map of Venus STS 34 USA 18 Oct 1989 \IGalileo\i launch Muses A Japan 24 Jan 1990 Two satellites placed in orbit round the moon STS 31 USA/ESA 24 Apr 1990 Launch of Hubble Space Telescope STS 41 USA/ESA 6 Oct 1990 Launch of Ulysses; first flight above the solar poles STS 37 USA 5 Apr 1991 Launch of Compton Gamma Ray Observatory STS 47 USA 7 May 1992 First launch of Endeavour STS 49 USA/ESA 31 Jul 1992 Launch of Eureca (European recoverable carrier) STS 59 USA 2 Dec 1993 Hubble Space Telescope repaired in space STS 69 USA/Russia 29 Jun 1995 Atlantis docked with Mir space station * (ESA = European Space Agency) # "Space Telescopes of the late 20th Century",377,0,0,0 [TABLE] Space Telescopes of the late 20th Century Telescope Type Nation(s) Launched Spectral range Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) radio/infrared ESA Nov 1995 2500 - 240 000 nm Near Infrared Camera & Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) (Hubble) radio/infrared USA Feb 1997 800 - 2500 nm VLBI Space Observatory Program (VSOP) radio/infrared Japan February 1997 14, 60, 182 nm Submillimetre Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) radio/infrared USA early 1997 600 000 nm (0.6 mm) RadioAstron radio/infrared Russia 1998 14, 60, 182, 1000 nm International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) visible/UV ESA/US Jan 1978 115 - 320 nm Hubble Space Telescope visible/UV USA April 1990 110 - 1000 nm Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) visible/UV USA June 1992 7 - 76 nm Space telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) visible/UV USA Feb 1997 115 - 1100 nm Kvant (Mir) X/gamma ray Russia May 1987 2 - 800 keV Granat X/gamma ray France/Russia Dec 1989 2 keV - 1 MeV R÷ntgen Satellite X-ray Observatory (ROSAT) X/gamma ray Germany June 1990 0.1 - 2.4 keV Ulysses X/gamma ray ESA/USA Oct 1990 5 - 150 keV Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) X/gamma ray USA April 1991 10 keV - 30 GeV Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors (ALEXIS) X/gamma ray USA April 1993 66 - 93 eV Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA) X/gamma ray Japan/US Feb 1993 0.3 - 12 keV Wind X/gamma ray Russia/USA Nov 1994 19 keV - 10 MeV Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) X/gamma ray USA Dec 1995 2 - 200 keV BeppoSAX satellite X/gamma ray Italy April 1996 0.1 - 200 keV Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager (LEGRI) X/gamma ray Europe Sept 1996 10 - 100 keV SAC-B X/gamma ray Argentine/USA Oct 1996 0.2 - 10 keV High Energy Transient Experiment (HETE) X/gamma ray USA Oct 1996 5 eV - 1 MeV Cooperative Astrophysics and Technology Satellite (CATSAT) X/gamma ray UK/USA early to mid 1997 500 eV - 10 MeV Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) X/gamma ray USA Aug 1997 100 eV - 500 MeV Spectrum-X Gamma (SXG) X/gamma ray Russia late 1997 30 eV - 100 keV # "Spain Political Rulers and Leaders",378,0,0,0 [TABLE] Spain Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1886-1931 Alfonso XIII \BSecond Republic \BPresident 1931-6 Niceto Alcalß Zamora y Torres 1936 Diego Martφnez Barrio \IActing\i \BCivil War 1936-9 Manuel Aza±a y Dφez 1936-9 Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer \BNationalist Government \BChief of State 1936-75 Francisco Franco Bahamonde \BMonarch 1975- Juan Carlos I \BPrime Minister 1900-1 Marcelo de Azcßrraga y Palmero 1901-2 Prßxedes Mateo Sagasta 1902-3 Francisco Silvela y Le-Vielleuze 1903 Raimundo Fernßndez Villaverde 1903-4 Antonio Maura y Montaner 1904-5 Marcelo de Azcßrraga y Palmero 1905 Raimundo Fernßndez Villaverde 1905 Eugenio Montero Rφos 1905-6 Segismundo Moret y Prendergast 1906 JosΘ L≤pez Domφnguez 1906 Segismundo Moret y Prendergast 1906-7 Antonio Aguilar y Correa 1907-9 Antonio Maura y Montaner 1909-10 Segismundo Moret y Prendergast 1910-12 JosΘ Canalejas y MΘndez 1912 Alvaro Figueroa y Torres 1912-13 Manuel Garcφa Prieto 1913-15 Eduardo Dato y Iradier 1915-17 Alvaro Figueroa y Torres 1917 Manuel Garcφa Prieto 1917 Eduardo Dato y Iradier 1917-18 Manuel Garcφa Prieto 1918 Antonio Maura y Montaner 1918 Manuel Garcφa Prieto 1918-19 ┴lvaro Figueroa y Torres 1919 Antonio Maura y Montaner 1919 Joaquφn Sßnchez de Toca 1919-20 Manuel Allendesalazar 1920-1 Eduardo Dato y Iradier 1921 Gabino Bugallal Araujo \IActing\i 1921 Manuel Allendesalazar 1921-2 Antonio Maura y Montaner 1922 JosΘ Sßnchez Guerra y Martφnez 1922-3 Manuel Garcφa Prieto 1923-30 Miguel Primo de Rivera y Oraneja 1930-1 Dßmaso Berenguer y FustΘ 1931 Juan Bautista Aznar-Caba±as 1931 Niceto Alcalß Zamora y Torres 1931-3 Manuel Aza±a y Dφez 1933 Alejandro Lerroux y Garcφa 1933 Diego Martφnez Barrio 1933-4 Alejandro Lerroux y Garcφa 1934 Ricardo Samper Ibß±ez 1934-5 Alejandro Lerroux y Garcφa 1935 Joaquφn Chapaprieta y Terragosa 1935-6 Manuel Portela Valladares 1936 Manuel Aza±a y Dφez 1936 Santiago Casares Quiroga 1936 Diego Martφnez Barrio 1936 JosΘ Giral y Pereyra 1936-7 Francisco Largo Caballero 1937-9 Juan Negrφn \BChairman of the Council of Ministers 1939-73 Francisco Franco Bahamonde \BPrime Minister 1973 Torcuato Fernßndez Miranda y Hevφa Acting 1973-6 Carlos Arias Navarro 1976-81 Adolfo Sußrez 1981-2 Calvo Sotelo 1982-96 Felipe Gonzßlez Mßrquez 1996- JosΘ Maria Aznar # "Speedway World Championship Winners",379,0,0,0 [TABLE] Speedway World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner (Individual) \BWinner (Pairs) \BWinner (Team) Individual championships inaugurated in 1936; team championship instituted in 1960; first official pairs world championship in 1970 (threes from 1991); became the World Team Cup in 1994. 1985 Erik Gundersen (Denmark) Erik Gundersen/Tommy Knudsen (Denmark) Denmark 1986 Hans Nielsen (Denmark) Erik Gundersen/ Hans Nielsen (Denmark) Denmark 1987 Hans Nielsen (Denmark) Erik Gundersen/ Hans Nielsen (Denmark) Denmark 1988 Erik Gundersen (Denmark) Erik Gundersen/ Hans Nielsen (Denmark) Denmark 1989 Hans Nielsen (Denmark) Erik Gundersen/ Hans Nielsen (Denmark) England 1990 Per Jonsson (Sweden) Hans Nielsen/ Jan Pedersen (Denmark) USA 1991 Jan Pedersen (Denmark) Hans Nielsen/ Jan Pedersen (Denmark) Denmark 1992 Gary Havelock (England) Greg Hancock/ Sam Ermolenko/ Ronnie Correy (USA) USA 1993 Sam Ermolenko (USA) Tony Rickardsson/Per Jonsson/ Henrik Gustafsson (Sweden) USA 1994 Tony Rickardsson (Sweden) Hans Nielsen/Tommy Knudsen/Brian Carger (Denmark) Sweden 1995 Hans Nielsen (Denmark) Hans Nielsen/Tommy Knudsen/Brian Carger (Denmark Denmark 1996 Billy Hamill (USA) Tomasz Gollob/Piotr Protasiewicz/Slawomir Drabik (Poland) Poland Most wins: Individual (6), Ivan Mauger (New Zealand), 1968-70, 1972, 1977, 1979. Pairs (8) Hans Nielsen (Denmark), 1979, 1986, and as above. Team (9) England, 1968, 1971-5, 1977, 1980, 1989; Denmark, 1981, 1983-4, and as above. # "Squares and Roots",380,0,0,0 [TABLE] Squares and Roots \BNumber \BSquare \BCube \BSquare Root \BCube Root 1 1 1 1.000 1.000 2 4 8 1.414 1.260 3 9 27 1.732 1.442 4 16 64 2.000 1.587 5 25 125 2.236 1.710 6 36 216 2.449 1.817 7 49 343 2.646 1.913 8 64 512 2.828 2.000 9 81 729 3.000 2.080 10 100 1 000 3.162 2.154 11 121 1 331 3.317 2.224 12 144 1 728 3.464 2.289 13 169 2 197 3.606 2.351 14 196 2 744 3.742 2.410 15 225 3 375 3.873 2.466 16 256 4 096 4.000 2.520 17 289 4 913 4.123 2.571 18 324 5 832 4.243 2.621 19 361 6 859 4.359 2.668 20 400 8 000 4.472 2.714 25 625 15 625 5.000 2.924 30 900 27 000 5.477 3.107 40 1 600 64 000 6.325 3.420 50 2 500 125 000 7.071 3.684 # "Squash World Championship Winners",381,0,0,0 [TABLE] Squash World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) First held in 1976; takes place annually for men, every two years for women. 1986 Ross Norman (New Zealand) - 1987 Jansher Khan (Pakistan) Sue Devoy (New Zealand) 1988 Jahangir Khan (Pakistan) - 1989 Jansher Khan (Pakistan) Martine Le Moignan (Great Britain) 1990 Jansher Khan (Pakistan) Sue Devoy (New Zealand) 1991 Rodney Martin (Australia) Sue Devoy (New Zealand) 1992 Jansher Khan (Pakistan) Sue Devoy (New Zealand) 1993 Jansher Khan (Pakistan) Michelle Martin (Australia) 1994 Jansher Khan (Pakistan) Michelle Martin (Australia) 1995 Jansher Khan (Pakistan) Michelle Martin (Australia) 1996 Jansher Khan (Pakistan) Sarah Fitzgerald (Australia) Most wins: Men (7), Jahangir Khan (Pakistan), as above. Women (5), Sue Devoy (New Zealand), 1985 and as above. # "Sri Lanka Political Rulers and Leaders",382,0,0,0 [TABLE] Sri Lanka Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1972-8 William Gopallawa 1978-89 Junius Richard Jayawardene 1989-93 Ranasinghe Premadasa 1993-4 Dingiri Banda Wijedunga 1994- Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga \BPrime Minister \BCeylon 1947-52 Don Stephen Senanayake 1952-3 Dudley Shelton Senanayake 1953-6 John Lionel Kotelawela 1956-9 Solomon West Ridgway Dias Bandaranaike 1960 Dudley Shelton Senanayake 1960-5 Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike 1965-70 Dudley Shelton Senanayake \BSri Lanka 1970-7 Sirimavo Bandaranaike 1977-89 Ranasinghe Premadasa 1989-93 Dingiri Banda Wijedunga 1993-4 Ranil Wickremasinghe 1994 Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga 1994- Sirimavo R D Bandaranaike # "Star Magnitudes",383,0,0,0 [TABLE] Star Magnitudes \BStar \Babsolute magnitude \Bdistance \Brelative magnitude Sun +4.8 -- -26.7 Sirius +1.4 8.6 ly -1.42 Canopus -4.5 185 ly -0.72 Alpha Centauri +4.7 4.3 ly -0.28 Arcturus -0.3 36 ly -0.06 Vega +0.5 26 ly 0.00 Capella +0.1 32 ly +0.06 Rigel -6.4 680 ly +0.18 Procyon +2.7 11 ly +0.36 Achernar -2.6 140 ly +0.48 Beta Centauri -3.1 180 ly +0.62 Betelgeuse -2.9 170 ly +0.7 Alpha Crucis -3.2 200 ly +0.76 Barnard's Star +13.2 5.9 ly +9.5 # "Stars Nearest to Earth",384,0,0,0 [TABLE] Stars Nearest to Earth \BStar \BDistance (light years) Proxima Centauri 4.24 Alpha Centauri A 4.34 Alpha Centauri B 4.34 Barnard's Star 5.97 Wolf 359 (CN Leonis) 7.80 Lalande 21185 8.19 UV Ceti A 8.55 UV Ceti B 8.55 Sirius A 8.67 Sirius B 8.67 Ross 154 9.52 Ross 248 (HH Andromedae) 10.37 Epsilon Eridani 10.63 Ross 128 (FI Virginis) 10.79 L 789-6 11.12 GX Andromedae 11.22 GQ Andromedae 11.22 61 Cygnus A 11.22 61 Cygnus B 11.22 HD 173739 11.25 Epsilon Indi 11.25 Tau Ceti 11.41 # "Stars of the First Magnitude",385,0,0,0 [TABLE] Stars of the First Magnitude \BStar \BProper Name \BMagnitude \BDistance (light years) Alpha Canis Majoris Sirius -1.47 8.7 Alpha Carinae Canopus -0.72 98.7 Alpha Centauri Rigil Kentaurus -0.29 4.3 Alpha Bo÷tis Arcturus -0.04 36.7 Alpha Lyrae Vega 0.03 26.7 Alpha Aurigae Capella 0.08 45.7 Beta Orionis Rigel 0.12 815.7 Alpha Canis Minoris Procyon 0.34 11.7 Alpha Orionis Betelgeuse 0.50(v)* 520.7 Alpha Eridani Achernar 0.50 118.7 Beta Centauri Hadar 0.60(v)* 490.7 Alpha Crucis Acrux 0.76 370.7 Alpha Aquilae Altair 0.77 16.7 Alpha Tauri Aldebaran 0.85(v)* 68.7 Alpha Scorpii Antares 0.96(v)* 520.7 Alpha Virginis Spica 0.98(v)* 220.7 Beta Geminorum Pollux 1.15 35.7 Alpha Piscis Austrini Fomalhaut 1.16 23.7 Beta Crucis Mimosa 1.20(v)* 490.7 *(v) = variable # "Surfing World Professional Championship Winners",386,0,0,0 [TABLE] Surfing World Professional Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) A season-long series of Grand Prix events; first held in 1970. 1985 Tommy Curren (USA) Frieda Zamba (USA) 1986 Tommy Curren (USA) Frieda Zamba (USA) 1987 Damien Hardman (Australia) Wendy Botha (South Africa) 1988 Barton Lynch (Australia) Frieda Zamba (USA) 1989 Martin Potter (Great Britain) Wendy Botha (South Africa) 1990 Tommy Curren (USA) Pam Burridge (Australia) 1991 Damien Hardman (Australia) Wendy Botha (Australia, ex-South Africa) 1992 Kelly Slater (USA) Wendy Botha (Australia) 1993 Derek Ho (USA) Pauline Menczer (Australia) 1994 Kelly Slater (USA) Lisa Anderson (USA) 1995 Kelly Slater (USA) Lisa Anderson (USA) 1996 Kelly Slater (USA) Lisa Anderson (USA) Most wins: Men (5), Mark Richards (Australia), 1975, 1979-83. Women (4), Wendy Botha (Australia), as above. # "Suriname Political Rulers and Leaders",387,0,0,0 [TABLE] Suriname Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1975-80 J H E Ferrier 1980-2 Henk Chin-a-Sen 1982-8 L F Ramdat-Musier \IActing\i 1988-90 Ramsewak Shankar 1990-1 Johan Kraag 1991-6 Ronald Ventiaan 1996- Pretaapnarain Radhakishun \BNational Military Council \BChairman 1980-7 DΘsirΘ (Desi) Bouterse \BPrime Minister 1975-80 Henk Arron 1980 Henk Chin-a-Sen 1980-2 \INo Prime Minister\i 1982-3 Henry Weyhorst 1983-4 Errol Alibux 1984-6 Wim Udenhout 1986-7 Pretaapnarian Radbakishun 1987-8 Jules Wijdenbosch 1988-90 Henk Arron 1990-1 Jules Wijdenbosch 1991- Jules Ajodhia # "Swaziland Political Rulers and Leaders",388,0,0,0 [TABLE] Swaziland Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1967-82 Sobhuza II \IChief since 1921\i 1983 Dzeliwe \IQueen Regent\i 1983-6 Ntombi \IQueen Regent\i 1986- Mswati III \BPrime Minister 1967-78 Prince Makhosini 1978-9 Prince Maphevu Dlamini 1979-83 Prince Mbandla Dlamini 1983-6 Prince Bhekimpi Dlamini 1986-9 Sotsha Dlamini 1989-93 Obed Dlamini 1993-6 Jameson Mbilini Dlamini 1996- Sibusiso Barnabus Dlamini # "Sweden Political Rulers and Leaders",389,0,0,0 [TABLE] Sweden Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1872-1907 Oskar II 1907-50 Gustav V 1950-73 Gustav VI Adolf 1973- Carl XVI Gustaf \BPrime Minister 1900-2 Fredrik von Otter 1902-5 Erik Gustaf Bostr÷m 1905 Johan Ramstedt 1905 Christian Lundeberg 1905-6 Karl Staaf 1906-11 Arvid Lindman 1911-14 Karl Staaf 1914-17 Hjalmar Hammarskj÷ld 1917 Carl Swartz 1917-20 Nils EdΘn 1920 Hjalmar Branting 1920-1 Louis De Geer 1921 Oscar Von Sydow 1921-3 Hjalmar Branting 1923-4 Ernst Trygger 1924-5 Hjalmar Branting 1925-6 Rickard Sandler 1926-8 Carl Gustaf Ekman 1928-30 Arvid Lindman 1930-2 Carl Gustaf Ekman 1932 Felix Hamrin 1932-6 Per Albin Hansson 1936 Axel Pehrsson-Branstorp 1936-46 Per Albin Hansson 1946-69 Tage Erlander 1969-76 Olof Palme 1976-8 Thorbj÷rn FΣlldin 1978-9 Ola Ullsten 1979-82 Thorbj÷rn FΣlldin 1982-6 Olof Palme 1986-91 Ingvar Carlsson 1991-4 Carl Bildt 1994-6 Ingvar Carlsson 1996- Goran Persson # "Swimming and Diving Champions",390,0,0,0 [TABLE] Swimming and Diving Champions \BEvent \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) \B 1994 World Championships First held in 1973, the World Championships have since taken place in 1975, 1978, 1982, 1986 and 1994. 50 m freestyle Alexander Popov (Russia) Jingyi Le (China) 100 m freestyle Alexander Popov (Russia) Jingyi Le (China) 200 m freestyle Antti Kasvio (Finland) Franziska van Almsick (Germany) 400 m freestyle Kieren Perkins (Australia) Aihua Yang (China) 800 m freestyle - Janet Evans (USA) 1500 m freestyle Kieren Perkins (Australia) - 100 m backstroke Martin L≤pez-Zubero (Spain) Cihong He (China) 200 m backstroke Vladimir Selkov (Russia) Cihong He (China) 100 m breaststroke Norbert Rosza (Hungary) Samantha Riley (Australia) 200 m breaststroke Norbert Rosza (Hungary) Samantha Riley (Australia) 100 m butterfly Rafal Szukala (Poland) Limin Liu (China) 200 m butterfly Denis Pankratoz (Russia) Limin Liu (China) 200 m individual medley Jani Sievinen (Finland) Lu Bin (China) 400 m individual medley Tom Dolan (USA) Guhong Dai (China) 1 m springboard diving Ewan Stewart (Zimbabwe) Lixia Chen (China) Platform diving Dmitri Sautin (Russia) Fu Mingxia (China) Synchronized swimming, solo - Becky Dyroen Lancer (USA) Synchronized swimming, duet - Becky Dyroen Lancer (USA)/ Jill Sudduth (USA) \B1996 Olympic Games 50 m freestyle Alexander Popov (Russia) Amy van Dyken (USA) 100 m freestyle Alexander Popov (Russia) Jingyi Le (China) 200 m freestyle Danyon Loader (New Zealand) Claudia Poll (Costa Rica) 400 m freestyle Danyon Loader (New Zealand) Michelle Smith (Ireland) 800 m freestyle - Brooke Bennett (USA) 1500 m freestyle Kieren Perkins (Australia) - 100 m breaststroke Fred de Burghgraeve Penelope Heyns (South Africa) 200 m breaststroke Norbert Rosza (Hungary) Penelope Heyns (South Africa) 100 m butterfly Denis Pankratoz (Russia) Barbara Botsford (USA) 200 m butterfly Denis Pankratoz (Russia) Amy van Dyken (USA) 100 m backstroke Jeff Rouse (USA) Susan O'Neil (Australia) 200 m backstroke B Bridgewater (USA) Krisztina Egerszegi (Hungary) 200 m individual medley Attila Czene (Hungary) Michelle Smith (Ireland) 400 m individual medley Tom Dolan (USA) Michelle Smith (Ireland) # "Switzerland Political Rulers and Leaders",391,0,0,0 [TABLE] Switzerland Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1900 Walter Hauser 1901 Ernst Brenner 1902 Joseph Zemp 1903 Adolf Deucher 1904 Robert Comtesse 1905 Marc-Emile Ruchet 1906 Ludwig Forrer 1907 Eduard Mⁿller 1908 Ernst Brenner 1909 Adolf Deucher 1910 Robert Comtesse 1911 Marc-Emile Ruchet 1912 Ludwig Forrer 1913 Eduard Mⁿller 1914 Arthur Hoffmann 1915 Guiseppe Motta 1916 Camille Decoppet 1917 Edmund Schulthess 1918 Felix Calonder 1919 Gustave Ador 1920 Giuseppe Motta 1921 Edmund Schulthess 1922 Robert Haab 1923 Karl Scheurer 1924 Ernest Chuard 1925 Jean-Marie Musy 1926 Heinrich HΣberlin 1927 Giuseppe Motta 1928 Edmund Schulthess 1929 Robert Haab 1930 Jean-Marie Musy 1931 Heinrich HΣberlin 1932 Giuseppe Motta 1933 Edmund Schulthess 1934 Marcel Pilet-Golaz 1935 Rudolf Minger 1936 Albert Meyer 1937 Giuseppe Motta 1938 Johannes Baumann 1939 Philipp Etter 1940 Marcel Pilet-Golaz 1941 Ernst Wetter 1942 Philipp Etter 1943 Enrico Celio 1944 Walter Stampfli 1945 Eduard von Steiger 1946 Karl Kobelt 1947 Philipp Etter 1948 Enrico Celio 1949 Ernst Nobs 1950 Max Petitpierre 1951 Eduard von Steiger 1952 Karl Kobelt 1953 Philipp Etter 1954 Rodolphe Rubattel 1955 Max Petitpierre 1956 Markus Feldmann 1957 Hans Streuli 1958 Thomas Holenstein 1959 Paul Chaudet 1960 Max Petitpierre 1961 Friedrich Wahlen 1962 Paul Chaudet 1963 Willy Spⁿhler 1964 Ludwig von Moos 1965 Hans Peter Tschudi 1966 Hans Schaffner 1967 Roger Bonvin 1968 Willy Spⁿhler 1969 Ludwig von Moos 1970 Hans Peter Tschudi 1971 Rudolf GnΣgi 1972 Nello Celio 1973 Roger Bonvin 1974 Ernst Brugger 1975 Pierre Graber 1976 Rudolf GnΣgi 1977 Kurt Furgler 1978 Willi Ritschard 1979 Hans Hⁿrlimann 1980 Georges-AndrΘ Chevallaz 1981 Kurt Furgler 1982 Fritz Honegger 1983 Pierre Aubert 1984 Leon Schlumpf 1985 Kurt Furgler 1986 Alphons Egli 1987 Pierre Aubert 1988 Otto Stich 1989 Jean-Pascal Delamuraz 1990 Arnold Koller 1991 Flavio Cotti 1992 RΘnΘ Felber 1993 Adolf Ogi 1994 Otto Stich 1995 Kaspar Villiger 1996 Jean-Pascal Delamuraz 1997- Arnold Koller # "Syria Political Rulers and Leaders",392,0,0,0 [TABLE] Syria Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1943-9 Shukri al-Quwwatli 1949 Husni az-Zaim 1949-51 Hashim al-Atasi 1951-4 Adib Shishaqli 1954-5 Hashim al-Atasi 1955-8 Shukri al-Quwwatli 1958-61 \IPart of United Arab Republic\i 1961-3 Nazim al-Qudsi 1963 Luai al-Atassi 1963-6 Amin al-Hafiz 1966-70 Nureddin al-Atassi 1970-1 Ahmad al-Khatib 1971- Hafez al-Assad \BPrime Minister 1946-8 Jamil Mardam Bey 1948-9 Khalid al-Azm 1949 Husni az-Zaim 1949 Muhsi al-Barazi 1949 Hashim al-Atassi 1949 Nazim al-Qudsi 1949-50 Khalid al-Azm 1950-1 Nazim al-Qudsi 1951 Khalid al-Azm 1951 Hassan al-Hakim 1951 Maruf ad-Dawalibi 1951-3 Fauzi as-Salu 1953-4 Adib Shishaqli 1954 Shewqet Shuqair 1954 Sabri al-Asali 1954 Said al-Ghazzi 1954-5 Faris al-Khuri 1955 Sabri al-Asali 1955-6 Said al-Ghazzi 1956-8 Sabri al-Asali 1958-61 \IPart of United Arab Republic\i 1961 Abd al-Hamid as-Sarraj 1961 Mamun Kuzbari 1961 Izzat an-Nuss 1961-2 Maruf ad-Dawalibi 1962 Bashir Azmah 1962-3 Khalid al-Azm 1963 Salah ad-Din al-Bitaar 1963 Sami al-Jundi 1963 Salah ad-Din al-Bitaar 1963-4 Amin al-Hafez 1964 Salah ad-Din al-Bitaar 1964-5 Amin al-Hafez 1965 Yousif Zeayen 1966 Salah ad-Din al-Bitaar 1966-8 Yousif Zeayen 1968-70 Nureddin al-Atassi Acting 1970-1 Hafez al-Assad 1971-2 Abdel Rahman Khleifawi 1972-6 Mahmoud bin Saleh al-Ayoubi 1976-8 Abdul Rahman Khleifawi 1978-80 Mohammed Ali al-Halabi 1980-7 Abdel Rauof al-Kasm 1987- Mahmoud Zubi # "Sπo TomΘ and Principe Political Rulers and Leaders",393,0,0,0 [TABLE] Sπo TomΘ and Principe Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1975-91 Manuel Pinto da Costa 1991- Miguel Trovoada \BPrime Minister 1991-2 Daniel Lima dos Santos Daio 1992-4 Noberto Costa Alegre 1994 Evaristo Carvalho 1994-5 Carlos da Graτa 1995- Armindo Vaz d'Almeida # "Table of Indicators",394,0,0,0 [TABLE] Table of Indicators \BIndicator \BpH range \Bcolour change \Bweight (g) \Bethanol (mL) methyl violet 0.1 - 2.0 yellow - violet 0.5 0 thymol blue 1.2 - 2.8 red - yellow 0.4 200 bromophenol blue 2.8 - 4.6 yellow - blue violet 0.4 200 methyl orange 2.9 - 4.6 red - yellow 0.4 200 Congo red 3.0 - 5.0 blue - red 0.2 200 bromocresol green 3.6 - 5.2 yellow - blue 0.4 200 methyl red 4.2 - 6.3 red - yellow 0.2 300 bromothymol blue 6.0 - 7.6 yellow - blue 0.4 200 cresol red 7.2 - 8.8 yellow - purple 0.2 200 thymol blue 8.0 - 9.6 yellow - violet 0.4 200 phenolphthalein 8.2 - 10.0 colourless - violet red 1.0 600 thymolphthalein 9.3 - 10.5 colourless - blue 2.0 1000 brilliant orange 10.5 - 12.0 yellow - red 0.4 200 alizarin 11.0 - 13.0 pink - violet 1.0 0 Titan yellow 12.0 - 13.0 yellow - red 1.0 500 # "Table Tennis World Championship Winners",395,0,0,0 [TABLE] Table Tennis World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner First held in 1926 and every two years since 1957. \BSwaythling Cup - men's team 1975 China 1977 China 1979 Hungary 1981 China 1983 China 1985 China 1987 China 1989 Sweden 1991 Sweden 1993 Sweden 1995 China \BCorbillon Cup - women's team 1975 China 1977 China 1979 China 1981 China 1983 China 1985 China 1987 China 1989 China 1991 South Korea 1993 China 1995 China Most wins: Swaythling Cup (12), Hungary, 1926, 1928-31, 1933 (twice), 1935, 1938, 1949, 1952, 1979. Corbillon Cup (11), China, 1965, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1993, 1995. \BMen's Singles 1975 Istvan Jonyer (Hungary) 1977 Mitsuru Kohno (Japan) 1979 Seiji Ono (Japan) 1981 Guo Yuehua (China) 1983 Guo Yuehua (China) 1985 Jiang Jialiang (China) 1987 Jiang Jialiang (China) 1989 Jan-Ove Waldner (Sweden) 1991 Jorgen Persson (Sweden) 1993 Jean-Philippe Gatien (France) 1995 Kong Ling-Hui (China) Most wins: (5), Viktor Barna (Hungary), 1930, 1932-5. \BWomen's Singles 1975 Pak Yung-sun (North Korea) 1977 Pak Yung-sun (North Korea) 1979 Ge Xinai (China) 1981 Ting Ling (China) 1983 Cao Yanhua (China) 1985 Cao Yanhua (China) 1987 He Zhili (China) 1989 Qiao Hong (China) 1991 Deng Yaping (China) 1993 Hyun Jung-hwa (South Korea) 1995 Deng Yaping (China) Most wins: (6), Angelica Rozeanu (Romania), 1950-55. \BMen's Doubles 1975 Gabor Gergely/Istvan Jonyer (Hungary) 1977 Li Zhenshi/Liang Geliang (China) 1979 Dragutin Surbek/Anton Stipancic (Yugoslavia) 1981 Cai Zhenhua/Li Zhenshi (China) 1983 Dragutin Surbek/Zoran Kalinic (Yugoslavia) 1985 Mikael Applegren/Ulf Carlsson (Sweden) 1987 Chen Longcan/Wei Quinguang (China) 1989 Joerg Rosskopf/Stefen Fetzner (West Germany) 1991 Peter Karlson/Thomas von Scheele (Sweden) 1993 Wang Tao/Lu Lin (China) 1995 Wang Tao/Lu Lin (China) Most wins: (8), Viktor Barna (Hungary/England), 1929-33 (two titles 1933), 1935, 1939. \BWomen's Doubles 1975 Maria Alexandru (Romania)/ Shoko Takashima (Japan) 1977 Pak Yong-Lok (North Korea)/Yang Yin (China) 1979 Zhang Li/Zhang Deying (China) 1981 Zhang Deying/Cao Yanhua (China) 1983 Shen Jianping/Dai Lili (China) 1985 Dai Lili/Geng Lijuan (China) 1987 Yang Young-ja/Hyun Jung-hwa (South Korea) 1989 Qiao Hong/Deng Yaping (China) 1991 Chen Zhie/Gao Jun (China) 1993 Liu Wen/Qiao Yunping (China) 1995 Deng Yaping/Qiao Hung (China) Most wins: (7), Maria Mednyanszky (Hungary), 1928, 1930-5. \BMixed Doubles 1975 Stanislav Gomozkov/Anna Ferdman (USSR) 1977 Jacques Secretin/Claude Bergeret (France) 1979 Liang Geliang/Ge Xinai (China) 1981 Xie Saike/Huang Junqun (China) 1983 Guo Yuehua/Ni Xialian (China) 1985 Cai Zhenua/Cao Yanhua (China) 1987 Hui Jun/Geng Lijuan (China) 1989 Yoo Nam-Kyu/Hyun Jung-Hwa (South Korea) 1991 Wang Tao/Liu Wei (China) 1993 Wang Tao/Liu Wei (China) 1995 Wang Tao/Liu Wei (China) Most wins: (6), Maria Mednyanszky (Hungary), 1927-8, 1930-1, 1933 (two titles). # "Taiwan Political Rulers and Leaders",396,0,0,0 [TABLE] Taiwan Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1950-75 Chiang Kai-shek 1975-8 Yen Chia-kan 1978-87 Chiang Ching-kuo 1987- Lee Teng-hui \BPresident of Executive Council 1950-4 Ch'eng Ch'eng 1954-8 O K Yui 1958-63 Ch'eng Ch'eng 1963-72 Yen Chia-ken 1972-8 Chiang Ching-kuo 1978-84 Sun Yun-suan 1984-9 Yu Kuo-hwa 1989-90 Lee Huan 1990-3 Hau Pei-tsun 1993-6 Lien Chan # "Tajikistan Political Rulers and Leaders",397,0,0,0 [TABLE] Tajikistan Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991-2 Rakhman Nabiyev 1992 Akbarsho Iskandrov \IChair of the Supreme Soviet\i 1992- Imomali Rakmonov \BChairman of the Council of Ministers 1991-2 Akbar Mirzoyev 1992-3 Abdumalik Abdulladjanov 1993-4 Abduljalil Samadov 1994-6 Jamshed Karimov 1996- Yahya Azimov # "Tanzania Political Rulers and Leaders",398,0,0,0 [TABLE] Tanzania Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1964-85 Julius Kambarage Nyerere 1985-95 Ndugu Ali Hassan Mwinyi 1995- Benjamin Mkapa \BPrime Minister 1964-72 Rashid M Kawawa \IVice President \i 1972-7 Rashid M Kawawa 1977-80 Edward M Sokoine 1980-3 Cleopa D Msuya 1983-4 Edward M Sokoine 1984-5 Salim A Salim 1985-90 Joseph S Warioba 1990-4 John Malecela 1994-5 Cleopa Msuya 1995- Frederick Sumaye # "Teeth in Humans",399,0,0,0 [TABLE] \BEruption and shedding of human teeth \BTooth \BEruption \BShed \BMilk incisor 1 6 months 6-7 years incisor 2 8 months 7-8 years canine 1 18 months 10-12 years molar 1 1 year 9-12 years molar 2 2 years 10-12 years \BPermanent incisor 1 7-8 years incisor 2 8-9 years canine 1 10-12 years premolar 1 10-11 years premolar 2 11-12 years molar 1 6-7 years molar 2 12 years molar 3 17-21 years Note: the lower teeth usually appear before the upper equivalent. # "Temperature Conversion",400,0,0,0 [TABLE] Temperature Conversion \BTo Convert From \BTo \BOperation * ░Fahrenheit ░Celsius -32,╫5,≈9 ░Fahrenheit ░Rankine +459.67 ░Fahrenheit ░RΘaumur -32,╫4,≈9 ░Celsius ░Fahrenheit ╫9,≈5,+32 ░Celsius Kelvin +273.16 ░Celsius ░RΘaumur ╫4,≈5 Kelvin ░Celsius -273.16 ░Rankine ░Fahrenheit -459.67 ░RΘaumur ░Fahrenheit ╫9,≈4, +32 ░RΘaumur ░Celsius ╫5,≈4 * Carry out operations in sequence. # "Tempering and Quenching Colours",401,0,0,0 [TABLE] Tempering and Quenching Colours \BColour \BFahrenheit temperature \BCelsius approximation very pale yellow 430 220 light yellow 440 225 pale straw yellow 450 230 straw yellow 460 240 deep straw yellow 470 245 dark yellow 480 250 yellowish brown 490 255 brownish yellow 500 260 reddish brown 510 265 purplish brown 520 270 light purple 530 275 full purple 540 280 dark purple 550 290 full blue 560 295 dark blue 570 300 pale blue 600 315 blueish green 630 330 red (in dark) 725 385 red, room light 885 475 blood red 1050 565 red in daylight 1077 580 dark cherry 1175 635 medium cherry 1250 675 full red 1375 745 bright red 1550 845 salmon pink 1650 900 orange 1725 940 lemon 1825 995 light yellow 1975 1080 white heat 2200 1205 # "Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion Winners",402,0,0,0 [TABLE] Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion Winners \BDate \BPrize Recipient 1975 Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, India 1976 Leon Joseph Cardinal Suenens, Belgium 1977 Chiara Lubich, Italy 1978 Rev Prof Thomas F Torrance, UK 1979 Nikkyo Niwano, Japan 1980 Prof Ralph Wendell Burhoe, USA 1981 Dame Cecily Saunders, UK 1982 Rev Dr Billy Graham, USA 1983 Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Soviet Union 1984 Rev Michael Bourdeaux, UK 1985 Sir Alister Hardy, UK 1986 Rev Dr James I McCord, USA 1987 Rev Prof Stanley L Jaki, Hungary/USA 1988 Dr Inamullah Khan, Pakistan 1989 (jointly) Very Rev Lord Macleod of Fiunary, UK/Prof Carl Fredrich von WeizsΣcker, Germany 1990 (jointly) Baba Amte, India/Prof L Charles Birch, Australia 1991 Rt Hon Lord Jakobovits, UK 1992 Dr Kyung-Chik Han, South Korea 1993 Charles W Colson, USA 1994 Michael Novak, USA 1995 Prof Paul Davies, UK 1996 William R(ohl) ('Bill') Bright, USA 1997 Pandurang Shastri Athavale # "Tennis (Lawn) Champions",403,0,0,0 [TABLE] Tennis (Lawn) Champions \BYear \BWinner \BWimbledon Championships The All-England Championships at Wimbledon are Lawn Tennis's most prestigious championships; first held in 1877. \BMen's Singles 1985 Boris Becker (West Germany) 1986 Boris Becker (West Germany) 1987 Pat Cash (Australia) 1988 Stefan Edberg (Sweden) 1989 Boris Becker (West Germany) 1990 Stefan Edberg (Sweden) 1991 Michael Stich (Germany) 1992 Andre Agassi (USA) 1993 Pete Sampras (USA) 1994 Pete Sampras (USA) 1995 Pete Sampras (USA) 1996 Richard Krajicek (Netherlands) 1997 Pete Sampras (USA) Most wins: (7), William Renshaw (Great Britain), 1881-6, 1889. \BWomen's Singles 1985 Martina Navratilova (USA) 1986 Martina Navratilova (USA) 1987 Martina Navratilova (USA) 1988 Steffi Graf (West Germany) 1989 Steffi Graf (West Germany) 1990 Martina Navratilova (USA) 1991 Steffi Graf (Germany) 1992 Steffi Graf (Germany) 1993 Steffi Graf (Germany) 1994 Conchita Martinez (Spain) 1995 Steffi Graf (Germany) 1996 Steffi Graf (Germany) 1997 Martina Hingis (Switzerland) Most wins: (9), Martina Navratilova (USA), 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, and as above. \BMen's Doubles 1985 Heinz Gunthardt (Switzerland)/ Balazs Taroczy (Hungary) 1986 Joakim Nystrom/Mats Wilander (Sweden) 1987 Ken Flach/Robert Seguso (USA) 1988 Ken Flach/Robert Seguso (USA) 1989 John Fitzgerald (Australia)/ Anders Jarryd (Sweden) 1990 Rick Leach/Jim Pugh (USA) 1991 John Fitzgerald (Australia)/ Anders Jarryd (Sweden) 1992 John McEnroe (USA)/Michael Stich (Germany) 1993 Todd Woodbridge/Mark Woodforde (Australia) 1994 Todd Woodbridge/Mark Woodforde (Australia) 1995 Todd Woodbridge/Mark Woodforde (Australia) 1996 Todd Woodbridge/Mark Woodforde (Australia) 1997 Todd Woodbridge/Mark Woodforde (Australia) Most wins: (8), Lawrence Doherty/Reg Doherty (Great Britain), 1897-1901, 1903-5. \BWomen's Doubles 1985 Kathy Jordan/Elizabeth Smylie (Australia) 1986 Martina Navratilova/Pam Shriver (USA) 1987 Claudia Kohde-Kilsch (West Germany)/ Helena Sukova (Czechoslovakia) 1988 Steffi Graf (West Germany)/ Gabriela Sabatini (Argentina) 1989 Jana Novotna/Helena Sukova (Czechoslovakia) 1990 Jana Novotna/Helena Sukova (Czechoslovakia) 1991 Larissa Savchenko/Natalya Zvereva (USSR) 1992 Gigi Fernandez (USA)/Natalya Zvereva (Belarus) 1993 Gigi Fernandez (USA)/Natalya Zvereva (Belarus) 1994 Gigi Fernandez (USA)/Natalya Zvereva (Belarus) 1995 Jana Novotnß (Czech Republic)/Arantxa Sanchez Vicario (Spain) 1996 Gigi Fernandez (USA)/Natasha Zvereva (Belarus) Most wins: (12), Elizabeth Ryan (USA), 1914, 1919-23, 1925-7, 1930, 1933-4. \BMixed Doubles 1985 Martina Navratilova (USA)/Paul McNamee (Australia) 1986 Kathy Jordan (Australia)/Ken Flach (USA) 1987 Jo Durie/Jeremy Bates (Great Britain) 1988 Zina Garrison/Sherwood Stewart (USA) 1989 Jana Novotna (Czechoslovakia)/ Jim Pugh (USA) 1990 Zina Garrison/Rick Leach (USA) 1991 Elizabeth Smylie/John Fitzgerald (Australia) 1992 Larissa Savchenko (Latvia)/Cyril Suk (Czech Republic) 1993 Martina Navratilova (USA)/ Mark Woodforde (Australia) 1994 Helena Sukovß (Czech Republic)/Todd Woodbridge (Australia) 1995 Martina Navratilova (USA)/Jonathan Stark (USA) 1996 Helena Sukovß/Cyril Suk (Czech Republic) 1997 Helena Sukova/Cyril Suk (Czech Republic) Most wins: (7), Elizabeth Ryan (USA), 1919, 1921, 1923, 1927-8, 1930, 1932. \BUnited States Open First held in 1881 as the United States Champion-ship; became the United States Open in 1968. \BMen's Singles 1986 Ivan Lendl (Czechoslovakia) 1987 Ivan Lendl (Czechoslovakia) 1988 Mats Wilander (Sweden) 1989 Boris Becker (West Germany) 1990 Pete Sampras (USA) 1991 Stefan Edberg (Sweden) 1992 Stefan Edberg (Sweden) 1993 Pete Sampras (USA) 1994 Andre Agassi (USA) 1995 Pete Sampras (USA) 1996 Pete Sampras (USA) \BWomen's Singles 1986 Martina Navratilova (USA) 1987 Martina Navratilova (USA) 1988 Steffi Graf (West Germany) 1989 Steffi Graf (West Germany) 1990 Gabriela Sabatini (Argentina) 1991 Monica Seles (Yugoslavia) 1992 Monica Seles (Yugoslavia) 1993 Steffi Graf (Germany) 1994 Arantxa Sanchez Vicario (Spain) 1995 Steffi Graf (Germany) 1996 Steffi Graf (Germany) Most wins: Men (7), Richard D Sears (USA), 1881-7; Bill Larned (USA), 1901-2, 1907-11; Bill Tilden (USA), 1920-5, 1929. Women (7), Molla Mallory (nΘe Bjurstedt) (USA), 1915-16, 1918, 1920-2, 1926; Helen Wills-Moody (USA), 1923-5, 1927-9, 1931. \BDavis Cup International team competition organized on a knockout basis; first held in 1900; contested on a challenge basis until 1972. 1985 Sweden 1986 Australia 1987 Sweden 1988 W Germany 1989 W Germany 1990 USA 1991 France 1992 USA 1993 Germany 1994 Sweden 1995 USA 1996 France Most wins: (31), USA, 1900, 1902, 1913, 1920-6, 1937-8, 1946-9, 1954, 1958, 1963, 1968-72, 1978-9, 1981-2, and as above. # "Tenpin Bowling World Championship Winners",404,0,0,0 [TABLE] Tenpin Bowling World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) First held in 1923 by the International Bowling Association; since 1954 organized by the Federation Internationale des Quillieurs (FIQ); since 1963, when women first competed, held every four years. 1967 David Pond (Great Britain) Helen Weston (USA) 1971 Ed Luther (USA) Ashie Gonzales (Puerto Rico) 1975 Bud Staudt (USA) Annedore Haefker (West Germany) 1979 Ollie Ongtawco (Philippines) Lita de la Roas (Philippines) 1983 Armando Marino (Colombia) Lena Sulkanen (Sweden) 1987 Rolland Patrick (France) Edda Piccini (Italy) 1991 Ma Ying-chei (Thailand) Martina Beckel (Germany) 1995 Marc Doi (Canada) Debby Ship (Canada) Most wins: No one has won more than once. # "Thailand Political Rulers and Leaders",405,0,0,0 [TABLE] Thailand Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1868-1910 Chulalongkorn, Rama V 1910-25 Rama VI 1925-35 Rama VII 1935-9 Rama VIII (Ananda Mahidol) 1939-46 Nai Pridi Phanomyong \IRegent \i 1946- Rama IX (Rangsit of Chainat \IRegent 1946-50\i) \BPrime Minister 1932-3 Phraya Manopakom 1933-8 Phraya Phahon Phonphahuyasena 1938-44 Luang Phibun Songgram 1945 Thawi Bunyaket 1945-6 Mom Rachawongse Seni Pramoj 1946 Nai Khuang Aphaiwong 1946 Nai Pridi Phanomyong 1946-7 Luang Thamrong Nawasawat 1947-8 Nai Khuang Aphaiwong 1948-57 Luang Phibun Songgram 1957 Sarit Thanarat 1957 Nai Pote Sarasin 1957-8 Thanom Kittikatchom 1958-63 Sarit Thanarat 1963-73 Thanom Kittikatchom 1973-5 Sanya Dharmasaki 1975-6 Mom Rachawongse Kukrit Pramoj 1976 Seni Pramoj 1976-7 Thanin Kraivichien 1977-80 Kriangsak Chammanard 1980-7 Prem Tinsulanonda 1987-91 Chatichai Choonhavan 1991-2 Anand Panyarachun 1992 Suchinda Kraprayoon 1992-5 Chuan Leekpai 1995-6 Banharn Silpa-Archa 1996- Chavilit Yongchaiyudh # "The Apollo Flights",406,0,0,0 [TABLE] The Apollo Flights Mission Astronauts Launch/Landing1/Landing2 Highlights Apollo 7 Walter M. Schirra, Jr., Donn F. Eisele, Walter Cunningham October 11, 1968 / October 22, 1968 First Apollo mission to fly. Made 163 orbits of earth. Apollo 8 Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., William A. Anders December 21, 1968 / December 27, 1968 First occupied launch of Saturn V. Looped around moon on Christmas Eve. Apollo 9 James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, Russell R. Schweikart March 3, 1969 / March 13, 1969 151 orbits of Earth. First human test of Lunar Module. Apollo 10 Thomas P. Stafford, John W. Young, Eugene A. Cernan May 18, 1969 / May 26, 1969 Orbited moon. Lunar Module dropped to within 9 miles of Lunar surface. Apollo 11 Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin July 16, 1969 / July 20, 1969 / July 24, 1969 Landed on moon with 30 seconds of fuel remaining. Took core samples. Planted American flag. Apollo 12 Charles "Pete" Conrad, Richard F. Gordon, Jr., Alan L. Bean November 14, 1969 / November 18, 1969 / November 24, 1969 Met up with and returned parts of old Surveyor 3 probe. Apollo 13 James A. Lovell, Jr., Fred W. Haise, Jr., John L. Sweigert. Jr. April 11, 1970 / April 17, 1970 "OK, Houston, we've had a problem here." O2 tank blew up; LM got 'em around moon and home. Apollo 14 Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Stuart A. Roosa, Edgar D. Mitchell January 31, 1971 / February 3, 1971 / February 9, 1971 Extensive scientific experiments. Astronauts almost got lost when alien landscape became disorienting. Apollo 15 David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, Alfred M. Worden July 26, 1971 / July 30, 1971 / August 7, 1971 First use of Lunar Rover. Astronauts rode over 27 kilometers.First Apollo space walk. Apollo 16 John W. Young, Thomas K. Mattingly II, Charles M. Duke, Jr. April 16, 1972 / April 20, 1972 / April 27, 1972 Malfunction almost scrubbed landing. Stayed 3 days, got Lunar Rover up to almost 18 kph. Apollo 17 Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. Evans, Harrison H. Schmitt December 7, 1972 / December 11, 1972 / December 19, 1972 Last men on the moon (so far). # "The Bahamas Political Rulers and Leaders",407,0,0,0 [TABLE] The Bahamas Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader Chief of State: British monarch, represented by Governor-General \BPrime Minister 1973-92 Lynden O Pindling 1992- Hubert Alexander Ingraham # "The Gambia Political Rulers and Leaders",408,0,0,0 [TABLE] The Gambia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1965-94 Dawda Kairabu Jawara \BMilitary Rule 1994- Yayeh Jameh \IChairman\i # "The Netherlands Political Rulers and Leaders",409,0,0,0 [TABLE] The Netherlands Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1890-1948 Wilhelmina 1948-80 Juliana 1980- Beatrix \BPrime Minister 1897-1901 Nicholas G Pierson 1901-5 Abraham Kuyper 1905-8 Theodoor H de Meester 1908-13 Theodorus Heemskerk 1913-18 Pieter W A Cort van der Linden 1918-25 Charles J M Ruys de Beerenbrouck 1925-6 Hendrikus Colijn 1926 Dirk J de Geer 1926-33 Charles J M Ruys de Beerenbrouck 1933-9 Hendrikus Colijn 1939-40 Dirk J de Geer 1940-5 Pieter S Gerbrandy \Iin exile\i 1945-6 Willem Schemerhorn/ Willem Drees 1946-8 Louis J M Beel 1948-51 Willem Drees/Josephus R H van Schaik 1951-8 Willem Drees 1958-9 Louis J M Beel 1959-63 Jan E de Quay 1963-5 Victor G M Marijnen 1965-6 Joseph M L T Cals 1966-7 Jelle Zijlstra 1967-71 Petrus J S de Jong 1971-3 Barend W Biesheuvel 1973-7 Joop M den Uyl 1977-82 Andreas A M van Agt 1982-94 Ruud Lubbers 1994- Wim Kok # "The Skylab Missions",410,0,0,0 [TABLE] The Skylab Missions \BMission \BAstronauts \BLaunch/Landing \BOrbits \BDuration Skylab I Charles "Pete" Conrad, Paul J. Weitz, Joseph P. Kerwin May 25, 1973 / June 22, 1973 404 672 hours, 49 minutes, 49 seconds Skylab II Alan L. Bean, Jack R. Lousma, Owen K. Garriott July 28, 1973 / September 25, 1973 858 1,427 hours, 9 minutes, 4 seconds Skylab III Gerald P. Carr, William R. Pogue, Edward G. Gibson November 16, 1973 / February 8, 1974 1,214 2,017 hours, 16 minutes, 30 seconds # "The Sudan Political Rulers and Leaders",411,0,0,0 [TABLE] The Sudan Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BChief of State 1956-8 \ICouncil of State\i 1958-64 Ibrahim Abboud 1964-5 \ICouncil of Sovereignty\i 1965-9 IsmailAl-Azhari 1969-85 Jaafar Mohamad Nimeiri \I(President from 1971)\i \BTransitional Military Council \BChairman 1985-6 Abd al-Rahman Siwar al-Dahab \BSupreme Council \BChairman 1986-9 Ahmad al-Mirghani 1989- \IAs Prime Minister\i \BPrime Minister 1955-6 Ismail al-Azhari 1956-8 Abdullah Khalil 1958-64 \IAs President\i 1964-5 Serr al-Khatim al-Khalifa 1965-6 Mohammed Ahmed Mahjoub 1966-7 Sadiq al-Mahdi 1967-9 Mohammed Ahmed Mahjoub 1969 Babiker Awadalla 1969-76 \IAs President\i 1976-7 Rashid al-Tahir Bakr 1977-85 \IAs President\i 1985-6 \ITransitional Military Council\i (al-Jazuli Dafallah) 1986-9 Sadiq al-Mahdi \IMilitary Council, Prime Minister\i 1989- Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Bashir # "Titles Between Languages",412,0,0,0 [TABLE] \BTitle equivalents between different languages \BEngland \BFrance \BHoly Roman Empire (Germany) \BItaly \BSpain king roi Kaiser re rey duke duc Herzog duca duque prince prince Pfalzgraf principe principe marquess marquis Markgraf marchese marques earl comte Landgraf conde conde viscount vicomte viscount vizconde baronet # "Togo Political Rulers and Leaders",413,0,0,0 [TABLE] Togo Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1960-3 Sylvanus Olympio 1963-7 Nicolas Grunitzky 1967- GnassingbΘ EyadΘma \BPrime Minister 1991-4 Joseph Koukou Koffigoh 1994-6 Edem Kodjo 1996- Kwasi Klutse # "Tonga Political Rulers and Leaders",414,0,0,0 [TABLE] Tonga Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1893-1918 George Tupou II 1918-65 Salote Tupou III 1965- Taufa'ahau Tupou IV \BPrime Minister 1970-91 Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake 1991- Baron Vaea # "Trace Elements (table)",415,0,0,0 [TABLE] Trace Elements Dietary trace elements for humans \BElement \BKnown (or suspected) function involves \BCertainty arsenic Amino acid metabolism probable boron Metabolism of calcium, magnesium, hormones, possibly bones probable bromine Still not known or proven possible cadmium Still not known or proven possible chromium Insulin action definite copper Haemoglobin, bone, nerves, vascular system, possibly cancer reduction definite fluorine Bones, teeth definite iodine Thyroid hormones definite iron Needed for haemoglobin, energy metabolism definite lead Still not known or proven possible lithium Still not known or proven possible manganese Enzymes, bone definite molybdenum Enzymes, sulphur metabolism definite nickel Possibly involved with some enzymes probable selenium Enzymes, protection against oxidant stress, possibly cancer reduction definite silicon Bone and connective tissue probable tin Still not known or proven possible vanadium Still not known or proven possible zinc Enzymes, protein synthesis, cell division, lack causes dwarfism definite # "Trampolining World Championship Winners",416,0,0,0 [TABLE] Trampolining World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) First held in 1964 and annually until 1968; since then, every two years. 1976 Richard Tison (France)/Yevgeni Yanes (USSR) (shared) Svetlana Levina (USSR) 1978 Yevgeni Yanes (USSR) Tatyana Anisimova (USSR) 1980 Stewart Matthews (Great Britain) Ruth Keller (Switzerland) 1982 Carl Furrer (Great Britain) Ruth Keller (Switzerland) 1984 Lionel Pioline (France) Sue Shotton (Great Britain) 1986 Lionel Pioline (France) Tatyana Lushina (USSR) 1988 Vadim Krasnoshapka (USSR) Rusadan Khoperia (USSR) 1990 Alexander Moskalenko (USSR) Yelena Merkulova (USSR) 1992 Alexander Moskalenko (Russia) Yelena Merkulova (USSR) 1994 Alexander Moskalenko (Russia) Irina Karavaeva (Russia) 1996 Dimitri Poliarauch (Belarus) Tatyana Kovaleva (Russia) Most wins: Men (3) Alexander Moskalenko (Russia), as above. Women (5), Judy Wills (USA), 1964-8. # "Trinidad and Tobago Political Rulers and Leaders",417,0,0,0 [TABLE] Trinidad and Tobago Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1976-87 Ellis Emmanuel Clarke 1987-97 Noor Mohammed Hassanali 1997- Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson \BPremier 1956-62 Eric Williams \BPrime Minister 1962-81 Eric Williams 1981-6 George Chambers 1986-92 Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson 1992-5 Patrick Manning 1995- Basdeo Panday # "Tropical Diseases (1993)",418,0,0,0 [TABLE] Tropical Diseases (1993) \BTropical disease \BCountries affected \BPeople infected \BPeople at risk Malaria 103 270 million 2100 million Schistosomiasis 76 200 million 600 million Lymphatic filariasis 76 90 million 900 million River blindness 34 17 million 90 million Chagas disease 21 16-18 million 90 million Leishmaniasis 80 12 million 350 million Leprosy 121 10-12 million 1600 million African sleeping sickness 36 25 000 50 # "Truth Table for AND",419,0,0,0 [TABLE] Truth Table for AND A B A AND B 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 # "Truth Table for NOT",420,0,0,0 [TABLE] Truth Table for NOT A NOT A 1 0 0T 1 # "Truth Table for OR",421,0,0,0 [TABLE] Truth Table for OR A B A OR B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 # "Tsunamis",422,0,0,0 [TABLE] Tsunamis \BLocation of Source \BYear \BHeight (m) \BHeight (ft) \BLocation of deaths/damage \BDeaths Mindoro 1994 15 49 Philippine Is. 60 Banyuwangi 1994 5 16 Indonesia 200 Sea of Japan 1983 15.4 49 Japan, Korea 107 Indonesia 1979 10.4 32 Indonesia 187 Celebes Sea 1976 30.4 98 Philippine Is 5 000 Alaska 1964 32.4 105 Alaska, Aleutian Is, California 122 Chile 1960 25.4 82 Chile, Hawaii, Japan 1260 Aleutian Is 1957 16.4 52 Hawaii, Japan 0 Kamchatka 1952 18.4 60 Kamchatka, Kuril Is, Hawaii many Aleutian Is 1946 32.4 105 Aleutian Is, Hawaii, California 165 Nankaido (Japan) 1946 6.1 20 Japan 1997 Kii (Japan) 1944 7.5 25 Japan 998 Sanriku (Japan) 1933 28.2 93 Japan, Hawaii 3 000 E Kamchatka 1923 20.4 66 Kamchatka, Hawaii 3 S Kuril Is 1918 12.4 39 Kuril Is, Russia, Japan, Hawaii 23 Sanriku (Japan) 1896 30.4 98 Japan 27 122 Sunda Strait 1883 35.4 115 Java, Sumatra 36 000 Chile 1877 23.4 75 Chile, Hawaii many Chile 1868 21.4 69 Chile, Hawaii 25 000 Hawaii Is 1868 20.4 66 Hawaii Is 81 Japan 1854 6.4 20 Japan 3 000 Flores Sea 1800 24.4 79 Indonesia 400-500 Ariake Sea 1792 9.4 30 Japan 9 745 Italy 1783 ?.4 ? Italy 30 000 Ryukyu Is 1771 12.4 39 Ryukyu Is 11941 Portugal 1775 16.4 52 W Europe, Morocco, W Indies 60 000 Peru 1746 24.4 79 Peru 5 000 Japan 1741 9.4 30 Japan 1000+ SE Kamchatka 1737 30.4 98 Kamchatka, Kuril Is ? Peru 1724 24.4 79 Peru ? Japan 1707 11.5 38 Japan 30 000 W Indies 1692 ?.4 ? Jamaica 2 000 Banda Is 1629 15.4 49 Indonesia ? Sanriku (Japan) 1611 25.4 82 Japan 5 000 Japan 1605 ?.4 ? Japan 4 000 Kii (Japan) 1498 ?.4 ? Japan 5000 # "Tug of War World Championship Winners",423,0,0,0 [TABLE] Tug of War World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner (720 kg) \BWinner (640 kg) \BWinner (560 kg) Instituted in 1975, held every two years; contested at 560 kg from 1982. 1975 England England - 1976 England England - 1977 England Wales - 1978 England England - 1980 England England - 1982 England Ireland Switzerland 1984 Ireland Ireland England 1985 Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland 1986 Ireland Ireland England 1988 Ireland England England 1990 Ireland Ireland Switzerland 1992 Switzerland Switzerland Spain 1994 Switzerland Switzerland Spain Most titles: (15), England, as above. # "Tunisia Political Rulers and Leaders",424,0,0,0 [TABLE] Tunisia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BBey 1882-1902 'Ali Muddat 1902-6 Muhammad IV al-Hadi 1906-22 Muhammad V an-Nadir 1922-9 Muhammad VI al-Habib 1929-42 Ahmad II 1942-3 Muhammad VII al-Munsif 1943-57 Muhammad VIII al-Amin \BPresident 1957-87 Habib Bourguiba 1987- Zine al-Abidine bin Ali \BPrime Minister 1956-7 Habib Bourguiba 1957-69 \INo Prime Minister\i 1969-70 Bahi Ladgham 1970-80 Hadi Nouira 1980-6 Mohammed Mezali 1986-7 Rashid Sfar 1987 Zine al-Abidine Bin Ali 1987-9 Hadi Baccouche 1989- Hamed Karoui # "Turkey Political Rulers and Leaders",425,0,0,0 [TABLE] Turkey Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BSultan of the Ottoman Empire 1876-1909 Abdⁿlhamit 1909-18 Mehmet Resat 1918-22 Mehmet Vahideddin \BTurkish Republic \BPresident 1923-38 Mustafa Kemal Atatⁿrk 1938-50 Ismet In÷nⁿ 1950-60 CelΓl Bayar 1961-6 Cemal Gⁿrsel 1966-73 Cevdet Sunay 1973-80 Fahri S Korutⁿrk 1982-9 Kenan Evren 1989-93 Turgut ╓zal 1993- Sⁿleyman Demirel \BPrime Minister 1923-4 Ismet Paza In÷nⁿ 1924-5 Ali Fethi Okyar 1925-37 Ismet Paza In÷nⁿ 1937-9 CelΓl Bayar 1939-42 Refik Saydam 1942-6 Sⁿkrⁿ Saracoglu 1946-7 Recep Peker 1947-9 Hasan Saka 1949-50 Semseddin Gⁿnaltay 1950-60 Adnan Menderes 1960-1 \IMilitary Junta\i 1961-5 Ismet Paza In÷nⁿ 1965 Fuat Hayri ▄rgⁿplⁿ 1965-71 Suleyman Demirel 1971-2 Nihat Erim 1972-3 Ferit Melen 1973 Naim TΘlu 1973-4 Bⁿlent Ecevit 1974-7 Suleyman Demirel 1978-9 Bⁿlent Ecevit 1979-80 Suleyman Demirel 1980-3 Bⁿlent Ulusu 1983-9 Turgut ╓zal 1989-91 Yildirim Akbulut 1991 Mesut Yilmaz 1991-3 Sⁿleyman Demirel 1993-6 Tansu ╟iller 1996 Mesut Yilmaz 1996-7 Necmettin Erbakan 1997- Mesut Yilmaz # "Turkmenistan Political Rulers and Leaders",426,0,0,0 [TABLE] Turkmenistan Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991- Saparmurad Niyazov \BPrime Minister 1991- Khan Akhmedov # "Turner Prize",427,0,0,0 [TABLE] Turner Prize \BDate \BPrize Recipient Awarded to a British artist under 50 for an outstanding exhibition in the preceding 12 months. 1984 Malcolm Morley 1985 Howard Hodgkin 1986 Gilbert and George 1987 Richard Deacon 1988 Tony Cragg 1989 Richard Long 1990 Prize suspended 1991 Anish Kapoor 1992 Grenville Davey 1993 Rachel Whiteread 1994 Anthony Gormley 1995 Damian Hirst # "Tuvalu Political Rulers and Leaders",428,0,0,0 [TABLE] Tuvalu Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BChief of State: British monarch, represented by Governor-General \BPrime Minister 1978-81 Toalipi Lauti 1981-9 Tomasi Puapua 1989-93 Bikenibeu Paeniu 1993-6 Kamuta Laatasi 1996- Bikenibeu Paeniu # "Tyre Pressure Conversions",429,0,0,0 [TABLE] Tyre Pressure Conversions \Bpsi \Bkg/cm\U2\u 10 0.7 15 1.1 20 1.4 24 1.7 26 1.8 28 2.0 30 2.1 40 2.8 # "UEFA Finals",430,0,0,0 [TABLE] \BEuropean Championship Winners \BYear \BVenue \BResults 1960 Paris, France Soviet Union - 2 Yugoslavia - 1 1964 Madrid, Spain Spain - 2 Soviet Union - 1 1968 Rome, Italy Italy - 1 Yugoslavia - 1 1968 replay Rome, Italy Italy - 2 Yugoslavia - 0 1972 Brussels, Belgium West Germany - 3 Soviet Union 0 1976 Belgrade, Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia - 2 West Germany 2 (Czechoslovakia won on penalties) 1980 Rome, Italy West Germany - 2 Belgium - 1 1984 Paris, France France - 2 Spain - 0 1988 Munich, West Germany Holland - 2 Soviet Union - 0 1992 Gothenburg, Sweden Denmark - 2 Germany - 0 1996 London, England Germany - 2 Czech Republic - 1 # "Uganda Political Rulers and Leaders",431,0,0,0 [TABLE] Uganda Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1962-6 Edward Muteesa II 1967-71 Apollo Milton Obote 1971-9 Idi Amin 1979 Yusufu Kironde Lule 1979-80 Godfrey Lukongwa Binaisa 1981-5 Apollo Milton Obote 1985-6 \IMilitary Council\i (Tito Okello Lutwa) 1986- Yoweri Kaguta Museveni \BPrime Minister 1962-71 Apollo Milton Obote 1971-81 No Prime Minister 1981-5 Eric Otema Alimadi 1985 Paulo Muwanga 1985-6 Abraham N Waliggo 1986-91 Samson B Kisekka 1991-4 George Cosmas Adyebo 1994- Kintu Musoke # "Ukraine Political Rulers and Leaders",432,0,0,0 [TABLE] Ukraine Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1990-4 Leonid M Kravchuk 1994- Leonid Kuchma \BPrime Minister 1991-2 Vitold P Fokin 1992-3 Leonid Kuchma 1993 Yukhim Zvyagilsky 1994-5 Vitalii Maso 1995-6 Yevhenii Marchuk 1996-7 Pavlo Lazarenko 1997- Valery Pustovoitenko # "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Political Rulers and Leaders",433,0,0,0 [TABLE] Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1917 Leo Borisovich Kamenev 1917-19 Yakov Mikhailovich Sverlov 1919-46 Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin 1946-53 Nikolai Shvernik 1953-60 Klimentiy Voroshilov 1960-4 Leonid Brezhnev 1964-5 Anastas Mikoyan 1965-77 Nikolai Podgorny 1977-82 Leonid Brezhnev 1982-3 Vasily Kuznetsov \IActing\i 1983-4 Yuri Andropov 1984 Vasily Kuznetsov \IActing\i 1984-5 Konstantin Chernenko 1985 Vasily Kuznetsov \IActing\i 1985-8 Andrei Gromyko 1988-90 Mikhail Gorbachev \BExecutive President 1990-1 Mikhail Gorbachev \BChairman (Prime Minister) \BCouncil of Ministers 1917 Georgy Evgenyevich Lvov 1917 Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky \BCouncil of People's Commissars 1917-24 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin 1924-30 Aleksei Ivanovich Rykov 1930-41 Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov 1941-53 Josef Stalin \BCouncil of Ministers 1953-5 Georgiy Malenkov 1955-8 Nikolai Bulganin 1958-64 Nikita Khrushchev 1964-80 Alexei Kosygin 1980-5 Nikolai Tikhonov 1985-90 Nikolai Ryzhkov 1990-1 Yuri Maslyukov \IActing\i 1991 Valentin Pavlov \BGeneral Secretary 1922-53 Josef Stalin 1953 Georgiy Malenkov 1953-64 Nikita Khrushchev 1964-82 Leonid Brezhnev 1982-4 Yuri Andropov 1984-5 Konstantin Chernenko 1985-91 Mikhail Gorbachev # "United Arab Emirates Political Rulers and Leaders",434,0,0,0 [TABLE] United Arab Emirates Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1971- Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahyan \BPrime Minister 1971-9 Maktoum bin Rashid al-Maktoum 1979-90 Rashid bin Said al-Maktoum 1990- Maktoum bin Rashid al-Maktoum \BAbu Dhabi \ITribe: al Bu Falah or al Nahyan (Bani Yas)\i \IFamily name: al-Nahyan\i \BShaikh 1855-1909 Zayed 1909-12 Tahnoun 1912-22 Hamdan 1922-6 Sultan 1926-8 Saqr 1928-66 Shakhbout 1966- Zayed \BAjman \ITribe: Al Bu Kharayban (Naim)\i \IFamily name: al-Nuaimi\i \BShaikh 1900-10 Abdel-Aziz 1910-28 Humaid 1928-81 Rashid 1981- Humaid \BDubai \ITribe: Al Bu Flasah (Bani Yas)\i \IFamily name: al-Maktoum\i \BShaikh 1894-1906 Maktoum 1906-12 Butti 1912-58 Said 1958-90 Rashid 1990- Maktoum \BFujairah \ITribe: Sharqiyyin\i \IFamily name: al-Sharqi\i \BShaikh 1952-75 Mohammed 1975- Hamad \BRas Al-Khaimah \ITribe: Huwalah\i \IFamily name: al-Qasimi\i \BShaikh 1900-9 Khaled 1921-48 Sultan 1948- Saqr \BSharjah \ITribe: Huwalah\i \IFamily name: al-Qasimi\i \BShaikh 1883-1914 Saqr 1914-24 Khaled 1924-51 Sultan 1951-65 Saqr 1965-72 Khaled 1972-87 Sultan 1987 Abdel-Aziz 1987- Sultan \BUmm Al-Qaiwain \ITribe: \Ial-Ali\i \IFamily name: al-Mualla\i \BShaikh 1873-1904 Ahmad 1904-22 Rashid 1922-3 Abdullah 1923-9 Hamad 1929-81 Ahmad 1981- Rashid # "United Kingdom Political Rulers and Leaders",435,0,0,0 [TABLE] United Kingdom Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch \BWest Saxon Kings 802-39 Egbert 839-58 ╞thelwulf 858-60 ╞thelbald 860-5 ╞thelbert 866-71 ╞thelred 871-99 Alfred the Great 899-924 Edward (the Elder) 924-39 Athelstan 939-46 Edmund I 946-55 Edred 955-9 Edwy 959-75 Edgar 975-8 Edward (the Martyr) 978-1016 ╞thelred II (the Unready) 1016 Edmund II (Ironside) \BDanish Kings 1016-35 Cnut (Canute the Great) 1035-7 Harold \IRegent\i 1037-40 Harold I (Harefoot) 1040-2 Harthacnut 1042-66 Edward (the Confessor) 1066 Harold II \BHouse of Normandy 1066-87 William I (the Conqueror) 1087-1100 William II (Rufus) 1100-35 Henry I \BHouse of Blois 1135-54 Stephen \BHouse of Plantagenet 1154-89 Henry II 1189-99 Richard I (Coeur de Lion) 1199-1216 John 1216-72 Henry III 1272-1307 Edward I 1307-27 Edward II 1327-77 Edward III 1377-99 Richard II \BHouse of Lancaster 1399-1413 Henry IV 1413-22 Henry V 1422-61 Henry VI \BHouse of York 1461-70 Edward IV \BHouse of Lancaster 1470-1 Henry VI \BHouse of York 1471-83 Edward IV 1483 Edward V 1483-5 Richard III \BHouse of Tudor 1485-1509 Henry VII 1509-47 Henry VIII 1547-53 Edward VI 1553-8 Mary I 1558-1603 Elizabeth I \BHouse of Stuart 1603-25 James I (VI of Scotland) 1625-49 Charles I \BCommonwealth and Protectorate 1649-53 \ICouncil of State\i 1653-8 Oliver Cromwell \ILord Protector\i 1658-9 Richard Cromwell \ILord Protector\i \BHouse of Stuart (\Irestored\i) 1660-85 Charles II 1685-8 James II 1689-94 William III (\Ijointly\i with Mary II) 1694-1702 William III (\Ialone\i) 1702-14 Anne \BHouse of Hanover 1714-27 George I 1727-60 George II 1760-1820 George III 1820-30 George IV 1830-7 William IV 1837-1901 Victoria \BHouse of Saxe-Coburg 1901-10 Edward VII \BHouse of Windsor 1910-36 George V 1936 Edward VIII 1936-52 George VI 1952- Elizabeth II \BPrime Minister 1721-42 Robert Walpole Whig 1742-3 Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington \IWhig\i 1743-54 Henry Pelham \IWhig\i 1754-6 Thomas Pelham (Pelham-Holles), Duke of Newcastle \IWhig\i 1756-7 William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire \IWhig\i 1757-62 Thomas Pelham (Pelham-Holles), Duke of Newcastle \IWhig\i 1762-3 John Stuart , 3rd Earl of Bute \ITory\i 1763-5 George Grenville \IWhig\i 1765-6 Charles Watson Wentworth, 2nd Marquis of Rockingham \IWhig\i 1766-7 William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham \IWhig\i 1767-70 Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton \IWhig\i 1770-82 Frederick, 8th Lord North \ITory\i 1782 Charles Watson Wentworth, 2nd Marquis of Rockingham \IWhig\i 1782-3 William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne \IWhig\i 1783 William Henry Cavendish, Duke of Portland \ICoal\i 1783-1801 William Pitt \ITory\i 1801-4 Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth \ITory\i 1804-6 William Pitt \ITory\i 1806-7 William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville \IWhig\i 1807-9 William Henry Cavendish, Duke of Portland \ICoal\i 1809-12 Spencer Perceval \ITory\i 1812-27 Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool \ITory\i 1827 George Canning \ITory\i 1827-8 Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon \ITory\i 1828-30 Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington \ITory\i 1830-4 Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey \IWhig\i 1834 William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne \IWhig\i 1834-5 Robert Peel \ICon\i 1835-41 William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne \IWhig\i 1841-6 Robert Peel \ICon\i 1846-52 Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell \ILib\i 1852 Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby \ICon\i 1852-5 George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen \IPeelite\i 1855-8 Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston \ILib\i 1858-9 Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby \ICon\i 1859-65 Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston \ILib\i 1865-6 Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell \ILib\i 1866-8 Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby \ICon\i 1868 Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield \ICon\i 1868-74 William Ewart Gladstone \ILib\i 1874-80 Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield \ICon\i 1880-5 William Ewart Gladstone \ILib\i 1885-6 Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquis of Salisbury \ICon\i 1886 William Ewart Gladstone \ILib\i 1886-92 Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquis of Salisbury \ICon\i 1892-4 William Ewart Gladstone \ILib\i 1894-5 Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery \ILib\i 1895-1902 Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquis of Salisbury \ICon\i 1902-5 Arthur James, 1st Earl of Balfour \ICon\i 1905-8 Henry Campbell-Bannerman \ILib\i 1908-15 Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith \ILib\i 1915-16 Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith \ICoal\i 1916-22 David Lloyd-George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor \ICoal\i 1922-3 Andrew Bonar Law \ICon\i 1923-4 Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley \ICon\i 1924 James Ramsay MacDonald \ILab\i 1924-9 Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley \ICon\i 1929-31 James Ramsay MacDonald \ILab\i 1931-5 James Ramsay MacDonald \INat\i 1935-7 Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley \INat\i 1937-40 (Arthur) Neville Chamberlain \INat\i 1940-5 Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill \ICoal\i 1945-51 Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee \ILab\i 1951-5 Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill \ICon\i 1955-7 (Robert) Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon \ICon\i 1957-63 (Maurice) Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton \ICon\i 1963-4 Alexander Frederick (Alec) Douglas- Home, Baron Home of the Hirsel \ICon\i 1964-70 (James) Harold, Baron Wilson \ILab\i 1970-4 Edward Richard George Heath \ICon\i 1974-6 (James) Harold, Baron Wilson \ILab\i 1976-9 (Leonard) James, Baron Callaghan \ILab\i 1979-90 Margaret Hilda Thatcher \ICon\i 1990-7 John Major \ICon\i 1997- Tony Blair \ILab\i \ICoal \ICoalition \ICon \IConservative \ILab \ILabour \ILib \ILiberal \INat \INationalist\i # "United Nations Membership",436,0,0,0 [TABLE] United Nations Membership \BYear \BCountries Grouped according to year of entry. 1945 Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Belorussian SSR (Belarus, 1991), Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia (to 1993), Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Syria, Turkey, Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine, 1991), UK, Uruguay, USA, USSR, Venezuela, Yugoslovia 1946 Afghanistan, Iceland, Sweden, Thailand 1947 Pakistan, Yemen (N) 1948 Burma (Myanmar, 1989) 1949 Israel 1950 Indonesia 1955 Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Ceylon (Sri Lanka, 1970), Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kampuchea (Cambodia), Laos, Libya, Nepal, Portugal, Romania, Spain 1956 Japan, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia 1957 Ghana, Malaya (Malaysia, 1963) 1958 Guinea 1960 Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, C⌠te d'Ivoire (formerly Ivory Coast), Cyprus, Dahomey (Benin, 1975), Gabon, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Togo, Upper Volta (Burkina Faso, 1984), Za∩re 1961 Mauritania, Mongolia, Sierra Leone, Tanganyika (within Tanzania, 1964) 1962 Algeria, Burundi, Jamaica, Rwanda, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda 1963 Kenya, Kuwait, Zanzibar (within Tanzania, 1964) 1964 Malawi, Malta, Tanzania, Zambia 1965 Maldives, Singapore, The Gambia 1966 Barbados, Botswana, Guyana, Lesotho 1967 Yemen (S, to 1990) 1968 Equatorial Guinea, Mauritius, Swaziland 1970 Fiji 1971 Bahrain, Bhutan, China (People's Republic), Oman, Qatar, United Arab Emirates 1973 Bahamas, German Democratic Republic (within GFR, 1990), German Federal Republic 1974 Bangladesh, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau 1975 Cape Verde, Comoros, Mozambique, Papua New Guinea, Sπo TomΘ and Principe, Suriname 1976 Angola, Seychelles, Western Samoa 1977 Djibouti, Vietnam 1978 Dominica, Solomon Islands 1979 St. Lucia 1980 St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Zimbabwe 1981 Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Vanuatu 1983 St. Christopher and Nevis 1984 Brunei 1990 Liechtenstein, Namibia, Yemen (formerly N Yemen and S Yemen) 1991 Estonia, Federated States of Micronesia, Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, N Korea, Russia (formerly USSR), S Korea 1992 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgysztan, Moldova, San Marino, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkemenistan, Uzbekistan 1993 Andorra, Czech Republic, Eritrea, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Monaco, Slovak Republic 1995 Belau # "United Nations Political Rulers and Leaders",437,0,0,0 [TABLE] United Nations Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BSecretary General 1946-53 Trygve Lie \INorway\i 1953-61 Dag Hammarskj÷ld \ISweden\i 1962-71 U Thant \IBurma\i 1971-81 Kurt Waldheim \IAustria\i 1982-92 Javier PΘrez de CuΘllar \IPeru\i 1992-7 Boutros Boutros Ghali \IEgypt\i 1997- Kofi Annan # "United Nations Specialized Agencies",438,0,0,0 [TABLE] United Nations Specialized Agencies \BAbbreviation \BFull Title\Location \BArea of concern ILO International Labour Organization, Geneva Social justice FAO Food and Agriculture, Rome Improvement of the production and distribution of agricultural products UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris Stimulation of popular education and the spread of culture ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal Encouragement of safety measures in international flight IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington Aid of development through investment IMF International Monetary Fund, Washington Promotion of international monetary cooperation UPU Universal Postal Union, Berne Uniting members within a single postal territory WHO World Health Organization, Geneva Promotion of the highest standards of health for all people ITU International Telecommunication Union, Geneva Allocation of frequencies and regulation of procedures WMO World Meteorological Organization, Geneva Standardization and utilization of meteorological observations IFC International Finance Corporation, Washington Promotion of the international flow of private capital IMCO Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, London The coordination of safety at sea IDA International Development Association, Washington Credit on special terms to provide assistance for less-developed countries WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva Protection of copyright, designs, inventions, etc. IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development, Rome Increase of food production in developing countries by the generation of grants or loans UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna Promotion of industrialization of developing countries with special emphasis on manufacturing sector # "United States of America Political Rulers and Leaders",439,0,0,0 [TABLE] United States of America Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident Vice President in parentheses 1789-97 George Washington (1st) (John Adams) 1797-1801 John Adams (2nd) \IFed\i (Thomas Jefferson) 1801-9 Thomas Jefferson (3rd) \IDem-Rep\i (Aaron Burr, 1801-5) (George Clinton, 1805-9) 1809-17 James Madison (4th) \IDem-Rep\i (George Clinton, 1809-12) \INo Vice President 1812-13\i (Elbridge Gerry, 1813-14) \INo Vice President 1814-17\i 1817-25 James Monroe (5th) \IDem-Rep\i (Daniel D Tompkins) 1825-9 John Quincy Adams (6th) \IDem-Rep\i (John C Calhoun) 1829-37 Andrew Jackson (7th) \IDem\i (John C Calhoun, 1829-32) \INo Vice President 1832-3\i (Martin van Buren, 1833-7) 1837-41 Martin van Buren (8th) \IDem\i (Richard M Johnson) 1841 William Henry Harrison (9th) \IWhig\i (John Tyler) 1841-5 John Tyler (10th) \IWhig No Vice President\i 1845-9 James Knox Polk (11th) \IDem\i (George M Dallas) 1849-50 Zachary Taylor (12th) \IWhig\i (Millard Fillmore) 1850-3 Millard Fillmore (13th) \IWhig No Vice President\i 1853-7 Franklin Pierce (14th) \IDem\i (William R King, 1853) \INo Vice President 1853-7\i 1857-61 James Buchanan (15th) \IDem\i (John C Breckinridge) 1861-5 Abraham Lincoln (16th) \IRep\i (Hannibal Hamlin, 1861-5) (Andrew Johnson, 1865) 1865-9 Andrew Johnson (17th) \IDem-Nat No Vice President\i 1869-77 Ulysses Simpson Grant (18th) \IRep\i (Schuyler Colfax, 1869-73) (Henry Wilson, 1873-5) \INo Vice President 1875-7\i 1877-81 Rutherford Birchard Hayes (19th) \IRep\i (William A Wheeler) 1881 James Abram Garfield (20th) \IRep\i (Chester A Arthur ) 1881-5 Chester Alan Arthur (21st) \IRep No Vice President\i 1885-9 Grover Cleveland (22nd) \IDem\i (Thomas A Hendricks, 1885) \INo Vice President 1885-9\i 1889-93 Benjamin Harrison (23rd) \IRep\i (Levi P Morton) 1893-7 Grover Cleveland (24th) \IDem\i (Adlai E Stevenson) 1897-1901 William McKinley (25th) \IRep\i (Garret A Hobart, 1897-9) \INo Vice President 1899-1901\i (Theodore Roosevelt, 1901) 1901-9 Theodore Roosevelt (26th) \IRep No Vice President 1901-5\i (Charles W Fairbanks, 1905-9) 1909-13 William Howard Taft (27th)\IRep\i (James S Sherman, 1909-12) \INo Vice President 1912-3\i 1913-21 Woodrow Wilson (28th)\IDem\i (Thomas R Marshall) 1921-3 Warren Gamaliel Harding (29th)\IRep\i (Calvin Coolidge) 1923-9 Calvin Coolidge (30th) \IRep No Vice President 1923-5\i (Charles G Dawes, 1925-9) 1929-33 Herbert Clark Hoover (31st) \IRep\i (Charles Curtis) 1933-45 Franklin Delano Roosevelt (32nd)\IDem\i (John N Garner, 1933-41) (Henry A Wallace, 1941-5) (Harry S Truman, 1945) 1945-53 Harry S Truman (33rd)\IDem No Vice President 1945-9\i (Alben W Barkley, 1949-53) 1953-61 Dwight David Eisenhower (34th) \IRep\i (Richard M Nixon) 1961-3 John Fitzgerald Kennedy (35th) \IDem\i (Lyndon B Johnson ) 1963-9 Lyndon Baines Johnson (36th) \IDem No Vice President 1963-5\i (Hubert H Humphrey, 1965-9) 1969-74 Richard Milhous Nixon (37th) \IRep\i (Spiro T Agnew, 1969-73) \INo Vice President Oct-Dec 1973\i (Gerald R Ford, 1973-4) 1974-7 Gerald Rudolph Ford (38th) \IRep No Vice President Aug-Dec 1974\i (Nelson A Rockefeller, 1974-7) 1977-81 Jimmy Carter (39th) \IDem\i (Walter F Mondale) 1981-9 Ronald Wilson Reagan (40th) \IRep\i (George H W Bush) 1989-93 George Herbert Walker Bush (41st) \IRep\i (J Danforth Quayle) 1993- William Jefferson Clinton (42nd) \IDem\i (Alfred Gore) \IDem \IDemocrat \IFed \IFederalist \INat \INational Union \IRep \IRepublican\i # "Upcoming Shuttle Missions",440,0,0,0 [TABLE] Upcoming Shuttle Missions Flight Orbiter Launch Date Crew Inclination Duration Mission STS-94 Columbia UNDERWAY! 7 28.45 d. 16 days Microgravity Science Lab 1 (MSL-1) reflight STS-85 Discovery August 7, 1997 5 57 degrees 11(+1) d. CRISTA-SPAS-2, JEM Flight Demo STS-86 Atlantis September 18, 1997 6u/6d 51.60 d. 9(+1) d. Mir-Docking/7, SpaceHab-DM STS-87 Columbia November 19, 1997 5 28.45 d. 16 days USMP-4, SPARTAN-201-4 STS-89 Discovery January 15, 1998 6 51.60 d. 9(+1) days Mir-Docking/8, SpaceHab-DM STS-90 Columbia April 2, 1998 7 28.45 d. 16 days Neurolab STS-91 Discovery May 29, 1998 6 51.60 d. 9(+1) days Mir-Docking/9, AMS (Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer), SpaceHab-SM STS-88 Endeavour July 9, 1998 - 51.60 d. 7(+2) days 1st Station Assembly Flight ISS-1 (NODE 1, PMA1/2) STS-93 Columbia August 27, 1998 5 28.4 d. 5 days AXAF-I STS-95 Discovery October 8, 1998 - - 10 days Spacehab-SM STS-96 Endeavour December 3, 1998 - 51.60 d. - ISS-2 (Logistics & Outfitting) STS-92 Atlantis January 14, 1999 - 51.60 d. 9(+2) days ISS-3 (Z1 Truss, PMA-3, etc.) 3-Person Permanent Habitation STS-97 Discovery March 18, 1999 - 51.60 d. 8(+2) days ISS-4 (P6, PV Module) STS-98 Endeavour May 13, 1999 51.60 d. 9(+2) days ISS-5 (U.S. Lab, Lab PDGF) STS-99 Atlantis June 17, 1999 - 51.60 d. 11(+2) days ISS-6 (MPLM, SLP, Crew Rotation) STS-100 Discovery August 5, 1999 - 51.60 d. 11(+2) days ISS-7 (Airlock, SLDP-1) STS-101 Endeavour September 16, 1999 - 57 d. (?) - Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission STS-102 Atlantis October 21, 1999 - 51.60 d. - ISS-8 (Logistics & Outfitting) STS-103 Columbia December 2, 1999 - 28.47 d. - Hubble Servicing Mission 3 STS-104 Discovery January 13, 2000 - 51.60 d. - ISS-9-UF-1 (MPLM, PV Module Batteries) STS-105 Endeavour February 10, 2000 - 51.60 d. - ISS-10 (ITS S0, MT, Airlock Spur) STS-106 Atlantis March 9, 2000 - 51.60 d. - ISS-11-UF-2 (MPLM, MBS, Lab System) STS-107 Columbia May 4, 2000 - - - Research Module STS-108 Endeavour June 15, 2000 - 51.60 d. - ISS-12 (ITS-S1, CETA Cart A) STS-109 Atlantis July 13, 2000 - 51.60 d. - ISS-13 (SPP w/four solar arrays) STS-110 Columbia September 14, 2000 - - - Reimbursable Mission STS-111 Endeavour October 26, 2000 - 51.60 d. - ISS-14 (ITS P1, CETA Cart B) STS-112 Atlantis November 30, 2000 - 51.60 d. - ISS-15 (ITS P3, PV Module P4) STS-113 Columbia February 8, 2001 - - - X-38 Flight Demonstration STS-114 Endeavour March 15, 2001 - 51.60 d. - ISS-16 (ITS S3, PV Module S4) STS-115 Atlantis April 12, 2001 - 51.60 d. - ISS-17 (Node 2, nitrogen tank) STS-116 Discovery May 10, 2001 - 51.60 d. - ISS-18 (JEM ELM PS, ITS P5) STS-117 Columbia June 21, 2001 - - - Research Module STS-118 Atlantis August 23, 2001 - 51.60 d. - ISS-19 (JEM PM; JEM RMS) STS-119 Discovery September 27, 2001 - 51.60 d. - ISS-20-UF-3 (MPLM) STS-120 Columbia November 8, 2001 - - - Reimbursable Mission STS-121 Atlantis January 17, 2002 - 51.60 d. - ISS-21-UF-4 (AMS, XPP, SLP) STS-122 Discovery February 14, 2002 - 51.60 d. - ISS-22 (JEM EF, ELM ES, PV Mod. Batts.) STS-123 Columbia April 4, 2002 - - - MSP-1 STS-124 Atlantis May 23, 2002 - 51.60 d. - ISS-23 (Cupola, Port Rails, 4 SPP Arrays) STS-125 Discovery June 20, 2002 - 51.60 d. - ISS-24-UF-5 (MPLM, XPP) STS-126 Endeavour July 18, 2002 - 51.60 d. - ISS-25 STS-127 Columbia August 15, 2002 - 28.47 d. - Hubble Service Mission 4 STS-128 Discovery October 24, 2002 - 51.60 d. - ISS-26 STS-129 Endeavour November 21, 2002 - 51.60 d. - ISS-27 STS-130 Columbia January 16, 2003 - 51.60 d. - Reimbursable Mission STS-131 Discovery March 13, 2003 - 51.60 d. - ISS-28 STS-132 Endeavour April 24, 2003 - 51.60.d - ISS-29 STS-133 Columbia June 12, 2003 - 51.60 d. - Research Mission STS-134 Discovery July 24, 2003 - 51.60 d. - ISS-30 STS-135 Atlantis August 28, 2003 - 51.60 d. - ISS-31 # "Uranus Fact Table",441,0,0,0 [TABLE] Uranus Fact Table \BUranus \BEarth (for comparison) \BRatio (Uranus/Earth) \BBulk parameters Mass (10\U24\u kg) 86.83 5.9736 14.536 Volume (10\U10\u km\U3\u) 6833 108.321 63.08 Equatorial radius (1 bar level) (km) 25,559 6378 4.007 Polar radius (1 bar level) (km) 24,973 6356 3.929 Volumetric mean radius (km) 25,362 6371 3.981 Ellipticity 0.023 0.0034 6.76 Mean density (kg/m\U3\u) 1318 5520 0.239 Surface gravity (eq.) (m/s\U2\u) 8.69 9.78 0.889 Escape velocity (km/s) 21.3 11.19 1.903 GM (x 10\U6\ukm\U3\u/s\U2\u) 5.794 0.3986 14.536 Bond albedo 0.90 0.385 2.338 Visual geometric albedo 0.51 0.367 1.390 Visual magnitude V(1,0) -7.19 -3.86 - Solar irradiance (W/m\U2\u) 3.71 1380 0.0027 Black-body temperature (K) 35.9 247.3 0.145 Moment of inertia (I/MR\U2\u) 0.225 0.3308 0.680 J2 (x 10\U-6\u) 3343.43 1082.63 3.088 \BOrbital parameters Semimajor axis (10\U6\u km) 2869.6 149.6 19.182 Sidereal orbit period (days) 30,685.4 365.256 84.011 Tropical orbit period (days) 30,588.740 365.242 83.749 Perihelion (10\U6\u km) 2734.0 147.1 18.59 Aphelion (10\U6\u km) 3,005.2 152.1 19.76 Synodic period (days) 369.66 - - Mean orbital velocity (km/s) 5.48 29.79 0.184 Orbit inclination (deg) 0.773 0.00 - Orbit eccentricity 0.04724 0.0167 2.829 Sidereal rotation period (hrs) 17.24* 23.9345 0.720 Equatorial inclination (deg) 97.92 23.44 4.178 * Magnetic coordinates (as determined by the Voyager 2 Radio Science experiment) # "Uruguay Political Rulers and Leaders",442,0,0,0 [TABLE] Uruguay Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1899-1903 Juan Lindolfo Cuestas 1903-7 JosΘ Batlle y Ord≤±ez 1907-11 Claudio Williman 1911-15 JosΘ Batlle y Ord≤±ez 1915-19 Feliciano Viera 1919-23 Baltasar Brum 1923-7 JosΘ Serrato 1927-31 Juan Capisteguy 1931-8 Gabriel Terra 1938-43 Alfredo Baldomir 1943-7 Juan JosΘ de AmΘzaga 1947 Tomßs Berreta 1947-51 Luis Batlle Berres 1951-5 AndrΘs Martφnez Trueba \BNational Government Council (1955-67) 1955-6 Luis Batlle Berres 1956-7 Alberto F Zubirφa 1957-8 Alberto Lezama 1958-9 Carlos L Fischer 1959-60 Martφn R Etchegoyen 1960-1 Benito Nardone 1961-2 Eduardo Vφctor Haedo 1962-3 Faustino Harrison 1963-4 Daniel Fernßndez Crespo 1964-5 Luis Giannattasio 1965-6 Washington Beltrßn 1966-7 Alberto Heber Usher 1967 Oscar Daniel Gestido 1967-72 Jorge Pacheco Areco 1972-6 Juan Marφa Bordaberry Arocena 1976-81 Aparicio MΘndez 1981-5 Gregorio Conrado Alvarez Armelino 1985-90 Julio Marφa Sanguinetti Cairolo 1990-5 Luis Alberto Lacalle Herrera 1995- Julio Maria Sanguinetti Cairolo # "Uzbekistan Political Rulers and Leaders",443,0,0,0 [TABLE] Uzbekistan Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1991- Islam A Karimov \BPrime Minister 1991-5 Abdulhashim Mutalov 1995- Otkir Sultonov # "Vanuatu Political Rulers and Leaders",444,0,0,0 [TABLE] Vanuatu Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1980-9 George Sokomanu (\Iformerly\i Kalkoa) 1989-94 Frederick Timakata 1994- Jean-Marie Leye \BPrime Minister 1980-91 Walter Hadaye Lini 1991-2 Donald Kalpokas 1992-5 Maxime Carlot 1995-6 Serge Vohor 1996 Maxime Carlot Korman 1996- Serge Vohor # "Venezuela Political Rulers and Leaders",445,0,0,0 [TABLE] Venezuela Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1899-1908 Cipriano Castro 1908-36 Juan Vicente Gomez 1936-41 Eleazar Lopez Contreras 1941-5 Isaias Medina Angarita 1945-7 \IMilitary Junta\i (Romulo Betancourt) 1947-8 Romulo Gallegos 1948-50 \IMilitary Junta\i (Carlos Delgado Chalbaud) 1950-9 \IMilitary Junta\i (Marcos Perez Jimenez) 1959-64 Romulo Betancourt 1964-9 Raul Leoni 1969-74 Rafael Caldera Rodriguez 1974-9 Carlos Andres PΘrez 1979-84 Luis Herrera Campins 1984-9 Jaime Lusinchi 1989-93 Carlos Andres PΘrez 1993-4 Ram≤n JosΘ Velßsquez \IInterim\i 1994- Rafael Caldera Rodrφguez # "Venus Fact Table",446,0,0,0 [TABLE] Venus Fact Table \BVenus \BEarth (for comparison) \BRatio (Venus/Earth) \BBulk parameters Mass (10\U24\u kg) 4.869 5.9736 0.815 Volume (10\U10\u km\U3\u) 92.843 108.321 0.857 Equatorial radius (km) 6052 6378 0.949 Polar radius (km) 6052 6356 0.952 Volumetric mean radius (km) 6052 6371 0.950 Ellipticity 0.0000 0.0034 0.0 Mean density (kg/m\U3\u) 5204 5520 0.943 Surface gravity (eq.) (m/s\U2\u) 8.87 9.78 0.907 Escape velocity (km/s) 10.36 11.19 0.926 GM (x 10\U6\ukm\U3\u/s\U2\u) 0.3249 0.3986 0.815 Bond albedo 0.72 0.385 1.87 Visual geometric albedo 0.65 0.367 1.77 Visual magnitude V(1,0) -4.40 -3.86 - Solar irradiance (W/m\U2\u) 2660 1380 1.928 Black-body temperature (K) 238.9 247.3 0.966 Topographic range (km) 15 20 0.750 Moment of inertia (I/MR\U2\u) 0.33 0.3308 0.998 J2 (x 10\U-6\u) 4.458. 1082.63 0.004 \BOrbital parameters Semimajor axis (10\U6\u km) 108.2 149.6 0.732 Sidereal orbit period (days) 224.701 365.256 0.615 Tropical orbit period (days) 224.695 365.242 0.615 Perihelion (10\U6\u km) 107.5 147.1 0.732 Aphelion (10\U6\u km) 108.9 152.1 0.716 Synodic period (days) 583.92 - - Mean orbital velocity (km/s) 35.02 29.79 1.176 Orbit inclination (deg) 3.4 0.00 - Orbit eccentricity 0.0068 0.0167 0.407 Sidereal rotation period (hrs) 5832.5 23.9345 243.7 Equatorial inclination (deg) 177.3 23.44 (0.115) # "Vietnam Political Rulers and Leaders",447,0,0,0 [TABLE] Vietnam Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1945-69 Ho Chi-Minh 1969-76 Ton Duc Thang \BState of Vietnam 1949-55 Bao Dai \BRepublic of Vietnam 1955-63 Ngo Dinh Diem 1963-4 Duong Van Minh 1964 Nguyen Khanh 1964-5 Phan Khac Suu 1965-75 Nguyen Van Thieu 1975 Tran Van Huong 1975 Duong Van Minh 1975-6 \IProvisional Revolutionary Governmen\i (Huynh Tan Phat) \BSocialist Republic of Vietnam 1976-80 Ton Duc Thang 1980-1 Nguyen Hun Tho \IActing\i 1981-7 Truongh Chinh 1987-92 Vo Chi Cong 1992- Le Duc Anh \BDemocratic Republic of Vietnam \BPrime Minister 1955-76 Pham Van Dong \BState of Vietnam 1949-50 Nguyen Van Xuan 1950 Nguyen Phan Long 1950-2 Tran Van Huu 1952 Tran Van Huong 1952-3 Nguyen Van Tam 1953-4 Buu Loc 1954-5 Ngo Dinh Diem \BRepublic of Vietnam 1955-63 Ngo Dinh Diem 1963-4 Nguyen Ngoc Tho 1964 Nguyen Khan 1964-5 Tran Van Huong 1965 Phan Huy Quat 1965-7 Nguyen Cao Ky 1967-8 Nguyen Van Loc 1968-9 Tran Van Huong 1969-75 Tran Thien Khiem 1975 Nguyen Ba Can 1975-6 Vu Van Mau \BSocialist Republic of Vietnam \BPremier 1976-87 Pham Van Dong 1987-8 Pham Hung 1988 Vo Van Kiet \IActing\i 1988-91 Do Muoi 1991- Vo Van Kiet \BGeneral Secretary 1960-80 Le Duan 1986 Truong Chinh 1986-91 Nguyen Van Linh 1991-2 Do Muoi 1992- Le Duc Anh # "Vitamin Statistics",448,0,0,0 [TABLE] \BVitamin Statistics \BVitamin \BChemical name \BPrecursor \BMain symptom of deficiency \BDietary source \BFat soluble vitamins A retinol ▀-carotene xerophthalmia (eye disease) \Iretinol:\i milk, butter, cheese, egg yolk, liver, and fatty fish\Icarotene:\i green vegetables, yellow and red fruits and vegetables, especially carrots D cholecalciferol UV-activated 7-dehydro-cholesterol rickets, osteomalacia liver oils of fatty fish, margarine, some fortified milks, and breakfast cereals K phytomenadione haemorrhagic problems green leafy vegetables and liver E tocopherols multiple effects vegetable oils \BWater soluble vitamins C ascorbic acid scurvy citrus fruits, potatoes, green leafy vegetables B\D1\d thiamine beriberi seeds and grains; widely distributed B\D2\d riboflavin failure to thrive liver, milk, cheese, yeast, leafy vegetables nicotinic acid pellagra meat, fish, wholemeal cereals, pulses B\D6\d pyridoxine dermatitis; neurological disorders cereals, liver, meat, fruits, leafy vegetables B\D12\d cyanocobalamin anaemia meat, milk, liver, egg yolk folic acid anaemia liver, green vegetables, nuts pantothenic acid dermatitis widespread biotin dermatitis liver, kidney, yeast extracts # "Volleyball World Championship Winners",449,0,0,0 [TABLE] Volleyball World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) Inaugurated in 1949; first women's championships in 1952; now held every four years, but Olympic champions are also world champions in Olympic years. 1974 Poland Japan 1976 Poland Japan 1978 USSR Cuba 1980 USSR USSR 1982 USSR China 1984 USA China 1986 USA China 1988 USA USSR 1990 Italy USSR 1992 Brazil Cuba 1994 Italy Cuba 1996 Netherlands Cuba Most wins: Men (9), USSR, 1949, 1952, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1968, and as above. Women (9), USSR, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1968, 1970, 1972, and as above. # "Wales New Unitary Authorities",450,0,0,0 [TABLE] Wales New Unitary Authorities \BName \BArea (km\U2\u) \BArea (sq mi) \BPopulation \BAdmin Centre (From 1 April 1996) Aberconwy and Colwyn 1 130 436 110 700 Colwyn Bay Anglesey 719 277 68 500 Llangefni Blaenau Gwent 109 42 73 300 Ebbw Vale Bridgend 246 95 130 900 Bridgend Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire 2 548 983 117 000 Caernarfon Caerphilly 279 108 171 000 Hengoed Cardiff 139 54 306 600 Cardiff Cardiganshire 1 797 694 69 700 Aberystwyth Carmarthenshire 2 398 926 169 000 Carmarthen Denbighshire 844 326 91 300 Ruthin Flintshire 437 169 145 300 Mold Merthyr Tydfil 111 43 59 500 Merthyr Tydfil Monmouthshire 851 328 84 200 Cwmbran Neath and Port Talbot 442 171 140 100 Port Talbot Newport 191 74 137 400 Newport Pembrokeshire 1 590 614 113 600 Pembrokeshire Powys 5 204 2 009 121 800 Llandrindod Wells Rhondda, Cynon, Taff 424 164 239 000 Cardiff (temporary) Swansea 378 146 230 900 Swansea Torfaen 126 49 90 600 Pontypool Vale of Glamorgan 337 130 119 200 Barry Wrexham 499 193 123 500 Wrexham # "Walking Champions",451,0,0,0 [TABLE] Walking Champions \BYear \BWinner \BLugano Trophy The principal road walking trophy; contested every two years by men's national teams; first held in 1961. 1975 USSR 1977 Mexico 1979 Mexico 1981 Italy 1983 USSR 1985 East Germany 1987 USSR 1989 USSR 1991 Italy 1993 Mexico 1995 Mexico Most wins: (5), E Germany, 1965, 1967, 1970, 1973, 1985. \BEschborn Cup The women's equivalent of the Lugano Trophy; first held in 1979; takes place every two years. 1983 China 1985 China 1987 USSR 1989 USSR 1991 USSR 1993 Italy 1995 Mexico Most wins: (4), USSR, 1981 and as above. # "Water Polo Champions",452,0,0,0 [TABLE] Water Polo Champions \BYear \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) \BWorld Championship First held in 1973, and every four years since 1978; included in the world swimming championships; since 1991 has been held separately. First women's event held in 1986. 1973 Hungary - 1975 USSR - 1978 Italy - 1982 USSR - 1986 Yugoslavia Australia 1991 Yugoslavia Netherlands 1994 Italy Hungary Most wins: Men (2), USSR, Yugoslavia, Italy, as above. \BWorld Cup Inaugurated in 1979 and held every two years; women's event unofficial until 1989. 1979 Hungary - 1981 USSR - 1983 USSR - 1985 W Germany - 1987 Yugoslavia - 1989 Yugoslavia - 1991 USA - 1993 Italy - 1995 Hungary - Most wins: (2), USSR, Yugoslavia, Hungary, as above. # "Water Skiing World Championship Winners",453,0,0,0 [TABLE] Water Skiing World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner (Men) \BWinner (Women) \BOverall Winners First held in 1949; take place every two years; competitions for Slalom, Tricks, Jumps and the Overall Individual title. 1975 Carlos Suarez (Venezuela) Liz Allan-Shetter (USA) 1977 Mike Hazelwood (Great Britain) Cindy Todd (USA) 1979 Joel McClintock (Canada) Cindy Todd (USA) 1981 Sammy Duvall (USA) Karin Roberge (USA) 1983 Sammy Duvall (USA) Ana-Marie Carrasco (Venezuela) 1985 Sammy Duvall (USA) Karen Neville (Australia) 1987 Sammy Duvall (USA) Deena Brush (USA) 1989 Patrice Martin (France) Deena Mapple (nΘe Brush) (USA) 1991 Patrice Martin (France) Karen Neville (Australia) 1993 Patrice Martin (France) Natalia Rumiantseva (Russia) 1995 Patrice Martin (France) Judy Messer (Canada) Most wins: Men (4), Sammy Duvall (USA), Patrice Martin (France), as Above. Women: (3), Willa McGuire (nΘe Worthington) (USA), 1949-50, 1955; Liz Allan-Shetter (USA), 1965, 1969, and as above. # "Waterfalls (Highest)",454,0,0,0 [TABLE] Waterfalls (Highest) \BName \BHeight (m) \BHeight (ft) \BLocation Angel (upper fall) 807 2 648 Venezuela Itatinga 628 2 060 Brazil Cuquenan 610 2 000 Guyana/Venezuela Ormeli 563 1847 Norway Tysse 533 1749 Norway Pilao 524 1719 Brazil Ribbon 491 1612 USA Vestre Mardola 468 1535 Norway Roraima 457 1500 Guyana Cleve-Garth 450 1476 New Zealand Distances are given for individual leaps. # "Wedding Anniversaries",455,0,0,0 [TABLE] Wedding Anniversaries \BAnniversary \BGift In many Western countries, different wedding anniversaries have become associated with gifts of different materials. There is some variation between countries. 1st Cotton 2nd Paper 3rd Leather 4th Fruit, Flowers 5th Wood 6th Sugar 7th Copper, Wool 8th Bronze, Pottery 9th Pottery, Willow 10th Tin 11th Steel 12th Silk, Linen 13th Lace 14th Ivory 15th Crystal 20th China 25th Silver 30th Pearl 35th Coral 40th Ruby 45th Sapphire 50th Gold 55th Emerald 60th Diamond 70th Platinum # "Weightlifting World Championship Winners",456,0,0,0 [TABLE] Weightlifting World Championship Winners \BYear \BWinner (over 110 kg) First held in 1898; 11 weight divisions; the most prestigious is the 110 kg plus category (formerly known as Super Heavyweight); in 1993 the weight for this category was changed to 108 kg plus; Olympic champions are automatically world champions in Olympic years. 1986 Antonio Krastev (Bulgaria) 1987 Alexander Kurlovich (USSR) 1988 Alexander Kurlovich (USSR) 1989 Alexander Kurlovich (USSR) 1990 Leonid Taranenko (USSR) 1991 Alexander Kurlovich (USSR) 1992 Alexander Kurlovich (Unified Team) 1993 Ronnie Weller (Germany) 1994 Alexander Kurlovich (Belarus) 1995 Alexander Kurlovich (Belarus) 1996 Andrei Chermerkin (Russia) Most titles (all categories): (8), John Davies (USA), 82.5 kg 1938; 82.5+ kg 1946-50; 90+ kg 1951-2; Tommy Kono (USA), 67.5 kg 1952; 75 kg 1953, 1957-9; 82.5 kg 1954-6; Vasiliy Alexseyev (USSR), 110+ kg 1970-7. # "Western Samoa Political Rulers and Leaders",457,0,0,0 [TABLE] Western Samoa Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1962-3 Tupua Tamesehe Mea'ole and Malietoa Tanumafili II \IJoint Presidents\i 1963- Malietoa Tanumafili II \BPrime Minister 1962-70 Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II 1970-6 Tupua Tamasese Leolofi IV 1976-82 Tupuola Taisi Efi 1982 Va'ai Kolone 1982 Tupuola Taisi Efi 1982-6 Tofilau Eti 1986-8 Va'ai Kolone 1988- Tofilau Eti Alesana # "William Odling's Elements",458,0,0,0 [TABLE] William Odling's Elements \BGroup \Belements in group 1 F, Cl, Br, I 2 O, S, Se, Te 3 N, P, As, Sb, Bi 4 B, Si, Ti, Sn 5 Li, Na, K 6 Ca, Sr, Ba 7 Mg, Zn, Cd 8 Gl (now Be), Yt (now Y), Th 9 Al, Zr, Ce, U 10 Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Ni, Cu 11 Mo, V, W, Ta 12 Hg, Pb, Ag 13 Pd, Pt, Au # "World Population Estimates",459,0,0,0 [TABLE] World Population Estimates \BDate (AD) \BMillions 1 200 1000 275 1250 375 1500 420 1700 615 1800 900 1900 1 625 1920 1 860 1930 2 070 1940 2 295 1950 2 500 1960 3 050 1970 3 700 1980 4 450 1990 5 246 1995 5 800 2000 6 100 2050 11 000 Estimates for 2000 and 2050 are United Nations 'medium' estimates. They should be compared with the 'low' estimates for these years of 5 400 and 8 500, and 'high' estimates of 7 000 and 13 500, respectively. # "Wrestling World Championship Winners",460,0,0,0 [TABLE] Wrestling World Championship Winners \BYear \BFreestyle Winner (over 100 kg) \BGraeco-Roman Winner (over 100 kg) Graeco-Roman world championships first held in 1921; first freestyle championships in 1951; each style contests 10 weight divisions, the heaviest being the 130 kg (formerly over 100 kg) category; Olympic champions become world champions in Olympic years. 1983 Salman Khasimikov (USSR) Jevgeniy Artiochin (USSR) 1984 Bruce Baumgartner (USA) Jeffrey Blatnick (USA) 1985 David Gobedzhishvilli (USSR) Igor Rostozotskiy (USSR) 1986 Bruce Baumgartner (USA) Thomas Johansson (Sweden) 1987 Aslan Khadartsev (USSR) Igor Rostozotskiy (USSR) 1988 David Gobedzhishvilli (USSR) Alexander Karelin (USSR) 1989 Ali Reiza Soleimani (Iran) Alexander Karelin (USSR) 1990 David Gobedzhishvilli (USSR) Alexander Karelin (USSR) 1991 Andreas Schroder (Germany) Alexander Karelin (USSR) 1992 Bruce Baumgartner (USA) Alexander Karelin (Unified Team) 1993 Mikael Ljunberg (Sweden) Alexander Karelin (USSR) 1994 Mahmut Demir (Turkey) Alexander Karelin (USSR) 1995 Bruce Baumgartner (USA) Alexander Karelin (USSR) 1996 Mahmut Demir (Turkey) Alexander Karelin (USSR) Most titles (all weight divisions): Freestyle (10), Alexander Medved (USSR), 90 kg 1962-4, 1966; 100 kg 1967-8; over 100 kg 1969-72. Graeco-Roman (9), Alexander Karelin (Russia), over 100 kg as above. # "Yachting Champions",461,0,0,0 [TABLE] Yachting Champions \BYear \BWinning Yacht/Country \BWinning Skipper \BAmerica's Cup One of sport's famous trophies; first won by the schooner Magic in 1870; now held approximately every four years, when challengers compete in a series of races to find which of them races against the holder; all 25 winners up to 1983 were from the United States. 1964 \IConstellation\i (USA) Bob Bavier 1967 \IIntrepid\i (USA) Emil Mosbacher 1970 \IIntrepid\i (USA) Bill Ficker 1974 \ICourageous\i (USA) Ted Hood 1977 \ICourageous\i (USA) Ted Turner 1980 \IFreedom\i (USA) Dennis Conner 1983 \IAustralia II\i (Australia) John Bertrand 1987 \IStars & Stripes\i (USA) Dennis Conner 1988 \IStars & Stripes\i (USA)* Dennis Conner 1992 \IAmerica 3\i (USA) Bill Koch 1995 \IBlack Magic\i (New Zealand) Russell Coutts *\IStars & Stripes\i won a special challenge match but on appeal the race was awarded to New Zealand skippered by Davis Barnes. However, after much legal wrangling, the cup was retained by \IStars & Stripes\i. Most wins: (Skipper) (3), Charlie Barr (USA), 1899, 1901, 1903; Harold Vanderbilt (USA), 1930, 1934, 1937; Dennis Conner (USA), as above. \BAdmiral's Cup A two-yearly series of races in the English Channel, around Fastnet rock and at Cowes; national teams of three boats per team; first held in 1957. 1973 West Germany 1975 Great Britain 1977 Great Britain 1979 Australia 1981 Great Britain 1983 West German 1985 West Germany 1987 New Zealand 1989 Great Britain 1991 France 1993 Germany 1995 Italy Most wins: (9), Great Britain, 1957, 1959, 1963, 1965, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1989. # "Yachting Classes",462,0,0,0 [TABLE] \BInternational Racing Yacht Classes \BClass \BCrew \BType of craft Finn 1 centre board dinghy Flying Dutchman 2 centre board dinghy International 470 2 centre board dinghy International Soling 3 keel boat International Star 2 keel boat International Tornado 2 catamaran Windglider 1 single board # "Year Equivalents",463,0,0,0 [TABLE] Year Equivalents \BJewish\U1\u (AM) \BIslamic\U2\u(H) \BHindu\U3\u(SE) 5757 (14 Sep 1996 - 1 Oct 1997) 1417 (19 May 1996 - 8 May 1997) 1918 (21 Mar 1996 - 21 Mar 1997) 5758 (2 Oct 1997 - 20 Sep 1998) 1418 (9 May 1997 - 27 Apr 1998) 1919 (22 Mar 1997 - 21 Mar 1998) 5759 (21 Sep 1998 - 10 Sep 1999) 1419 (28 Apr 1998 - 16 Apr 1999) 1920 (22 Mar 1998 - 21 Mar 1999) 5760 (11 Sep 1999 - 29 Sep 2000) 1420 (17 Apr 1999 - 5 Apr 2000) 1921 (22 Mar 1999 - 21 Mar 2000) 5761 (30 Sep 2000 - 17 Sep 2001) 1421 (6 Apr 2000 - 25 Mar 2001) 1922 (21 Mar 2000 - 21 Mar 2001) 5762 (18 Sep 2001 - 6 Sep 2002) 1422 (26 Mar 2001 - 14 Mar 2002) 1923 (22 Mar 2001 - 21 Mar 2002) 5763 (7 Sep 2002 - 26 Sep 2003) 1423 (15 Mar 2002 - 4 Mar 2003) 1924 (22 Mar 2002 - 21 Mar 2003) Gregorian equivalents are given in parentheses and are AD (Anno Domini). \U1\u Calculated from 3761 BC, said to be the year of the creation of the world. AM = Anno Mundi. \U2\u Calculated from AD 622, the year in which the Prophet went from Mecca to Medina. H = Hijra. \U3\u Calculated from AD 78, the beginning of the Saka era (SE), used alongside Gregorian dates in Government of India publications since 22 Mar 1957. Other important Hindu eras include: Vikrama era (58 BC), Kalacuri era (AD 248), Gupta era (AD 320), and Harsa era (AD 606). # "Yemen Political Rulers and Leaders",464,0,0,0 [TABLE] Yemen Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BYemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) \BMonarch 1918-48 Yahya Mohammed Bin Mohammed 1948-62 Ahmed Bin Yahya 1962-70 Mohammed Bin Ahmed 1962 \ICivil War\i \BPresident 1962-7 Abdullah al-Sallal 1967-74 Abdur Rahman al-Iriani 1974-7 \IMilitary Command Council\i (Ibrahim al-Hamadi) 1977-8 Ahmed bin Hussein al-Ghashmi 1978-90 Ali Abdullah Saleh \BPrime Minister 1964 Hamud al-Jaifi 1965 Hassan al-Amri 1965 Ahmed Mohammed Numan 1965 \IAs President\i 1965-6 Hassan al-Amri 1966-7 \IAs President\i 1967 Muhsin al-Aini 1967-9 Hassan al-Amri 1969-70 Abd Allah Kurshumi 1970-1 Muhsin al-Aini 1971 Abdel Salam Sabra \IActing\i 1971 Ahmed Mohammed Numan 1971 Hassan al-Amri 1971-2 Muhsin al-Aini 1972-4 Qadi Abdullah al-Hijri 1974 Hassan Makki 1974-5 Muhsin al-Aini 1975 Abdel Latif Deifallah \IActing\i 1975-90 Abdel-Aziz Abdel-Ghani \BPeople's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) \BPresident 1967-9 Qahtan Mohammed al-Shaabi 1969-78 Salim Ali Rubai 1978 Ali Nasir Mohammed Husani 1978-80 Abdel Fattah Ismail 1980-6 Ali Nasir Mohammed Husani 1986-90 Haider Abu Bakr al-Attas \BPrime Minister 1969 Faisal Abd Al-Latif al-Shaabi 1969-71 Mohammed Ali Haithem 1971-85 Ali Nasir Mohammed Husani 1985-6 Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas 1986-90 Yasin Said Numan \BRepublic of Yemen \BPresident 1990- Ali Abdullah Saleh \BHead of Government 1990-4 Haider Abu Bakr al-Attas 1994- Abdel Aziz Abdel-Ghaui # "Yugoslavia Political Rulers and Leaders",465,0,0,0 [TABLE] Yugoslovia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BMonarch 1921-34 Aleksandar II 1934-45 Petar II \Iin exile from 1941\i \BRepublic \BNational Assembly \BChairman 1945-53 Ivan Ribar \BPresident 1953-80 Josip Broz Tito \BCollective Presidency 1980 Lazar Kolisevski 1980-1 Cvijetin Mijatovic 1981-2 Serghei Kraigher 1982-3 Petar Stambolic 1983-4 Mika Spiljak 1984-5 Veselin Duranovic 1985-6 Radovan Vlajkovic 1986-7 Sinan Hasani 1987-8 Lazar Mojsov 1988-9 Raif Dizdarevic 1989-90 Janez Drnovsek 1990-1 Borisav Jovic 1991-2 Stipe Mesic \BFederal Republic of Yugoslavia 1992-3 Dobrica Cosic 1993- Zoran Lilic \BPrime Minister 1929-32 Pear Zivkovic 1932 Vojislav Marinkovic 1932-4 Milan Srskic 1934 Nikola Uzunovic 1934-5 Bogoljub Jevtic 1935-9 Milan Stojadinovic 1939-41 Dragisa Cvetkovic 1941 Dusan Simovic \BGovernment in exile 1942 Slobodan Jovanovic 1943 Milos Trifunovic 1943-4 Bozidar Puric 1944-5 Ivan Subasic 1945 Drago Marusic \BHome government 1941-4 Milan Nedic 1943-63 Josip Broz Tito 1963-7 Petar Stambolic 1967-9 Mika Spiljak 1969-71 Mitja Ribicic 1971-7 Dzemal Bijedic 1977-82 Veselin Duranovic 1982-6 Milka Planinc 1986-9 Branko Mikulic 1989-92 Ante Markovic \BFederal Republic of Yugoslavia 1992-3 Milan Panic 1993- Radoje Kontic \BCommunist Party \BFirst Secretary 1937-52 Josip Broz Tito \BLeague of Communists 1952-80 Josip Broz Tito \BLeague of Communists Central Committee \BPresident 1979-80 Stevan Doronjski \IActing\i 1980-1 Lazar Mojsov 1981-2 Dusan Dragosavac 1982-3 Mitja Ribicic 1983-4 Dragoslav Markovic 1984-5 Ali Sukrija 1985-6 Vidoje Zarkovic 1986-7 Milanko Renovica 1987-8 Bosko Krunic 1988-9 Stipe Suvar 1989-90 Milan Pancevski 1990- Miomir Grbovic # "Zambia Political Rulers and Leaders",466,0,0,0 [TABLE] Zambia Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1964-91 Kenneth David Kaunda 1991- Frederick Chiluba \BPrime Minister 1964-73 Kenneth David Kaunda 1973-5 Mainza Chona 1975-7 Elijah Mudenda 1977-8 Mainza Chona 1978-81 Daniel Lisulu 1981-5 Nalumino Mundia 1985-9 Kebby Musokotwane 1989-91 Malimba Masheke 1991- Levy Mwanawasa # "Zimbabwe Political Rulers and Leaders",467,0,0,0 [TABLE] Zimbabwe Political Rulers and Leaders \BPeriod \BLeader \BPresident 1980-7 Canaan Sodindo Banana 1987- Robert Gabriel Mugabe # !,!,!,!,!